N Ramaiah CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography

Dona Paula, Goa-INDIA Email: ramaiah@nio.org

CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography

Dona Paula, Goa

2015.05.22

NIO-INCOIS ITCO, Hyderabad

Climate Weather

Describes the average conditions expected at a

specific place at a given time. A region's climate

is generated by the climate system, which has

five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere,

cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.

Describes the atmospheric conditions at a specific

place at a specific point in time. Weather

generally refers to day-to-day temperature and

precipitation activity

Climate may include precipitation,

temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind

velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail

storms over a long period of time.

Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover,

winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding,

blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains

from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat,

heat waves and more

Climatology Meteorology

• Amount of energy spent daily by humans and other

animals at rest

• With every 1 C rise in temp, a 10% rise in BMR

Basal Metabolic Rate

BMR Energy Expenditure

Liver 27%

Brain 19%

Other Organs 19%

Skeletal Muscle 18%

Kidneys 10%

Heart 07%

Do We Wish Such Realities/Sights?

Natural Wealth

Man made

wealth

Minerals

Metals

Coal &

Lignite

Oil & Gas

Sunlight

Wind

Ocean

Forest

Rivers

Mountains

Grasslands

Wetlands

GDP

Population

GDP of nations

Motor Vehicle

Paper production

Military Spending

Ozone Depletion

Water use

Loss of Rain Forest

Marine Harvest

Species Extinction

CO2 level

Temperature

1800 - 100 Crores

1930 - 200 Crores

1960 - 300 Crores

1987 - 500 Crores

1999 - 600 Crores

2010 - 700 Crores

1800 1900 2000

Hockey Sticky?

1800 - 100 Cr

1930 - 200 Cr

1960 - 300 Cr

1987 - 500 Cr

1999 - 600 Cr

2010 - 700 Cr

1800 1900 2000

Hockey Stick –like??

Rushing towards un-sustainability

CO2

Photosynthesis: CO2 +H2O light (CH2O)n+O2

Respiration: (CH2O)n+O2 Metabolism CO2 +H2O

Marine Food-chain and Food-web

How does changing climate affect biota in marine

environs that cover 71% of the Earth’s surface?

Oceans have a major role in the global carbon cycle

Directly impact the pace, extent of climate change

Ocean biota have huge socioeconomic value

Through marine food production

Recreation industry

Nutrient recycling

Atmospheric gas regulation

Climate impacts on ocean biota are of widespread economic implications

Estimated global income from oceans : US$ 30 trillion y−1

Global warming will reduce

ocean productivity, marine life -Michael Behrenfeld et al Nature June 2007

• A 10-year, satellite-based analysis has shown for the first time that primary biological

productivity in the oceans is tightly linked to climate change, and would be

reduced by global warming

• On a global scale, a warmer climate could cause a rapid, overall reduction in marine

life. “…increased temperatures cause decreased marine phytoplankton

production.”

• This climate response can be traced to increased stratification in the oceans. When

the ocean surface warms, it essentially becomes “lighter” than the cold, dense water below loaded with nutrients. This process effectively separates

phytoplankton in the surface layer - which need light for photosynthesis - from

the nutrients below them, which also they need for growth

Oceans 2000-2100 :

Expected physico-chemical changes

• Surface Ocean acidification

expected to intensify.

• Rising temperatures will impact

surface ocean stratification, which in

turn will affect the surface water

light regime and nutrient input from

deeper layers.

• Phytoplankton will be affected by

these environmental changes in

many ways.

• All these altering the complex

balance of biogeochemical cycles

and climate feedback mechanisms. (after Rost et al., 2008)

• Near-surface waters (red) flow towards DWFR

• Main deepwater formation regions (DWFR yellow ovals)

in northern Atlantic, Ross Sea, and Weddell Sea

• Deep currents shown in blue, bottom currents in purple

• Green shading > 36 PSU blue shading <34PSU

Global thermohaline circulation

• Continued upwelling of deep water with pre-industrial CO2 conc will enable ocean as a imp sink

• But if THC slows down, transfer of C02 rich cold water to deeper ocean would reduce

• On the other hand, for the past 20y ocean has been absorbing ~2 Gt C per year

• If C emissions are stabilized, the ocean could continue to absorb an increasing amount of CO2

from atm for up to 50 years

…upwelling zone would be the worst affected

With alterations to THC….

