my paper the use of word processor by efl learners by ali farhan (1)

8/13/2019 My Paper the Use of Word Processor by EFL Learners by Ali Farhan (1)

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J. King Saud Unvi., Vol 19,Edu Sci & Islamic Stud. (2), pp. 1-15,Riyadh(1427H./ 2006)

The Use of Word Processor for Teaching Writing to EFL Learners in King SaudUniversity

Ali Farhan AbuSeileekAssistant Professor, Department of English anguage and iterature

!ollege of Arts, King Saud Universit"

#i"adh, Saudi Ara$ia

(Received 8/9/1426H.; acceped !o" p#$licaio% 21/2/1427H.)

Abstract. &hi' '#dy aied a eplo"i%* he e!!ec o! #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o" o% hedevelope% o! lea"%e"' pe"!o"a%ce i% +"ii%* a%d i%ve'i*ai%* hei" ai#de o+a"d'cop#e"-aided +"ii%*. +a' co%d#ced a he epa"e% o! %*li'h a%*#a*e a%die"a#"e, olle*e o! 3"', i%* a#d %ive"'iy d#"i%* he 'eco%d 'ee'e" o! he acadeicyea" 2004/2005. &he 'aple o! he '#dy +a' divided i%o +o *"o#p' he epe"ie%al*"o#p +hich '#died +"ii%* via +o"d p"oce''o" i% he -lea"%i%* a%*#a*e a$o"ao"y, a%dhe co%"ol *"o#p +hich '#died he 'ae 'ill $y he "adiio%al ehod. eve"al cop#e"-

$a'ed ech%i#e', ehod' a%d aciviie' lie checi%* e""o"' +e"e #'ed o achieve he *oal o!he '#dy. 3 e' +a' ade o !i%d he e!!ec o! he epe"ie%. :o"eove", a '#"vey +a'co%d#ced o i%ve'i*ae '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-ediaed +"ii%*. &he "e'#l' o!

he '#dy i%dicaed ha he epe"ie%al *"o#p achieved $ee" "e'#l' i% he +"ii%* e' ha%he co%"ol *"o#p did. &he '#dy al'o "evealed ha e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p had apo'iive ai#de o+a"d' #'i%* cop#e"-$a'ed +"ii%*. i%ally, he '#dy co%cl#ded ha he#'e o! +o"d p"oce''o" +a' a % e!!ecive ehod !o" eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*.

ntroduction

% he la' +o decade', ic"ocop#e"' have $ecoe a% ipo"a% ool o! lea"%i%*.'i%* he $y %o%-%aive 'peae"' ha' $ecoe vial i% he lea"%i%* o! %*li'h a' a o"ei*%a%*#a*e (). Re'ea"che"' a%d p"aciio%e"' %o+ "eali


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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

&he +o"d p"oce''o" i' a cop#e" p"o*"a #'ed !o" edii%* e', a%d checi%* a%dco""eci%* +"ii%* e""o"'. i' he o' #'e!#l ype o! all cop#e" p"o*"a'. @"ie"ley a%de$le =5, p. 17? de'c"i$ed i a' he o' e%a$li%* a%d $e%e!icial o! all he cop#e"'o!+a"e. &hi' '#dy co%ce"%ed +ih e'i%* he e!!ecive%e'' o! #'i%* he +o"d p"oce''o" $y lea"%e"' h"o#*h #'i%* va"io#' ype' o! cop#e"-$a'ed aciviie'. 'ho#ld $eepha'i


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&he 'e o! Do"d F"oce''o" !o" &eachi%* D"ii%* o ea"%e"'

&he p"e'e% '#dy i%"od#ce' 3 app"oach !o" eachi%* lea"%e"'. i' $a'ed o%a cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%* co#"'e, pa"a*"aph +"ii%*, i% +hich he +o"d p"oce''o" i' #'ed.%volvi%* lea"%e"' i% elec"o%ic !#%cio%al co#%icaive epe"ie%ce' oivae' he olea"% a%d #'e %*li'h i% hei" daily live'. :o"eove", 3dai"-Ha#c, Dilli%*ha-:cai%, a%dIo#%*' =2? poi% o# ha '#de%' +ho #'e he cop#e" i% lea"%i%* he 'ill o! +"ii%* a"e#'#ally a$le o ip"ove edii%* a%d +"ii%* 'ill' o"e 'i*%i!ica%ly ha% ohe" lea"%e"' do

$eca#'e hey have a% acce'' o !eed$ac a$o# hei" e""o"' i% *"aa", 'yle, a%d 'pelli%*.&hi' '#dy al'o i%"od#ce' di!!e"e% +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'ed applicaio%' a%d aciviie' !o"eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*.

