n quaternary geological map of greater...
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Arbutus Cove
Telegraph Cove
Gordon Head
Cadboro Bay
Oak Bay
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Beac
h Dr
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Cedar Hill Cross Rd
Shelbourne S
tS
helbourne St
Shelbourne S
tS
helbourne St
Shelbourne S
tS
helbourne St
Shelbourne S
tS
helbourne St
Shelbourne S
t
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Richm
ond Rd
Cordova Bay
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cordova Bay Rd
Cormorant Pt
Clover Pt
McNeill Bay
Gon
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s Ba
y
Ross Bay
McNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill AveMcNeill Ave
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Fort St.
Bay StBay StBay StBay StBay StBay StBay StBay StBay St
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d R
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Fer
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d R
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Blanshard S
tB
lanshard St
Blanshard S
tB
lanshard St
Blanshard S
tB
lanshard St
Blanshard S
tB
lanshard St
Blanshard S
t
Gov
ernm
ent S
tG
over
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t St
Gov
ernm
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tG
over
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Gov
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tG
over
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Gov
ernm
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tG
over
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Gov
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Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Douglas S
t
Finlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson StFinlayson St
Coo
k S
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Coo
k S
tC
ook
St
Coo
k S
tC
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St
Coo
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Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dallas Rd
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Dou
glas
St
Fairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield RdFairfield Rd
Douglas S
tD
ouglas St
Douglas S
tD
ouglas St
Douglas S
tD
ouglas St
Douglas S
tD
ouglas St
Douglas S
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Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
Interurban Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
W. Saanich Rd
Highw
ay 17H
ighway 17
Highw
ay 17H
ighway 17
Highw
ay 17H
ighway 17
Highw
ay 17H
ighway 17
Highw
ay 17
McKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie AveMcKenzie Ave
Portage Inlet
West Bay
Victoria Harbour
Esquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt RdEsquimalt Rd
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Lam
pson
St
Plumper Bay
Constance Cove
Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1Highway 1
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Wallace Dr
Durrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance RdDurrance Rd
Esquimalt Harbour
Cobur
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la
Esquim
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Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Highway 14
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Goldstream Ave
Hap
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dH
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Hap
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Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Sooke Rd
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
Finlayson Arm
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R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1FFFFFFFFF
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3a R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aR2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
FFFFFFFFFFR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O4O4O4O4O4O4O4O4O4
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2a
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 FFFFFFFFFR1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3a
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2aC2a
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 FFFFFFFFFR1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1 G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2
FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4
G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3aO3a
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
G2G2G2G2G2G2G2G2G2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2
G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3G3
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
TTTTTTTTT
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1G1 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3 S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G4 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5O5O5O5O5O5O5O5O5O5
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
S3S3S3S3S3S3S3S3S3 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O4O4O4O4O4O4O4O4O4
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2FR2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4C4
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
TTTTTTTTT
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
S2S2S2S2S2S2S2S2S2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
TTTTTTTTT
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
TTTTTTTTT
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
TTTTTTTTTO1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
TTTTTTTTT
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 FTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFT
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
TTTTTTTTT
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
TTTTTTTTT
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
TTTTTTTTTR1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2TTTTTTTTT
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
FTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFT
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
TTTTTTTTTR1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2 R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
FTFTFTFTFTFTFTFTFT
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
TTTTTTTTT
TaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTa
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1S1
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
TTTTTTTTT
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2 R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
TTTTTTTTT
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1 R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2 R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2aR2a TaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTa O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1O1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3 C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2 R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2TaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaR2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3T/C3
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
TTTTTTTTT
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2
R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2R1/2 C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2R2
FGFGFGFGFGFGFGFGFG
FGFGFGFGFGFGFGFGFG
FGFGFGFGFGFGFGFGFG
C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1R1S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4S4
S3S3S3S3S3S3S3S3S3
O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
Borehole Legend
: Bedrock in shallow (generally < 3 m) excavation
Boreholes with lithologic data but insufficientdepth to classify
Peat
>5 m Victoria Clay & <3 m Grey Clay>3 m Grey Clay
<5 m of Victoria Clay
Small outcrop
Adjacent to unit G1: < 3 m to bedrockor in upland areas < 10 m sediment over bedrock
In unit G1: sand and gravelpresent at borehole
This map and accompanying information are not intended to be used for sitespecific evaluation of properties. Soil and ground conditions in the map areawere interpreted based on borehole data and other information, available prior tothe date of publication and obtained from a variety of sources. Conditions andinterpretations are subject to change with time as the quantity and quality ofavailable data improves. The authors and the Ministry of Energy and Mines arenot liable for any claims or actions arising from the use or interpretation of thisdata and do not warrant its accuracy and reliability.