Entire Trophodynamics would be ‘adversed’

If THC is affected….

Biological Carbon Pump

Timing of Biological Activity

Some seasonal biological activities are happening 15-20 days earlier than several decades ago:

– Trees blooming earlier

– Migrating birds arriving earlier

– Butterflies emerging earlier

Changes in timing differ from species to species, so ecological interactions are disrupted.

European pied flycatcher

chicks are now born later

than the caterpillars they

eat.

Images used under the terms

of the GNU Free

Documentation License.

• Approximately half of the CO2 from burning fossil fuels and cement production in the past

200 years has already been absorbed by the oceans

• This CO2 absorption already led to decrease in ocean pH by ~ 0.1 unit from pre industrial levels

• This change represents about a 30% increase in the concentration of H+ in seawater

• Alarmingly, H+ concentration, and the rate at which it is rising, are both still increasing

What is causing ocean acidification?

CO2

What is the Significance

of Ocean Acidification?

Bioavailability of carbonate is hampered

• Many marine organisms make shells or supporting plates

out of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) for calcification

• Calcification is inhibited; growth and/or survival of certain organisms could be affected in ‘acidic oceans’

• Many of these organisms form the primary production of oceans: any change in their life cycle has the potential to impact all marine ecosystems

• With already very low calcium carbonate saturation levels Southern Ocean identified as being particularly vulnerable

a, b, d, e, Emiliania huxleyi ; and c, f,

Gephyrocapsa oceanica collected from

cultures incubated at [CO2] ≈ 12 µ mol l -1

( a – c ) and at [CO2] ≈ 30–33 µ mol l -1 ( d

– f ), corresponding to p CO2 levels of

about 300 ppmv and 780–850 ppmv

respectively.

Note distinct malformations

Change in Diversity as a Fn of pH Redn

For biota near the Ischia CO2 vents.

1. The biodiversity per cent of taxa that occur in areas

with no pH reduction, open square) for 51 calcifying

taxa (white circles) and 71 non-calcifying taxa (black

circles).

2. Atmospheric pCO2 levels (ppmv CO2) that would be

required to cause pH changes in ocean surface waters

equivalent to those observed at three locations along

the pH gradient at Ischia (dotted vertical lines).

3. For calcifiers (3a), non-calcifiers (3b), and all taxa

combined (3c) exponential regressions explained 99%,

90%, and 88% of the variance, respectively.

4. Fitted regressions indicate a loss of biodiversity of ∼40% for non-calcifiers and all taxa, and ∼70% for

calcifiers, for a pH reduction corresponding to the

atmospheric pCO2 level expected by 2100.

2 1

3b

3a

3c

Data from Hall-Spencer et al. (2008)

4

Resilience and Vulnerability of Corals in Indian Reefs to

Current Climate and Environmental Scenario

Photo Courtesy: B. Manikandan; INSPIRE Fellow@NIO

Continuous Plankton Recorder survey showing abundance of Calanus populations in the North

Sea from 1960 to 2002. Relative contribution of Calanus finmarchicus (blue) and Calanus

helgolandicus (red) is shown in relation to total Calanus abundance

(After Martin Edwards, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science )

Time-series Programmes

Provide valuable information on Plankton

Tcrit = Critical Temperature where there is an onset of

anaerobic metabolism;

Tpej = Pejus Temperature above and below which oxygen

supplies to tissues become sub-optimal;

Topt = Optimal Temperature;

Tden = Denaturation Temperature where molecules lose

integrity. (After Pörtner et al., 2005, 2010).

THP: The Deadly Trio • Optimal performance of many

organisms is affected by

temperature, ocean carbonate

chemistry and hypoxia*

• For animals, oxygen and

capacity limited thermal

tolerance (OCLTT) govern their

specialization to be inside

specific, limited temp ranges

and, their sensitivity to temp

extremes.

• Optimal OCLTT allow

integration of other stressors on

a thermal matrix of performance

*the three direct symptoms of a massive carbon perturbation

• Highly conserved group of intracellular proteins

• Found in all living organisms from bacteria to humans

• Generally expressed at very low levels under normal

conditions, but levels increase rapidly in

response to a stress

• Heat shock proteins protect the cell by preventing

irreversible denaturation of proteins at high

temperature; therefore they are considered to

be a potential biomarker indicating responses

to climate changes

• Synthesis increases upon heat shock or exposure to

other environmental stresses.