!"ortance of the study

&o he "e'ea"che"' $e' %o+led*e, hi' i' he !i"' '#dy i% a#di 3"a$ia a$o# #'i%*he +o"d p"oce''o" !o" he eachi%* o! he 'ill o! +"ii%* o lea"%e"'. &he "e'#l' ay $e#'e!#l !o" di!!e"e% *"o#p' o! people !o" va"io#' "ea'o%'. i"'ly, he '#dy +o#ld $e #'e!#l!o" i%'"#co"' $eca#'e i i*h p"ovide he +ih he applicaio%' o! he +o"d p"oce''o"'.eco%dly, he '#dy i*h $e help!#l !o" lea"%e"', a' i +o#ld 'hed li*h o% he #'e' o!he +o"d p"oce''o" a%d i' $e%e!i' !o" he. i%ally, hi' '#dy ca% $e o! *"ea '#ppo" !o"c#""ic#la de'i*%e"', a' i i*h li' a %#$e" o! he !#%cio%' o! +o"d p"oce''o"', a%d hei"applicaio%' !o" lea"%e"'.

Pur"ose of the study

&he '#dy aied a achievi%* he !ollo+i%* p#"po'e'1) plo"i%* he e!!ec o! #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o" o% he develope% o! lea"%e"'

pe"!o"a%ce i% +"ii%*.2) %ve'i*ai%* '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%* lea"%i%*.

#uestions of the study

&hi' '#dy +a' co%d#ced o% +o *"o#p' epe"ie%al ha +o#ld $e a#*h $y hecop#e"i


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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

Word "rocessor a cop#e" p"o*"a #'ed !o" edii%* e', a%d checi%* a%d co""eci%**"aa", 'yle, a%d 'pelli%* e""o"'.

Li!itations of the study

%ord ''(+a' #'ed i% hi' '#dy !o" edii%* e' a%d checi%* e""o"' $y e$e"' o!he epe"ie%al *"o#p. &he"e!o"e, he "e'#l' o! he '#dy a"e "e'"iced o #'i%* %ord ''(,a%d 'oe o! he !i%di%*' ay $e applica$le o he ea"lie" ve"'io%' o! hi' !aciliy o" ohe"+o"d p"oce''o"'. &he "e'#l' ca%%o $e *e%e"ali1?; Ke# a%dca"cella =26, p. 169?; Fhi%%ey =28, p. 201?; @"ady =4?; Ka'h, H'ieh, a%d he% =25?; Loh%'o%=24, p. 107?; Fhi%%ey a%d :ahi' =29?; He""a%% =20, p. 75?; ai#e =11, p. >7?. % addiio%,a%y "e'ea"che"' hi*hli*h ha 3 ip"ove' he 'ill o! +"ii%* (Da"'cha#e" =>2, p. 16-18?) a%d !aciliae' co#%icaio% a%d i%e"acio% $e+ee% lea"%e"' (oope" a%d el!e =9?.eve"al '#die' al'o '#**e' ha '#de%' have a po'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided+"ii%*. M"ee%!ield =16?, !o" i%'a%ce, "epo" ha '#de%' e%Aoy he 3 cla'' a%d ae'i*%i!ica% p"o*"e'' i% +"ii%*.

o$i%e =6? !o#%d ha he cop#e" ha' a *ood e!!ec o% he ip"ovee% o! he 'ill o!+"ii%*. ea"%e"' co#ld co%ceiva$ly epe"ie% +ih ph"a'e a%d 'e%e%ce '"#c#"e, a%d

p"acice "heo"ical *"aa" h"o#*h #'i%* cop#e" li%*#i'ic !#%cio%'. op#e" #o"ial'o!!e"ed he *"aaical choice' a%d he% p"ovided iediae !eed$ac o% '"#c#"e', lie'e%e%ce '"#c#"e, '#$Aec-ve"$ a*"eee%, a%d he #'e o! co#%a$le a%d #%co#%a$le %o#%'.iila"ly, hi' a"icle i' $a'ed o% #'i%* a 'o!+a"e i%'"#e% +hich i' e#ipped +ih !aciliie'!o" p"ovidi%* #'e"' +ih !eed$ac a$o# va"io#' li%*#i'ic e""o"'.