Langford Lake
Glen Lake
Thetis Lake
Prospect Lake
Elk Lake
Swan Lake
North American Datum 1983UTM Zone 10
Map Base from TRIM1:20,000 Digital Dat
N
Area of Detail
92B.053 92B.054
92B.043 92B.044
Vancouver Island
00.5 0.5 1 1.5 k
Geological Survey Branch
Geoscience Map 2000-2,
QUATERNARY GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREATER VICTORIA TRIM SHEETS (92B.043, 044, 053 & 054)
Patrick A. Monahan, P. Geo.1, and Victor M. Levson, P. Geo.2
Scale 1:25,000 (approximate)
1 Monahan Petroleum Consulting2 British Columbia Geological Survey
R2aR2a
00.5 0.5 1 1.5 k
Geological Survey Branch
Geoscience Map 2000-2,
QUATERNARY GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREATER VICTORIA TRIM SHEETS (92B.043, 044, 053 & 054)
Patrick A. Monahan, P. Geo.1, and Victor M. Levson, P. Geo.2
Scale 1:25,000 (approximate)
1 Monahan Petroleum Consulting2 British Columbia Geological Survey
SUMMARY OF QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
Quaternary deposits in Greater Victoria overlie an irregular glacially-scoured bedrock surface.The depth to bedrock can vary from zero to as much as 30 metres within the space of a cityblock (Wuorinen, 1976; Nasmith and Buck, 1998).
The oldest Quaternary deposits include glacial and non-glacial sediments that underlie theVashon till of the Late Wisconsinan Fraser Glaciation. The pre Vashon sediments occurprincipally in the central and eastern parts o Saanich Peninsula, where they are up to 60metres thick and have commonly been sculpted into a series of north-trendin drumlinoidridges and crag-and-tail features (Clague, 1976). The Vashon till directly overlies bedrock inmuch of the Greater Victoria area. It is a discontinuous unit and is generally less than a femetres thick (Nasmith and Buck, 1998). The Vashon till and underlying Pleistocene depositsare grouped together here as “older Pleistocene deposits”, because they are overconsolidatedand have high shear-wave velocities (Monahan and Levson, 1997).
The Vashon till is overlain by the Capilano sediments, which were deposited at the close othe Fraser Glaciation when sea level was higher than present. The principal units of theCapilano sediments in the Victoria area are the Victoria clay and the Colwood sand and gravel.The Victoria clay is a unit o glaciomarine clayey silt that forms an irregular blanket-likedeposit, generally below an elevation of 60 metres, but locally up to about 75 metres. It rangesin thickness from zero over bedrock knolls to 30 metres in depressions on the till or bedrocksurface. The Victoria clay has three distinct facies. A lower, soft to firm, grey clay (grey clayfacies) is in most places gradationally overlain by a desiccated and oxidized crust of stiff, brownclay (brown clay facies) 2 to 5 metres thick (Crawford and Sutherland, 1971; Nasmith andBuck, 1998). The Victoria clay commonly coarsens slightly upward, and a sand facies occurslocally near the top.
The brown clay facies of the Victoria clay is at the surface in most of the Victoria area.However, in closed depressions and other low-lying areas, the brown cla facies is absent andthe Victoria clay is gradationally overlain by up to 6 metres of organic silt and peat thatrepresent lake and bog deposits, referred to here as Holocene organic soils. The upper partof the grey clay facies is slightly overconsolidated where overlain by the brown clay facies, butnormally consolidated where overlain by Holocene organic soils (Nasmith and Buck, 1998).
The Colwood sand and gravel is a glaciofluvial outwash and deltaic deposit that occurs at thesurface over much o Colwood and Langford (Howes and Nasmith, 1983 Yorath andNasmith, 1995). The maximum known thickness of the Colwood sand and gravel is 30metres. The surface of the delta and outwash plain has been incised by late-stage glaciofluvialchannels and contains closed depressions interpreted to be kettles. Some of these channelsand depressions are still occupied by creeks and lakes, and are in part filled with peat. Sandand grave foreset beds are known from gravel pits, but deposits of silt up to several metresthick interbedded with sand occur on the delta slope on the northeast and southeast sides othe delta and are interpreted to represent distal and lateral foreset deposits (Monahan andLevson, 1997). Similar sediments likely underlie parts of the delta plain.