HSP FUNCTION

HSP 70 Chaperone activity, prevent and repair misfolded proteins, protein

translocation, regulation of cell death also stimulate protein glycosylation

HSP21 Assist in protein folding along with other HSPs

HSP90 Chaperone activity, degradation of misfolded proteins , signal transduction

and cell cylce control

HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSPs)

Higher temp induces HSPs and Antioxidant enzymes

qPCR analysis of HSP genes

qPCR anlaysis of antioxidant enzymes genes 15ppt 35ppt

25˚C

15ppt 35ppt

15ppt

28˚C

30ppt

18˚C

35ppt

CTRL

35˚C

Inference:

qPCR analysis reveals up-regulation of all

the three HSP genes at higher temperatures.

Thus these genes can be potential candidate

for their application as biomarkers to assess

environmental stress.

Antarctic Fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki

HSP produced in Antarctic organisms at low temperatures (<10°C)

HSP expression in some hyperthermophilesexpress only after 60°C

HSP expressed in mammalian hypothermic organs (testis) at lower temperatures than in normothermic organs

HSP Induction Corresponds to Temperatures

Stressful for a Given Species or Cell Type

Complex Interaction of Variables Affects Health

SHRIMP

HEALTH

Host

Genetics

Species

life stages

Physiology

Immunity

Nutrition

Quality and quantity

Husbandry

Density Handling

Environment

Organic load , Temp, S, O2,

NH3, CO2, H2S, NO2

Pathogen

Species

Type

• Defining what levels of stressors are normal and acceptable is not easy.

• Stressors present in combinations might be benign by themselves but pose a far greater

threat because they are present together

10-15 Viruses, 5-6 Bacteria, 3-4 Fungi are Major Microbial Enemies of Shrimps

Bacteria: Vibrio (harveyi; alginolyticus, vulnificus); Pseudomonas,Clostridium spp

Fungi: Lagenedium, Sirolpedium, Saprolegnia

• Are marine animals in coastal waters acquiring pathogens contaminated

by human, agricultural, and medical waste?

• Can marine life act as carriers for infectious diseases, spreading

pathogens through the oceans?

• Can marine animals ingesting antibiotics in medical waste, serve as

incubators to maintain, multiply, and spread antibiotic-resistance

genes through marine and coastal ecosystems?

Sea Life is Accumulating Pathogens A wide range of marine animals also contains microbes that are resistant to antibiotics

"One porpoise showed resistance to 15 out of 20 antibiotics we tested for,” Bogomolni said. “One of the antibiotics we screened for was gentamicin, which is an agricultural antibiotic. It was

ridiculous just looking down the list (of antibiotics) and seeing, ‘Resistant, resistant, and resistant.’ Porpoise are coastal animals, so maybe they are picking (antibiotics or resistant bacteria) up along their migration.”

Marine animal fecal samples are important in revealing bacteria and parasites.

DOC

DOC

CO2

Triggers ：oxygen, temperature, stratification, circulation, radiation

• Ocean DOC pool is of comparable size of atmospheric CO2 inventory

• Exchanges between these two pools are natural (A), continuous, long-term

• Global warming (B) or cooling (C ) is triggered by imbalanced exchange

Ocean Role in Climate Change

A

CO2

B

DOC

CO2

We

All W

an

t Th

is!

C

OC

EAN

A

TM

OSPH

ERE

CC Impacts Us All. Severally, Severely

www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Global Climate Change:

What we’re doing now is more destructive than then • Global warming is when the temperatures get abnormally higher and higher.

• Global Climate Change is getting worse every year.

• The IPCC conclude that most of the temperature increases since the 20th century

was probably caused by the increases of greenhouse gases from things such as

fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

• Future Oceans : Temperature changes , Hypoxia , Acidification

• Understanding Biodiversity

• Biodiversity effects on the functioning of marine ecosystems

• Biological invasions

• Natural Resources : overexploitation, fisheries and aquaculture

• Ocean noise pollution

• Habitat loss, Urban Development

• Coastal infrastructures and Marine Spatial Planning

Biological Oceanography:

Fisheries Professionals Forte

Do We Wish For Such Sights?

Mass death of cultured fish due to toxic phytoplankton blooms

Earth’s Life Very Beautiful

If we don’t help save our Earth’s Life ………

…… it will be made to LURCH & disappear!!!

Thank You

Plea of a Marine Microbe: