myths of the black male athlete chapter 8: race and ethnicity in sport by daniel passely and daire...
TRANSCRIPT
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MYTHS OF THE BLACK MALE ATHLETEChapter 8: Race and Ethnicity in SportBy Daniel Passely and Daire Fitzpatrick
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The Plan 1.The 4 Most Popular Myths
2.Where do these Myths Come From?
3.What can we do to Solve Them?
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Myth #1: Jumping/Sprinting
Genes
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BLACK BODIES: NATURAL JUMPERS AND SPRINTERS?
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The Truth #1: Genetic Lottery
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African Genetics
Sprinting/Jumping• ACTN3 - RR Gene
• Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
• West Africans
• Usain Bolt
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African Genetics
Endurance• IL‑15R‑alpha
• Slow Twitch Fibers
• East Africans
• Abebe Bikila
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So being black means you are a better jumper/sprinter and runner?
Yes!• Endurance
– Kenyan – Kalenjin
• Sprinting
– Jamaican
– West African
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So being black means you are a better jumper/sprinter and runner?
No• No evidence of a relationship
between race and athletic performance
• Skin color ≠ Perfomance• Many more factors– Environment– Morphology – Training
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Myth #2: Black
Sports
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Blacks are naturally superior at certain sports
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Representation of Black Athletes
Blacks Athletes in Professional Sport
• 68% of NFL
• 76.3% of NBA
Effect on odds• USA: 12.3% Black
• 5.5 times as likely to be in NFL
• 6.2 times as likely to be in the NBA
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The Truth #2: Canadian
Hockey Genes
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Canadians in the NHL
Canadians Stats• 0.5% of World Population
NHL Stats• 50% Canadian
• 100 times more likely to be in NHL
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Canadians Can’t Catch
• http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/gotta-hear-it-america-announcer-says-canadians-cant-catch/
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Culture, not genes
• Popular spectator sports involve high proportions of black athletes, creating a stereotype
• Sport choice based on socioeconomics, and Culture.
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Myth #3: Too many blacks
in sport
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Chris Rock on Blacks
in Baseball
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VZeJFmRsfA
• 0:20-1:03
• Speaks about change in participation in MLB
• Down from 17% to 8.7%
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Myth #3: Too many blacks in
sport
• This statement does not apply to just blacks but also those of non-white descent
• Study in England
• Golf has a 1% non-white participation rate among adults
• 5% amongst cyclists
• This could be due to social issues
• Baseball has also seen a decline ($3.2 mill salary avg.) (Forbes 2012)
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Truth #3: Not enough
blacks in sport
• *Swimming has had a lack of participants who are of African descent making it a prime example
• Particularly in America where Jim Crow laws impacted what activities black citizens could do
• Approximately 70% of Black Americans do not know how to swim (Take Part 2015)*
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Myth #4: Dumb jocks
• They are only in school for sports!
• *People are less likely to see black Athletes as Honour Students
• Seen in football
– Steve McNair recruitment
– resulted in him choosing Black College Alcorn State
– only place that wanted him to be a Quarterback
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Truth #4: Honour
Students
• *Black athletes are just as likely to be honour students as whites
• Myron Rolle, former NFL Star
• Earned Rhodes Scholarship
• There has been significant progress over the past 25 years in America (JBHE 2015)
• High graduation rates at country’s most prestigious schools
– Harvard being the highest*
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WHERE DO THEY COME
FROM?
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Jimmy ‘The Greek’ Snyder • https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WzB7IsmOegE
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Where did these
myths come
from?
• Myths stem from stereotypes, misattributions and double standards.
• Old racial myths
• White superiority complex
• Slave-era racial ideas
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The Great Double
Standard
White Athletes: • Fortitude
• Intelligence
• Moral character
• Good organization.
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The Great Double
Standard
Black Athletes:• Natural Ability
• Biology
• Genetic Heritage
• Slave Genes
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What can we do
about it?• Education
• Out reach programs
• Targeting less fortunate
• Continue research
• Certain Sports offering
certain scholarship to
athletes
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References• Black Student College Graduation Rates Remain Low, But Modest Progress Begins to Show. (2006).
Retrieved October 15, 2015.
• Average Player Salaries In The Four Major American Sports Leagues. (2012, December 7). Retrieved October 20, 2015.
• Entine, J. (2012, August 12). The DNA Olympics -- Jamaicans Win Sprinting 'Genetic Lottery' -- and Why We Should All Care. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
• Etine, J. (2000). The Story Behind the Amazing Success of Black Athletes, by Jon Entine. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
• Gane-McCalla, C. (2009, May 20). Athletic Blacks vs Smart Whites: Why Sports Stereotypes Are Wrong. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
• Gumble, B. (Director). (2015). Real Sports HBO - Chris Rock’s Take on Blacks in Baseball [Motion picture]. United States: HBO Sports.
• Kayne, E. (2013, June 13). Census: White majority in U.S. gone by 2043. Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/13/18934111-census-white-majority-in-us-gone-by-2043
• Kerr, I. (2010). The Myth of Racial Superiority in Sports. The Hilltop Review, 4(1 Spring 2010), 19-27.
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References• Lapchick, R., Hippert, A., Rivera, S., & Robinson, J. (2013, June 25). 2013 Racial and Gender Report Card:
National Basketball Association. Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.tidesport.org/RGRC/2013/2013_NBA_RGRC.pdf
• Nash, S. (2011, March 16). Rosa Parks, Homer Plessy and Jim Crow. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
• O'Donnell, J. (2015, April 15). Why Are There So Few African-Americans In MLB? Retrieved October 20, 2015.
• Sport and ethnicity. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015.
• Pistilli, E., & Khurana, T. (2011, August 9). 'Endurance gene' for Olympic-level athletes: Genetic basis for muscle endurance discovered in animal study. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
• Powell-Morse, A. (2014, September 23). The Unofficial 2014 NFL Player Census - Best Tickets Blog. Retrieved October 19, 2015, from http://www.besttickets.com/blog/nfl-player-census-2014/
• Saletan, W. (2008, December 5). Race, genes, and sports. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
• Steve McNair | evonsports. (2012, January 27). Retrieved October 21, 2015.
• Warner, G. (2013, November 1). How One Kenyan Tribe Produces The World's Best Runners. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
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ANY QUESTIONS?