In shoreline and nearshore settings, the brown clay facies of the Victoria clay extends belomodern sea level, because relative sea level fell below its modern position in the latestPleistocene and earliest Holocene (Clague et al., 1982; Hutchinson, 1992). In these settingsthe brown clay facies is overlain by Holocene marine mud deposited during the Holocene risein sea level (Crawford and Sutherland, 1971 Nasmith and Buck, 1998). Holocene marinemuds are locally overlain b prograding shoreline sands. Shoreline sands are in turn locallyoverlain by peat, and in some places, shoreline peat deposits are overlain by recent beachsands and intertidal sediments (Clague, 1996 Monahan and Levson, 1997).
QUALIFICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS MAP
This map provides the geological basis for the assessment of the amplification of groundmotion and liquefaction hazards in Greater Victoria (Monahan et al., in pre a), and thegeological map units used here are defined in part to reflect these hazards.
This map is intended for regional purposes only. The map is based in part on interpretationsof borehole records, the approximate locations of which are shown. Where borehole data arescarce, subsurface conditions had to be inferred from topographic and geomorphic evidence.The boundaries of most map units are gradational, particularly in the Victoria area due to theextreme irregularity of the bedrock surface. For these reasons, map unit boundaries areapproximate, may enclose smaller occurrences of other map units, and are subject to revisionas more borehole data become available. Furthermore, geological materials are variable, anddeposits of a particular map unit may locally have unusual properties. Finally, only limitedfield checking was conducted to confirm interpretations.
In addition, this map does not fully address man-made alterations to ground conditions, sucas excavation of problem soils following drilling of the boreholes on which the map is based,or the presence of artificial fill. Only the larger fills of which the authors were aware are shownon the map. Other areas of fill are present, and new areas of fill will be developed in thefuture.
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
Subsurface geological data on which this map is based include: over 5000 geotechnicalborehole logs obtained from a variety of public and private agencies; several hundred waterwell logs obtained from the Groundwater Section of the Ministry of the Environment; andnearly 3000 engineering drawings for municipal sewer and water lines, that commonly showhere bedrock was encountered.
Geological map units were defined on the basis of these data and in part coincide with theU.S. National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) definitions of site classes forsusceptibility to amplification of ground motion (Building Seismic Safety Council, 1994). Mapunit boundaries were interpreted on the basis of the subsurface data, airphotos (~1:20,000
black and white dated 1974 and ~1:5000 colour dated 1990) and large-scale topographic
maps (1:2000 to 1:5000). Soil maps by Da et al. (1959) and Jungen (1985) and seismicmicrozonation maps of Victoria by Wuorinen (1974, 1976) also provided useful information.Limited field checking was conducted.
In areas of poor subsurface control, the subsurface conditions are largely inferred fromtopographic and geomorphic evidence. For example, scattered bedrock with thin soil cover(unit R2), generally occurs in hilly areas, and thick soft glaciomarine clays (units C2 and O1generally occur in low-lying areas. In areas of poor subsurface control, map unit C1 wasapplied to areas of sloping ground between occurrences of units R2 and C2, and in these arearepresents an uncertain proportion of both these units. To assist the user in determining theaccuracy of the subsurface geological mapping, sites where subsurface geological data wereavailable are shown on this map.