Mo#''eva =15? co%d#ced a '#dy o% a cop#e"-aided +"ii%* cla''. #de%' +e"edivided i%o 'all *"o#p' +ho i%e"aced via cop#e". &he ai o! he '#dy +a' oi%ve'i*ae hei" ai#de o+a"d' #'i%* cop#e"-ediaed la%*#a*e lea"%i%*. Mo'#''eva

!o#%d ha hei" ai#de o+a"d' 3 +a' #'#ally po'iive $eca#'e hey co#ld 'ee va"io#'vie+poi%' a%d ip"ove he 'ill o! +"ii%*. he al'o 'aid ha '#de%' !el o"e co!o"a$lei% he 3 e%vi"o%e%. he co%cl#ded ha '#de%' o! he 101 +"ii%* 'ecio% !oc#'ed o%he "ole o! cop#e"-$a'ed !aciliie' ha +e"e #'ed i% he +"ii%* cla'' a' ea%' o i%c"ea'ei%e"acio% a%d 'ha"e idea' +ih each ohe", +hile he 107 '#de%' o#li%ed he ipo"a%ce o!cop#e"-$a'ed !aciliie' ha +e"e #'ed i% he +"ii%* cla'' a' addiio%al ool' o p"acice%*li'h.

3dai"-Ha#c, Dilli%*ha-:cai%, a%d Io#%*' =2? '#died he e!!ec o! #'i%*ech%olo*y e%ha%ced la%*#a*e lea"%i%* (&) o% he pe"!o"a%ce o! colle*e-level '#de%'i% +"ii%*. &he 'aple o! he '#dy co%'i'ed o! +o *"o#p', he epe"ie%al *"o#p a%d heco%"ol *"o#p. @oh +e"e a#*h $y he 'ae i%'"#co", e$oo, a%d a%cilla"y ae"ial', $#

he epe"ie%al *"o#p al'o pa"icipaed i% & aciviie'. &he "e'#l' i%dicaed ha heepe"ie%al *"o#p pe"!o"ed $ee" ha% he ohe" *"o#p did i% +"ii%*. i%di%*' o! he

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'#dy al'o 'ho+ed ha i +a' !ea'i$le a%d de'i"a$le o i%e*"ae cop#e"-$a'ed i%'"#cio%i%o lea"%i%* a%d eachi%* la%*#a*e.

eve%' =>0? "ecoe%ded #'i%* he cop#e" !o" lea"%i%* / eachi%* he 'ill o!+"ii%*. He $elieved ha he +o"d p"oce''o" had a po'iive e!!ec o% he develope% o!'#de%' achievee% i% +"ii%*. He de'i*%ed 'eve"al +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'ed ee"ci'e' a%daciviie', a%d '#**e'ed he !ollo+i%* o $e #'ed i% a cop#e"-$a'ed +"ii%* cla''

i%di%* he i''i%* +o"d' a%d +"ii%* he.

&he #'e o! 'ea"ch a%d "eplace lee"' i% a ce"ai% e.

o#$le clici%* a +o"d, c#i%* i, a%d a'i%* a '#de% o pa'e i i% he co""ec place.

dii%* a e !"a#*h +ih e""o"', a%d +o"i%* i%divid#ally o" coope"aively (i% *"o#p' o"pai"') o "evi'e i.

e%e%ce copleio% a''i*%i%* '#de%' a %#$e" o! ope%-e%ded 'e%e%ce' o" clo


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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

