n-flow in danish agriculture and farmac in amazonas ib sillebak kristensen & nick hutchings...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
N-flow in Danish agricultureAnd FarmAC in Amazonas
Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings
Aarhus University
Dept. of Agroecology
Foulum. Denmark
10. Feb. 2015. Campinas, Brazil.
![Page 2: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
part 1
Principles for Nutrient flows, examplified on average
DK agriculture
![Page 3: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Farm N balance & N-leaching
Hansen et al. Env Sci. Tech. (2011)
![Page 4: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
N-eff. in Danish Agriculture
![Page 5: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Danish Farm N surplusDevelopment and Variation
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
N-s
urpl
us (k
g N
/ha/
yr)
Livestock density (kg Manure-N/ha/yr.)
Nsurp2008
Nsurp2002
Nsurp1996
Nsurp1990
Expon. (Nsurp2008)
Expon. (Nsurp2002)
Expon. (Nsurp1996)
Expon. (Nsurp1990)
Dalgaard et al. BiogeoSciences 9 (2012)
2008
1990
![Page 6: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Herd
Manure
Field
30 N/cow in milk & animals
Fodder 35 N/cow (47 %) in manure amm. los
40 N/cow in manure from compost
13 hkg grain/ha
21 hkg grain/ha
20 hkg DM grass/ha
Grass
N-flow on 4 organic dairy farms in Estonia in 1998
75N/cow in manure from stable
![Page 7: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Herd
Manure
Cash crops
Surplus
Field
Milk & animals
Fixation
Precipitation
Fertilizer
Seed
Fodder &straw
Feeding loss Straw
Manure from grazingFarm
Feed
Manure
Manure from stable
![Page 8: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DK agriculture N-balance, 1999
Input Kg N ha-1 year-1
N-fertiliser 94
• Seed 2
• Fodder 79
• N-fixation 13
• Precipitation 16
Output
• Milk -9
• Animals -28
• Cash crops -41
los in .
-stall -storage = fieldbalance
N-surplus 125 - 9 -4 = 112
![Page 9: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
N-flows, [kg N/ha] +/- standard diviationFarm Dairy cattle, demo
LSU/ha 1,9Inputs Outputs
Concentrated feed 95 +/- 4 Herd = 190 DEN-surplusHerd = 211 +/- 42 = 20% SD 61 +/- 2 Milk
N-effHerd = 61 / 272 = 22% N-effHerd
Feed 177 +/- 30N-loss manure 23
188 +/- 30Artificial fertilizer 58 +/- 3 Field/Soil balance on 100 ha
Fixation 31 +/- 8 N-surplusField = 116 +/- 43 = 37% SD
Nedbør m.v. 16 +/- 5 N-effField = 177 / 293 = 60% N-effField
Total inputs 200 +/- 10 N-surplusFarm gate = 139 +/- 11 = 8% SD Total outputs61 +/- 2
N-effFarm gate = 61 / 200 = 31% N-effFarm gateFarm-N tabel.XLS D:\ibdata\tekst\Fasset\Farm_N\Internet\FarmN\Farm-N tabel.XLSSheet= TestFig
Farm-balance: Reliable
Field-balance: Un-secure
9
![Page 10: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Herd
Manure Amm. loss manurestorage
Cash crops
Surplus = leaching and soil N changes
Field
Milk & animals
Straw
Manure
Fixation
Precipitation
Fertilizer
Seed
Fodder &straw
Feeding loss Straw
Manure from grazingFarm
Amm. loss stableFeed
Manure
Manure from stable
Amm. lossspreading
Denitrification
![Page 11: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
N-losses in DK-agriculture, 1999 Kg N ha-1 year-1 % N-los of
input
Farm gate N-surplus 125
Amm. los in:
- Stall -9 9 %
- Storage -4 4 %
Field N-surplus 112Amm. los:
- Spreading -8 11 %
- Grazing -1 7 %
- Fertiliser -5 3 %
- Crops -4 4 %
Denitrifikation -16 11 %
Change in soil-N 0
N-leaching (=difference) - 78
![Page 12: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00
N/ha
LU/ha
-Farmgate N balancer on arable sandy soil
Arable conv.
Arable organic
Dairy organic
Dairy conv.
Pig conv.
![Page 13: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Danish emission coefficients for ariel losses from animal manure. Year 2005.Ammonia loss DenitrificationAmmonia loss Denitrification Totalin stall in stall in storage in storage
% ofSlurry Deep Slurry Deep Slurry Deep Slurry Deep ab dyr
Animals Stall litter litter litter litterCreatures Solide floor 10 0 2 0 12
Part slatted 8 0 2 0 10Deep litter 6 0 14 5 23
Pigs Part slatted 8 0 3 0 10for slaughter Full slatted 16 0 3 0 18Feather Deep litter 20 0 8 10 34Fer animals Ditch 50 0 2 0 51See Poulsen et al. (1998) and Hutchings et al. (2001). From file=CHR-99_06.xlsx
% of ab dyr % of ab stall
![Page 14: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Herd
Manure
Cash crops
Denitrifikation
Leaching
Field
Organic soil-N
Milk & animals
Manure
Fixation
Precipitation
Fertilizer
Seed
Fodder &straw
Manure from grazingFarm
Change in soil-N
Feed
Manure
N
Manure from stable
Amm.loss
Amm. loss
![Page 15: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FarmAC model – the basics
![Page 16: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FarmAC model Focusses on livestock farming systems
Can be used for arable agriculture Intended to have wide applicability Simple enough that demand for inputs and
parameters is manageable Complex enough to describe consequences of
mitigation/adaptation measures Mass flow for C and N
Consistency between GHG and N emissions Capture knock-on effects
![Page 17: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
DepositionFixationFertiliserManure
NH3, N2OExported
NH3, N2ONH3,N20,N2
NH3, N2ONH3,N20,N2
NO3NO3
NH3, N2ONH3,N20,N2
NH3, N2OExported
NH3, N2OExported
NO3Runoff
NH3, N OStoragelosses
![Page 18: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
NO3Runoff
NH3, N2OExported
FertiliserManure
NO3CO2
NH3, N2OCH4,CO2
NH3, N2OCH4,CO2
NH3, N2OCH4,CO2
NH3, N2OExported
NH3, N2OExported
NH3, N OStoragelosses
![Page 19: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Components• Cattle model (simplified Australian)
– energy and protein determine growth/milk
• Animal housing and manure storage (mainly IPCC)
• Crop model
– Potential growth * N limitation * water limitation
• Soil model
– simple soil water model
– simple soil C and N model
![Page 20: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1st product (e.g. grain)
2nd product (e.g. straw)(may or not be harvested)
above-groundcrop residue
root + leafscenescence
How the model sees grain crops
![Page 21: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Grazed forage
root + leafscenescence
Ungrazable residue
root + leafscenescence
Ungrazable residue
Unutilised forage
Grazed forage
How the model sees forage crops
![Page 22: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Enough production More than enough production
Grazed yield
Unutilised (residue)
Ungrazableresidue
Modelledyield
Grazedyield
Ungrazableresidue
Modelledyield
![Page 23: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Grazedyield
Ungrazableresidue
Modelledyield
Deficit!
Not enough production
What the pasturecan supply
What the cattlethinks they can eat
![Page 24: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Running FarmAC (1)• Define crop sequences
– area, soil type, irrigation– crop sequence (crops and bare soil)
• Define yield potentials and grazed yields– also define fate of crop residues
• Define livestock numbers, feed rations, livestock housing and manure storage– calculates manure production– calculates livestock production
• Decide manure and fertiliser applications
![Page 25: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Running FarmAC (2)• Simulate!
• What can go wrong
–grazed yield cannot be achieved
–total production of grazed forage does not equal total consumption of grazed forage
![Page 26: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Yield modelling• Potential yield (water and N unlimited)
– for all crop products
– input by users
• Calculate water-limited yield (Water balance)
• Calculate N uptake at water-limited yield
– includes N in above and below-ground crop residues
• Calculate mineral N available
• Mineral N or maximum uptake determines yield
![Page 27: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Calculating mineral N available • Mineral N = mineral N input - losses
• N inputs
–atmosphere
–N fixation
–fertiliser
–manure
–urine
–mineralised soil, manure organic N, dung and crop residue N
![Page 28: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Calculating mineral N available • N outputs
– Ammonia emission, which varies between
• fertiliser, manure, urine
• application method
– N2O and N2 emission
• N2O via emission factor (varies between sources)
• N2 = N2O * factor
– N leaching, which varies with
• timing of application of fertiliser/manure
• Period with drainage
![Page 29: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Growth• Potential crop N uptake = crop N
uptake with water-limited yield
• If mineral N available >= potential crop N uptake
–Modelled growth = water-limited growth
• Otherwise
–Modelled growth = mineral N available/potential crop N uptake
![Page 30: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How to define a permanent crop• The fertilisation necessary to achieve a
given yield will change with time
–For grazed crops, the fertilisation will be determined by the year with the least mineralisation of soil N
–Means that excessive fertiliser will be applied in other years
• Break the permanent crop into several crops
![Page 31: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Amazonian forest
• Simulated here by teak• Main features:
– no export of products
– deep roots, high rainfall 1000 mm drainage and high temperature
– high C:N ration in residues
– N input 10 kg/ha/yr from precipitation
![Page 32: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Forest
Quick degradeble ½ time life =1,5 mdr
degradeble ½ time life =5 year
Slow degradable ½ time life = 365 years
Total soil-C
![Page 33: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bare soil
![Page 34: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Grass – no cattle
![Page 35: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Grass – few cattle
![Page 36: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Grass – more cattle
![Page 37: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
N inputs – light grazing
![Page 38: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
N outputs – light grazing
![Page 39: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
C stored in soil – long term
![Page 40: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Dry matter production – long term
![Page 41: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
N inputs long term
![Page 42: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
N outputs long term
![Page 43: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Losses are calculated for the whole crop period
![Page 45: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
So it might be sensible to divide the crop in two
![Page 46: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Soil-C in farm type
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
År
C (
t/h
a)
DK dairy
Pig
Arable
![Page 47: N-flow in Danish agriculture And FarmAC in Amazonas Ib Sillebak Kristensen & Nick Hutchings Aarhus University Dept. of Agroecology Foulum. Denmark 10](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e8a5503460f94b90066/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Soil pools never in equilibrium