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project received funding from the Capital Regional District, the Geological Survey oCanada, the British Columbia Resources Inventory Committee and Corporate ResourceInventory Initiative, and the Joint Emergency Preparedness Program. The authors thank thefollowing agencies for providing the geotechnical and geological data on which this map isbased: Thurber Engineering Ltd., the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways, B.C.Hydro, B.C. Buildings Corporation, B.C. Ferry Corporation, the Insurance Corporation oBritish Columbia, the Capital Regional District, the City of Victoria, the District o Saanich,the District of Oak Bay, the Township o Esquimalt, the Town of View Royal, the City oColwood, the District of Langford, the Greater Victoria Water District, the Greater VictoriaSchool Board, the Sooke School Board, the Saanich School Board, the National ResearchCouncil, Department of National Defense, Public Works and Government Services Canada,the University of Victoria, Camosun College, the Greater Victoria Hospital Society, the Juande Fuca Hospital Society, Juan de Fuca Parks and Recreation Commission Esquimalt Nation,Songhee Nation, BC Tel, Pacific Coast Savings, Foundex Explorations Ltd., LeveltonAssociates, and C.N. Ryzuk and Associates. These data were generated by the B.C. Ministryof Transportation and Highways, B.C. Hydro, Department of National Defense, ThurberEngineering Ltd., Levelton and Associates, C.N. Ryzuk and Associates, Payne GeologicalEngineering, AGRA Earth and Environmental, Golder and Associates, Cook, Pickering andDoyle, Klohn-Crippen Consultants, CBA Engineering, Wright-Parry Engineering, Ltd.,Bullock Baur Associates, Morrow Environmental Consultants, Technology Resource Inc.,CBR International, Duncan and Associates, UMA, Steele, Barber and Associates, McCarter,Nairne and Partners, and Thorson and Thorson. Water well data were provided by the B.C.Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Seismic cone penetration test and spectral analysisof surface waves data were generated b ConeTec Investigations and the B.C. Ministry ofTransportation and Highways. The GIS mapping component was provided by G. Letham andC. Spicer at AXYS Environmental Consulting Ltd. Proprietary geological reports obtainedduring the geotechnical data search contain many useful insights, notably those b ThurberEngineering Ltd., Levelton and Associates and Payne Geological Engineering. This projecthas relied on the assistance and support of many individuals, but in particular, the authorthank G. C. Rogers, J. Cassidy, R. Lloyd, M. Williams, R. Gibbs, B. Harding, B. Kerr and J.Valeriote. This map received technical reviews by J.J. Clague, J.A. Hunter, G.C. Rogers, J.Cassidy, R.H. Lloyd, S. Pitt, B. Warman, E.J. McQuarrie and S.M. Bean, and editorialreviews by B. Grant, W.J. McMillan and D. Jakobsen.
LEGEND
AREAS WITH ANTHROPOGENIC FILL AT SURFACE
UNIT F: FILL
Only the larger and thicker deposits o anthropogenic fill of which the authors are aware are included in this mapunit. The principal areas are shoreline settings and reclaimed gravel pits. The thickness of fill can exceed 1 metres.The properties of fill vary widel , from dense engineered fills to loose fills. There are insufficient data to distinguishthese regionally.
Unit FC2 is assigned to areas where fill overlies unit C2. In shoreline settings, fill may overlie soft Holocenemarine mud that in turn overlies the Victoria clay, in which the brown and grey clay facies are both present.
Unit FC1 is assigned to areas where fill overlies unknown or variabl thicknesses of Victoria clay (unit C1).
Unit FG is assigned to large areas of fill in reclaimed gravel pits in Colwood sand and gravel (unit G1).
Unit FT is assigned to large areas of fill in reclaimed gravel pits in older Pleistocene deposits (Quadra sandand grave ; part of unit T).
Unit FR2 is assigned to areas where fill overlies bedrock or thin native soils (unit R2).
AREAS WITH HOLOCENE DEPOSITS AT SURFACE
HOLOCENE SANDS
UNIT S4; BEACH SANDS: This unit include modern beach sand . These deposits are up to several metresthick at Ross Bay and the northern part o Cadboro Bay, but elsewhere thicknesses are unknown.
UNIT S3; STREAM DEPOSITS: Sandy alluvial deposits have been mapped only where they are interpretedto be more than a few metres thick or are extensive enough to be mapped. Observations along most streams indicatethat they are generally downcutting or have a boulder and cobble gravel bed.
UNIT S2; GOLDSTREAM DELTA DEPOSITS: The Goldstream River has built a small delta at the headof Saanich Inlet. The landward part of the delta plain consists of pebble to cobble gravel alluvial deposits, and theseaward part consists of predominantly sandy tidal flats. The gravel alluvium is interpreted to have prograded overfiner deltaic deposits, including tidal flat deposits.
UNIT S1; ALLUVIAL FAN AND FAN DELTA DEPOSITS This unit consists of small alluvial fans andfan deltas. No borehole data are available in this unit, but the fans probably consist of sand and gravel, particularlywhere they occur along the lower flanks of sandy and gravelly drumlinoid ridges from which they have been derived.