&hi' '#dy +a' co%d#ced i% he epa"e% o! %*li'h a%*#a*e a%d ie"a#"e,olle*e o! 3"', i%* a#d %ive"'iy d#"i%* he 'eco%d 'ee'e" o! he acadeic yea"2004/2005. &he depa"e% p"e'e%' 'eve"al %*li'h la%*#a*e a%d lie"a#"e p"o*"a' !o"#%de"*"ad#ae a%d *"ad#ae '#de%'. &hey ai a p"ooi%* c"o''-c#l#"al val#e'. &heepe"ie%al *"o#p '#died i% he -lea"%i%* a%*#a*e a$o"ao"y +hich ha' 40 F'co%%eced +ih local a%d *lo$al %e+o"'. &he F' i% he la$o"ao"y a"e p"ovided +ih heo' #p-o-dae 3 'o!+a"e paca*e', '#ch a' %ord ''(.

Sub(ects

&he pop#laio% o! he '#dy co%'i'ed o! 85 !"e'he% i% he depa"e%. &he 'aple o!he '#dy i%volved '#de%' o! he pa"a*"aph +"ii%* co#"'e. &hey +e"e di'"i$#ed i%o +o*"o#p', acco"di%* o hei" MF3 i% %*li'h la%*#a*e co#"'e' i% he !i"' 'ee'e" a%d he p"e-e'. &he epe"ie%al *"o#p co%'i'ed o! 20 '#$Aec', a%d he co%"ol *"o#p had 16 o%e'.:o"eove", 85 !"e'he% a%d 10 p"o!e''o"' o! li%*#i'ic' i% he depa"e% pa"icipaed i%a%'+e"i%* he '#"vey #e'io%' a$o# he level o! di!!ic#ly o! lea"%i%* / eachi%* 'ill,li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, a%d +"ii%*.

nstru!ents

3 '#"vey +a' de'i*%ed $y he "e'ea"che" o !i%d he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"% /each. co%ai%ed +o pa"'. &he !i"' o%e co%'i'ed o! +o #e'io%' !o" he '#de%'. &hey+e"e BDha i' he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"%, li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, o" +"ii%*JC

a%d BDhyJC &he ohe" pa" al'o co%'i'ed o! +o #e'io%' !o" he p"o!e''o"'. &hey +e"eBDha i' he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o each, li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, o" +"ii%*JC a%dBDhyJC

@oh he epe"ie%al a%d co%"ol *"o#p' #'ed reat Paragraphs$y ol'e, :#cho"e-Voo#%, a%d oloo%, 1999, a e$oo !o" eachi%* pa"a*"aph i% a +"ii%* co#"'e. &heco#"'e ai' a i%"od#ci%* he $a'ic co%cep' o! pa"a*"aph +"ii%*, #%iy, a%d cohe"e%ce, a%d*ivi%* p"acice a$o# ype' o! pa"a*"aph'; lie he de'c"ipive a%d %a""aive. :e$e"' o! heepe"ie%al *"o#p al'o #'ed he +o"d p"oce''o" !o" edii%* e', checi%* e""o"', !i%di%*"elaed +o"d', chai%*, a%d doi%* ee"ci'e' a%d #i


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&o a%'+e" he 'eco%d #e'io% o! he '#dy, he #e'io%%ai"e developed $y#%%i%*ha =10? +a' adoped. &he #e'io%%ai"e o"i*i%ally co%'i'' o! >8 ie', $# i +a'adaped o '#i he '#dy. &he #e'io%%ai"e +a' *ive% o he 'ae +o p"o!e''o"'. &hey+e"e "e#e'ed o chec he '#ia$iliy o! co%e% a%d cla"iy o! i%'"#cio%'. &hey '#**e'edi%"od#ci%* ie' '#ch a' #'i%* he %o%-li%ea" ehod via cop#e" a%d checi%* 'yle,'pelli%*, a%d p#%c#aio% e""o"'. &hey al'o '#**e'ed delei%* ei*h ie', a' hey +e"e %o%ece''a"y. &hei" '#**e'io%' a%d coe%' +e"e ae% i%o co%'ide"aio% $y he "e'ea"che".&he ie' o! he #e'io%%ai"e +e"e "ed#ced o >0 'aee%' +ih +hich he '#de% had o'"o%*ly a*"ee, a*"ee, di'a*"ee, o" '"o%*ly di'a*"ee. &he "#$"ic' a he $e*i%%i%* o! he#e'io%%ai"e +e"e clea" a%d a'ed he '#de% o ci"cle he choice a$o# ho+ he !el a$o# he'aee% ('ee he '#"vey i% 3ppe%di). 3 pilo '#dy +a' co%d#ced o chec ha he'aee%' o! he #e'io%%ai"e +e"e '#ia$le. &o i%'#"e he "elia$iliy o! he #e'io%%ai"e,"o%$ach' alpha "elia$iliy +a' dee"i%ed o $e .86 +hich i' hi*h !"o a 'ai'ical poi% o!vie+.

Procedure

&he '#"vey #e'io%' a$o# he o' di!!ic#l la%*#a*e 'ill o lea"% +e"e *ive% o he'#$Aec' o! he '#dy i% di!!e"e% cla''e'. &hey +e"e a'ed o a%'+e" he. ie+i'e, e%

p"o!e''o"' o! li%*#i'ic' +e"e "e#e'ed o a%'+e" +o #e'io%' a$o# he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o each. &he "e'ea"che" 'aed he ai o! he '#"vey !o" he '#$Aec'. 3!e" a%'+e"i%* he'#"vey #e'io%', "e'po%'e' +e"e colleced a%d a%aly


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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

'ea"chi%* !o" +o"d'. :e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p #'ed he +o"d p"oce''o" !o" !i%di%*o# leical "elaio%' '#ch a' 'y%o%y'. % addiio%, %ord ''( +a' #'ed !o" +"ii%* a%dde'i*%i%* ee"ci'e' a%d #i


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&ethod +u!ber &eanStd.

$eviation)o!"uteri,ed 20 7.>6 2.89147

Traditional 16 5.44 >.22>64

3' i ca% $e 'ee% !"o he a$le a$ove, "e'#l' o! he '#dy i%dicaed ha e$e"' o! heepe"ie%al *"o#p achieved hi*he" 'co"e' o% he +"ii%* e' (ea% 'co"e' P 7. >6) ha% hei"co#%e"pa"' i% he co%"ol *"o#p did (ea% 'co"e' P 5.44). &hi' coe' i% ha"o%y +ih he

p"evio#' '#die' a$o# cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%* +hich "epo" ha he cop#e" i' a%e!!ecive ool !o" eachi%* la%*#a*e 'ill' lie +"ii%* ('ee, !o" i%'a%ce, He*elheie", :ill',al/>0

ie') had a po'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%*; >2.0 G o! he (!"e#e%cy P9.60/>0 ie') '"o%*ly a*"eed a%d 55.67 G (!"e#e%cy P 16.70/>0 ie') a*"eed. Ho+eve",he ohe" 12.>> G (!"e#e%cy P >.7/>0 ie') had a %e*aive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided+"ii%* (11.>> G (!"e#e%cy P >.4/>0 ie') di'a*"eed a%d 1.0 G (!"e#e%cy P 0.>/>0 ie')'"o%*ly di'a*"eed. &hi' happe%' o $e i% li%e +ih ohe" '#die' (Ke# a%d ca"cella =26, p.169?; Fhi%%ey =28, p. 208?; ai#e =11, p. >7?) +hich hi*hli*hed ha he aAo"iy o! '#de%'had a po'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%* $eca#'e i +a' #'e!#l, e%Aoya$le, a%dco!o"a$le.

2) :o' o! he '#$Aec' i% he epe"ie%al *"o#p (85 G) $elieved ha he +o"d p"oce''o"helped he o ip"ove he 'ill o! +"ii%*; 20.0 G o! he (!"e#e%cy P 4/20 '#de%')'"o%*ly a*"eed a%d 60 G (!"e#e%cy P 12/20 '#de%') a*"eed. &he ohe" 15 G (!"e#e%cyP

>/20 '#de%') did %o a*"ee ha he cop#e"-+"ii%* cla'' +a' help!#l. :e$e"' o! heepe"ie%al *"o#p $e%e!ied a lo !"o cop#e"-ediaed lea"%i%*. &hi' ca% $e a"i$#ed o

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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

he i%'"#e% p"o*"a #'ed i% he '#dy +hich i' acce''ed +ih a h#*e ao#% o! li%*#i'ici%!o"aio%. e%a$led he '#de%' o lea"% di!!e"e% '#$-'ill' o! +"ii%*, lie *"aa",'pelli%*, 'yle, a%d p#%c#aio%. #"he"o"e, he li%*#i'ic %o+led*e i% he p"o*"a i'a""a%*ed i% a%-ea'y-o-#'e a%%e" +hich allo+' he #'e" o p"oce'' i ea'ily. &hi' 'ee' o

$e i% ha"o%y +ih +ha +a' "epo"ed $y ohe" '#die'. o" i%'a%ce, Mayle, avid'o%-hive"', Ko+li% a%d a%o#ee =14? !o#%d ha he cop#e"-+"ii%* le''o% +a' ea'y o!ollo+, he '#$Aec' e%Aoyed i, a%d he cop#e" helped he +ih hei" +"ii%*. iila"ly,Meo"*e, @o#""e, a%d Kel'o% =1>?'aid ha '#de%' +e"e aa


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lea"%e"' ca% #'e a +ide "a%*e o! +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'ed aciviie' a%d applicaio%''#ch a' checi%* *"aa", 'yle, a%d 'pelli%* e""o"', edii%* e', a%d #'i%* p#%c#aio%a"'. @y #'i%* he'e p"acical la%*#a*e-lea"%i%* aciviie', i ha' $ecoe po''i$le o

p"acice he '#$-'ill' o! +"ii%* i% co%ve%ie% co%e'. &he #'e o! i%'"#cio%al 'o!+a"e i% a!"ie%dly %o%-h"eae%i%* ao'phe"e e%co#"a*e' he #'e o! he la%*#a*e 'ill', +"ii%* i%

pa"ic#la".

i%ally, i ca% $e co%cl#ded ha lea"%e"' pe"!o"a%ce i% +"ii%* ip"ove' a loh"o#*h #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o"' copa"ed +ih he "adiio%al p"oced#"e', ech%i#e',aciviie', a%d ehod' #'ed $y eache"'. oe poi%' !o" !#"he" "e'ea"ch ay i%cl#dehe !ollo+i%* #'i%* ech%i#e' lie i%divid#al a%d coope"aive lea"%i%* i% cop#e"-aided+"ii%*, #'i%* & !aciliie' '#ch a' eail a%d cha i% +"ii%*, a%d !i%di%* he e!!ec o!#'i%* di!!e"e% ype' o! +o"d p"oce''o"' o% '#de%' achievee%.

%eferences

=1? 3$#eilee, 3.Designing a !A Program for 2eaching %riting to Jordanian E3earners and its Effect. 3a% 3a% 3"a$ %ive"'iy, 2004.

=2? 3dai"-Ha#c, @., Dilli%*ha-:cai%, ., a%d Io#%*', @. Bval#ai%* he%e*"aio% o! &ech%olo*y a%d eco%d a%*#a*e ea"%i%*C. !AI!/ Journal, 17, %o.2 (1999), 269->06.

=>? @loo, 3. B3% 3%iey :a%a*ee% 3pp"oach o op#e"pho$ia.C 2raining andDevelopment Journal, >9, %o.1 (1985), 90-94.

=4? @"ady, . BNve"coi%* Re'i'a%ce op#e" i% he D"ii%* la''"oo.C !omputersand !omposition, 7, %o. 2 (1990), 21->>.

=5? @"ie"ley, @. a%d e$le, . !omputers as a 2ool in anguage 2eaching. Ke+ Io"lli' Ho"+ood, 1991.

=6? o$i%e, M. B#dyi%* +ih he op#e".C E#I! Digest4 http455---.as*eric.org,1997.

=7? ohe%, :. a%d Riel, :. B&he !!ec o! i'a%ce 3#die%ce' o% #de%'.C AmericanEducational #esearch Journal, 26, %o. 2 (1989), 14>-159.

=8? o%o%elo', &. a%d Nliva, :. B'i%* op#e" Ke+o" o %ha%ce o"ei*%a%*#a*e/#l#"e d#caio%.C3oreign anguage Annals. 26 (199>), 2>4-252.

=9? oope", :. a%d el!e, . Bop#e" o%!e"e%ce' a%d ea"%i%* 3#ho"iy,Re'i'a%ce, %e"%ally Fe"'#a'ive Re'o#"ce'.C !ollege English, 52, %o. 8 (1990), 847-87>.

=10? #%%i%*ha, . B%e*"ai%* 3 i%o he D"ii%* #""ic#l#.C 2he Internet2ES Journal 6http455itesl7.org5Articles5!unningham0!A%riting8, 6, %o. 5 (2000).

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=11? ai#e, . Ba% he op#e" i#lae D"ie"' %%e" ialo*#e'JC % D. D"e%ch,ed. 2he !omputer in !omposition Instruction. "$a%a, K&, 1984, >7-52.

=12? ol'e, ; :#cho"e-Voo#%, 3., a%d oloo%, . reat Paragraphs. Ke+ Io"Ho#*ho% :i!!li% opa%y, 1999.

=1>? Meo"*e, K.; @o#""e, R., a%d Kel'o%, R. Bop#e"-aided D"ii%* a% e"*i%*ield.C 2 9 E Journal 62echnological 9ori:ons in Education8, 20 %o. 1 (1992), 7>-80.

=14? Mayle V.; avid'o% h.; Ko+li% @., a%d a%o#ee, :. Bo :#liedia e''o%"#c#"e a%d ea"%i%* yle' %!l#e%ce %de"*"ad#ae D"ii%* Fe"!o"a%ceJC !ollegeStudent Journal, >6, %o. 1 (2002), 12-20

=15? Mo#''eva, L. B"o''i%* #l#"al a%d paial @o#%da"ie' 3 y$e"copo'iio%pe"ie%ce.C 2he Internet 2ES Journal 6http455itesl7.org5Articles5ousseva0!"$er!omp.html8, 4, %o. 11 (1998).

=16? M"ee%!ield, R. Bolla$o"aive -:ail cha%*e !o" &eachi%* eco%da"y 3 a'e#dy i% Ho%* o%*.Canguage earning & 2echnolog", 7, %o. 1 (200>), 46-70.

=17? M#, F. B!!ec' o! F"oAec-$a'ed 3 o% hi%e'e ea"%e"'.C Asian Journal ofEnglish anguage 2eaching, 12 (2002), 195-210.

=18? He*elheie", V., :ill', ., al, %o. 2 (2000), >2-4>.

=2>? H#'', . B'i%* op#e"' +ih 3d#l ie"acy ea"%e"'.C E#I! Digest4http455---.as*eric.org, 1990.

=24? Loh%'o%, :. BDo"d F"oce''i%* i% he %*li'h a' a eco%d a%*#a*e la''"oo.C %

L. Hoo a%d . ilve"%, ed. %riting %ith !omputers in the Earl" rades. Ke+ Io",KI &eache"' olle*e F"e'', 1988, 107-121.

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=25? Ka'h, &., H'ieh, &., a%d he%, . B3% val#aio% o! op#e"-aided opo'iio%.% . ha%*, . &'e%*, a%d @. H+a%*, ed'. A !ollection of Papers Presented in theSi1th !onference on English 2eaching and earning in the #epu$lic of !hina . &aipei,&ai+a% &he "a%e, 1989, >1>->2>.

=26? Ke#, L. a%d ca"cella, R. BDo"d F"oce''i%* i% he D"ii%* la''"oo.C % F.#%el ed. !omputer0assisted anguage earning and 2esting4 #esearch Issues and

Practices. Ke+ Io" Ke+$#"y Ho#'e, 1991, 169-187.

=27? N%*, . BDe$'ie o! olla$o"aive F"oAec' Npe"aio% Ncea%+ave .Chttp455geocities.com5Athens5/l"mpus5=>+5tps.htm, 2000.

=28? Fhi%%ey, :. Bop#e"-a''i'ed D"ii%* a%d D"ii%* 3pp"ehe%'io% i%

#de%'.C % F. #%el, ed. !omputer0assisted anguage earning and 2esting4#esearch Issues and Practices. Ke+ Io" Ke+$#"y Ho#'e, 1991, 189-204.

=29? Fhi%%ey, :., a%d :ahi', . B #de% Re'po%'e' o D"ii%* +ih op#e"'.C2ES/ ?e-sletter, 24, %o. 2 (1988), >0->1.