HOLOCENE PEATS
UNIT O5; PEAT OVER HOLOCENE BEACH SAND: This unit is assigned to areas where peat overlieHolocene sand in a shoreline setting. At Cadboro Bay, where borehole data are available, the peat unit is 2 to 6metres thick and the underlying sand is 3 to 9 metres thick. These deposits in turn overlie over 30 metres ofHolocene marine mud and the grey clay facies of the Victoria clay.
UNIT O4; HOLOCENE PEAT OVER GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS: This unit consists of peatoverlying glaciolacustrine deposits marginal to the Colwood delta a outwash plain (unit G4). The presence of peatis documented in soil surveys (Day et al., 1959 Jungen, 1985), observed in the field, and inferred from the localpresence of swamps.
UNIT O3; PEAT OVER SAND AND GRAVEL OF THE COLWOOD DELTA AND OUTWASH PLAIN : This unit consists of peat deposits overlying sand and gravel of the Colwood delta and outwash plain. Peat depositsare generally less than 4 m thick, but locally reach 7 metres. These deposits occur in low-lying areas on the delta andoutwash plain, such as late-stage abandoned channels and around the margins of modern lakes like Langford andGlen lakes.
Unit O3a consists of closed depressions, mainly interpreted to be kettles, on the surface of the Colwooddelta and outwash plain and in which peat may occur.
UNIT O2; UPLAND PEAT: This unit consists of upland peat deposits above 60 metres elevation. The peats inthis unit are commonly less than a few metres thick, but locally exceed 5 metres. In boreholes, these deposits havebeen observed to overlie up to 3 metres of soft clayey silts and sands, that in turn overlie older Pleistocene depositsor bedrock. However, they may also overlie other sediment types, such as colluvial deposits, outwash sand andgravel, and glaciolacustrine sediments.
UNIT O1; PEAT OVER SOFT CLAY: This map unit is defined as Holocene peat and organic soil overlying theVictoria clay. The thickness of peat varies from less than 1 metre to a maximum known thickness of metresimmediately northwest of the Saanich Public Works Yard at McKenzie Avenue and Quadra Street. The brown clafacies is not present in this map unit. The thickness of the underlyin grey clay facies commonly exceeds 10 metresand has a maximum known thickness of 30 metres. In the absence of borehole data, this map unit is applied toswamps and closed depressions that occur in areas below 60 metres elevation.
AREAS WITH CAPILANO DEPOSITS (LATEST FRASERGLACIATION) AT SURFACE
VICTORIA CLAY
UNIT C5; THICK SOFT CLAY OVER THICK OLDER PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS: This unit consists ofVictoria clay with more than 3 metres of the grey clay facies overlying older Pleistocene deposits thicker than 10metres. It occupies small low-lying areas on the crest and flanks of the drumlinoid ridge at the University of Victoria
UNIT C4; INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN UNITS C3 AND C5, INCLUDING UNDIFFERENTIATEDAREAS: This map unit includes areas with more than 5 metres of Victoria clay but less than 3 metres of the greyclay facies, underlain by more than 10 metres of older Pleistocene deposits, as well as areas of poor subsurfacecontrol on gently sloping ground that may include profiles typical of both units C3 and C5. The brown clay faciestends to be thicker (up to 10 metres) where the Victoria clay overlies thick older Pleistocene deposits than whereit overlies bedrock, probably because of better drainage through the Quadra sand.
Unit C4a is assigned to the part of unit C4 where subsurface control is sufficient to show that it consists ofmore than 5 metres of Victoria clay but less than 3 metres of the grey clay facies. The only area assignedto this unit is located in a gentle depression on the top of a Pleistocene drumlinoid ridge in the vicinity ofthe University of Victoria.
Unit C4b is assigned to areas of sloping ground with poor subsurface control between units C3 and C4. Inthis map unit, the Victoria clay overlies thick older Pleistocene deposits and may be greater than metres,but the thickness of the grey clay facies is interpreted to be less than 3 metres.
UNIT C3; THIN CLAY OVER THICK OLDER PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS: This unit occurs in areas withless than 5 metres of Victoria clay overlying older Pleistocene deposits greater than 10 metres thick. It generallyoccurs on the upper flanks o drumlinoid ridges.
UNIT C2; THICK SOFT CLAY: This unit is assigned to areas with more than 3 metres of the grey clay facies ofthe Victoria clay. The thickness of the grey clay facies is commonly greater than 10 metres and locally exceeds 20metres. In this unit, the grey clay facies is overlain by the brown clay facies, which is generally 2 to 5 metres thick.The thickness of older Pleistocene deposits underlying the Victoria clay is generally less than a few metres, but maybe greater adjacent to drumlinoid ridges. The unit occupies low-lying and gently sloping ground, and where boreholedata are not available, this unit is assigned to such areas below 60 metres elevation.
Unit C2a is assigned to areas where the lower slopes of the Colwood delta are overlain by the Victoria clay.Little is known about the thickness or geotechnical properties of the Victoria clay in these areas. However,the land is low-lying and organic soils locally occur at surface (unit O1), indicating that thicknesses of sofclay greater than 3 metres could be present.
UNIT C1; INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN UNITS R2 AND C2, INCLUDING UNDIFFERENTIATEDAREAS: This unit mainly includes areas where soil profiles typical of units R2 and C2 occur together on a scale thatis not mappable’ with the data available. This unit also includes areas where there is greater than 5 metres of Victoriaclay, but where the thickness of the lower grey clay facies is less than 3 metres. In regions of poor subsurface control,the unit is commonly assigned to areas of sloping ground between units R2 and C2, and to small low-lying areas thacannot be confidently mapped as unit C2. In such cases, use of this map unit indicates uncertainty. However, whereborehole data are present, they commonly demonstrate that the subsurface conditions are truly a complex mixtureof units R2 and C2. In some areas of sloping ground mapped as unit C1, the absence of reported bedrock mayindicate that older Pleistocene deposits underlie the Victoria clay (unit C3). As additional data become available,much of unit C1 could be reassigned to units R2, C2 and possibly C3.
COLW OOD SAND AND GRAVEL
UNIT G4; GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS MARGINAL TO THE COLWOOD DELTA: This unitoccurs in small valleys adjacent to the Colwood Delta an outwash plain. Borehole control in these areas is poor.Where Highway 1 crosses Millstream Creek, a borehole encountered 14 metres of stiff silt and clay withinterbedded compact to dense sand, overlying 3 metres of very dense gravelly till. Downstream, thinly bedded tolaminated fine sand and silt were observed in a small exposure. The surface expression of this unit is flat or gentlysloping, as in Millstream Creek valley. These areas are interpreted to represent glaciolacustrine deposits marginato the Colwood delta and outwash plain, and may include glaciofluvial and fluvial sediments.
UNIT G3; LATE STAGE GLACIOFLUVIAL CHANNEL: This map unit consists of late-stage channels andassociated point bars. These are incised into the upper part of th Colwood delta an outwash plain in the vicinitof Colwood Creek. Where borehole data are available, sediments consist of fine sand and silt a fe metres thick,and elsewhere the deposits are interpreted to be finer than adjacent parts of the delta and outwash plain. Parts othe channels are filled with peat and are assigned to map unit O3.
UNIT G2; DISTAL AND LATERAL FORESET SAND AND SILT OF THE COLWOOD DELTA: Thisunit consists primarily o interbedded silt and sand that are interpreted to be distal and lateral foreset deposits othe Colwood delta, overlain by a fe metres of the brown clay facies of the Victoria clay. In most areas it forms aregularly sloping surface that descends from the surface of the Colwood delta and outwash plain and represents thefinal delta slope. Locally it has been assigned to areas where the delta and outwash plain are incised by Holocenestream erosion, exposing older delta foreset deposits. These deposits are commonly 10 to 30 metres thick.
UNIT G1; SAND AND GRAVEL OF THE COLWOOD DELTA AND OUTWASH PLAIN:This unit consists o interbedded sand and gravel of the raised Late Pleistocene delta and outwash plain centredon the City o Colwood and the District of Langford. The delta and outwash plain have a terraced surface between60 and 90 metres elevation. Fe boreholes penetrate the entire thickness of these deposits, and these are all locatedin the eastern part of the delta and outwash plain. The maximum known thickness of these deposits is 30 metres,and the thickness is probably greater in much o Colwood and the eastern part o Langford. Silts occur locally inthe delta topset in abandoned channel deposits. In the vicinity of Happy Valley Road, outwash sand and gravel areoverlain by 1 to 2 metres of silt interpreted to be a late-stage glaciolacustrine deposit marginal to the delta. Depositsof silt up to several metres thick also occur interbedded with sand in lateral and distal parts of the delt foreset.Where these are exposed at the surface they are distinguished as unit G2, but they are likely also present beneathparts of the delta and outwash plain in unit G1. On the margins of the delta, th Colwood sand and gravel overliebedrock (see unit R2), but in the gravel pits south of Esquimalt Lagoon they overlie older Pleistocene deposits thatare locally over 50 metres thick.
AREAS WITH OLDER PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS AT SURFACE
UNIT T; THICK OLDER PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS: This unit occurs where older Pleistocene deposits aregreater than 10 metres thick and are exposed at the surface. These deposits are commonly thicker than 30 metresand locally exceed 60 metres, such as along the sea cliffs at Cowichan Head. They occur principally as drumlinoidridges, several kilometres in length, and as shorter ridges south of prominent bedrock hills (crag-and-tail features)Hilly areas underlain by unit T are typically characterized by smooth topography, in contrast to the irregulartopography of areas underlain by shallow bedrock (unit R2). Locally, bedrock knobs reach almost to the surfacewithin this map unit but are rarely detectable with the borehole data available. The surficial deposits are commonlythe Vashon till or the Quadra sand but, where th drumlinoid ridges have been subjected to Holocene erosion, olderdeposits are exposed.
Unit Ta is assigned to areas that have smooth surface topography, comparable to areas with thick olderPleistocene deposits (unit T), but where borehole data indicate that bedrock is locally shallow (<10 metres).
Unit T/C3 is applied to those areas intermediate between units T and C3, typicallyareas with a discontinuous cover of Victoria clay over older Pleistocene deposits.
This map shows the thickness and distribution of the Quaternary stratigraphic units in GreaterVictoria. It is intended to provide the geological basis for the assessment of the earthquakehazards shown on companion maps which depict the liquifaction and amplification of groundmotion Greater Victoria (Geoscience Maps 2000-3a and 2000-3b Monahan et al., 2000b andc). The geological units shown here are defined in part to reflect these hazards. There are twoadditional maps relevant to earthquake hazards in Greater Victoria: a map that shows areassusceptible to earthquake-induced slope instability (Geoscience Map 2000-3c; McQuarrie andBean, 2000) and a composite map that shows areas susceptible to the amplification of groundmotion, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced slope instability hazards (Geoscience Map2000-1; Monahan et al., 2000, a)
This map is intended for regional purposes only and should not be used for site-specificevaluations. For the proper use of this map, the qualifications and limitations section shouldbe carefully read and understood.
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
Building Seismic Safety Council (1994): NEHRP recommended provisions for seismicregulations for new buildings Part I - Provisions; Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 290 pages.
Clague, J.J. (1976): Quadra Sand and its relation to the la te Wisconsin glaciation osouthwestern British Columbia Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 13, pages803-815.
Clague, J.J. (1996): Paleoseismology and seismic hazards, southwestern British Columbia ;Geological Survey of Canad , Bulletin 494, 88 pages
Clague, J.J., Harper, J.R., Hebda, R.J. and Howes, D.E. (1982): Late Quaternary sea levelsand crustal movements, coastal British Columbia; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,Volume 19, pages -618.
Crawford, C.B. and Sutherland, J.G. (1971): The Empress Hotel, Victoria, British ColumbiaSixty-five years of foundation settlement ; Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 8,pages 77-93.
Day, J.H., Farstad, L. and Laird, D.G. (1959): Soil survey of southeast Vancouver Island andGulf Islands, British Columbia; British Columbia Soil Surve, Report No. 6, ResearchBranch, Department of Agriculture, 104 pages.
Howes, D.E. and Nasmith, H.W. (1983): Quaternary geology of southern Vancouver Island;Geological Association of Canad, Annual Meeting (Victoria, B.C.), Field TripGuidebook, Trip 11, 25 pages.
Hutchinson, I. (1992): Holocene sea level change in the Pacific Northwest: A catalogue oradiocarbon dates and an atlas of regional sea level curves; Institute for Quaternary Research, Simon Fraser University, Discussion Paper No. 1, 100 pages.
Jungen, J.R. (1985): Soils of southern Vancouver Island, B.C. Ministry of Environment,British Columbia Soil Survey Report No. 44, Technical Report 17, 198 pages.
McQuarrie, E.J. and Bean, S.M. (2000): Seismic slope hazard map for Greater Victoria ;British Columbia Geological Survey, Ministry of Energy and Mine , Geoscience Map2000-3c.
Monahan, P.A. and Levson, V.M. (1997): Earthquake hazard assessment in Greater Victoria,British Columbia; Development of a shear-wave velocity model for the Quaternarsediments; in Geological Fieldwork 1996, D.V. Lefebure, W.J. McMillan, and J.G.McArthur, Editors, British Columbia Geological Survey, Ministry of Employment andInvestment, Paper 1997-1, pages 467-479.
Monahan, P.A., Levson, V.M., McQuarrie, E.J., Bean, S.M., Henderson, P. and Sy, A.(2000a): Relative Earthquake Hazard Map of Greater Victoria showing areas susceptibleto amplification of ground motion, liquefaction and earthquake-induced slope instability;British Columbia Geological Survey, Ministry of Energy and Mine , Geoscience Map2000-1.
Monahan, P.A., Levson, V.M., Henderson, P. and Sy, A. (2000b): Relative LiquefactionHazard Map of Greater Victoria; British Columbia Geological Survey, Ministry of
Energy and Mine, Geoscience map 2000-3aMonahan, P.A., Levson, V.M., Henderson, P. and Sy, A. (2000c): Relative Amplification o
Ground Motion Hazard map of Greater Victoria; British Columbia Geological SurveyMinistry of Energy and Mine, Geoscience Map 2000-3b.
Nasmith H.W. and Buck, G.F. (1998): The engineering geology of the Greater Victoria areain Urban Geology of Canadian Cities, P.F. Karrow and O. White, Editors, Geological Association of Canada, pages 21-38.
Wuorinen, V. (1974): A preliminary seismic microzonation of Victoria, British Columbia ;unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria, 156 pages.
Wuorinen, V. (1976): Chapter 5, Seismic microzonation of Victoria, A social response to riskin Victoria, Physical Environment and Development, H.D. Foster, Editor, W esternGeographical Serie, Volume 12, pages 185-219.
Yorath, C.J. and Nasmith, H.W. (1995): The geology of southern Vancouver Island: A field guide Orca Book Publishers, Victoria, British Columbia, 172 pages.
FF
FC2FC2
FC1FC1
FGFG
FTFT
FR2FR2
S4S4
S3S3
S2S2
S1S1
O5O5
O4O4
O3O3
O3aO3a
O2O2
O1O1
C5C5
C4C4
C4aC4a
C4bC4b
C3C3
C2C2
C2aC2a
C1C1
G4G4
G3G3
G2G2
G1G1
TT
TaTa
T/C3T/C3
R2R2
R1/2R1/2
R1R1
AREAS WITH BEDROCK AT OR NEAR SURFACE
UNIT R2; THIN SOIL COVER WITH SCATTERED BE DROCK OUTCROP: This unit generally consistof shallow soils over bedrock. In much of Greater Victoria, this unit includes areas with less than 5 metres of VictoriaClay, mainly the brown clay facies, overlying thin older Pleistocene deposits or bedrock. Scattered outcrops occurthroughout the unit, and bedrock is commonly found in the upper fe metres (e.g. in utility line excavations). Thethickness of older Pleistocene deposits in most places is less than a few metres, but may locally be up to 10 metres.In areas adjoining the Colwood delta and outwash plain, this unit is assigned to areas where borehole data show thatless than 5 metres of the Colwood sand and grave overlies bedrock. In upland regions above 60 metres elevation,the unit is assigned to areas where bedrock is generally overlain by less than a few metres of sediment, commonlyolder Pleistocene deposits with some colluvium, although locally sediment thicknesses are up to 10 metres. This mapunit generally occurs in hilly areas, where the topography is clearly controlled by the irregular bedrock surface. Dueto the irregularity of the bedrock surface, the thickness of the sedimentary cover over bedrock can vary by severalmetres across short distances, such as the length of a building lot.
Unit R2a consists of those areas of unit R2 where thicknesses of older Pleistocene deposits between 5 and10 metres can be mapped.
UNIT R1/2; OUTCROP AND THIN SOIL COVER UNDIFFERENTIATED: This unit includes sparselydeveloped, mainly rocky, upland areas with little or no subsurface control, and where units R1 (bedrock) and R2(thin soil cover) could not be readily differentiated on air photos due to extensive tree cover. This unit may includesmall unmapped upland peat bogs and areas of older Pleistocene deposits.
UNIT R1; BEDROCK: This unit consists of nearly continuous outcrop and generally occurs in hilly andmountainous areas.