=>0? eve%', V. Ba%*#a*e ea"%i%* &ech%i#e' plee%ed h"o#*h Do"dF"oce''i%*.C http455---.net-ord.com5esl;home, 1999.

=>1? Da"de%, . Bopi%* +ih 500 D"ii%* #de%' i% &ai+a%.C 2ES/ )atters, 5,%o. 2 (1995), 11.

=>2? Da"'cha#e", :. Bop#e"-a''i'ed a%*#a*e ea"%i%* 3% %"od#cio%.C % .oo', ed.)ultimedia anguage 2eaching. &oyo o*o' %e"%aio%al, 1996, >-20.

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A""endi'

Survey- )o!"uter*aided Writing %esults/

$ear Student0Please circle the nu!ber about ho1 you feel.1 P "o%*ly 3*"ee, 2 P 3*"ee, > P i'a*"ee, 4 P "o%*ly i'a*"ee

Ko State!ent 2 3 4 51 &he cop#e" p"ovide' e +ih o"e !eed$ac a$o# y e""o"' a%d i'ae'. 50G >0G 15G 5G

2'i%* he cop#e" i% he +"ii%* cla'' e%co#"a*e' e o 'pe%d o"e ie +o"i%* o% ypape"' ha% +he% +"ie +ih a pe%.

10G 70G 15G 5G

> Dhe% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o% he cop#e", a o"e ca"e!#l a$o# *"aa". 20G 60G 15G 5G

4 ca% hi% o! o"e idea' !o" y +"ii%* +he% #'e he cop#e". >0G 60G 10G 0G5 lie #'i%* +o"d p"oce''i%* $ee" ha% ohe" +ay' o +"ie i% %*li'h. >0G 55G 15G 0G6 Dhe% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o% he cop#e", pay o"e ae%io% o +ha a +"ii%*. 25G 65G 10G 0G

7 !eel have lea"%ed o"e a$o# +"ii%* i% %*li'h !"o hi' cla'' ha% have !"o ohe"%*li'h cla''e' have ae% i% +hich he cop#e" +a' %o #'ed.

20G 70G 10G 0G

8 Dhe% +"ie #'i%* he cop#e", pay o"e ae%io% o p#%c#aio%. >0G 60G 10G 0G9 Dhe% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o% he cop#e", a o"e ca"e!#l a$o# 'yle. 85G 1 0G 5G 0G10 a %o +o""ied ha i +ill ae e lo%*e" o lea"% o #'e he cop#e" ha% ohe" '#de%'. 85G 5G 10G 0G11 hi% #'i%* he cop#e" i% +"ii%* cla'' i' i%e"e'i%*. 55G40G 5G 0G

12&he cop#e"-aided +"ii%* help' e i% developi%* 'el!-"elia%ce 'ill', p"o$le-'olvi%*'"ae*ie', a%d c"iical hi%i%* a$iliie'.

60G >5G 5G 0G

1> pay o"e ae%io% o choo'i%* he "i*h +o"d +he% #'e he cop#e". 25G 70G 5G 0G

14 +o#ld "ecoe%d ha ohe" '#de%' lea"% o #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* !o" +"ii%* hei" pape"' i%%*li'h.

20G 70G 10G 0G

15 +o#ld lie o ae a%ohe" +"ii%* co#"'e i! co#ld #'e he cop#e". 25G 65G 10G 0G16 *e $ee" 'co"e' o% pape"' have +"ie% #'i%* he cop#e". 20G 65G 15G 0G17 +a' ea'y o lea"% ho+ o #'e he cop#e". >5G 50G 10G 5G

18 ca% cha%*e y pape"' o"e ea'ily a%d o"e o!e% +he% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* ha% +he% +"ie +ih ohe" +ay'.

10G 60G >0G 0G

19 pla% o co%i%#e #'i%* he cop#e" o +"ie y pape"' a!e" hi' cla'' i' !i%i'hed. 20G 60G 15G 5G

20&he cop#e"-aided +"ii%* help' '#de%' i%e"ac a%d +o" o*ehe", +hich helped he i%ip"ovi%* +"ii%*.

70G 25G 5G 0G

21 pay o"e ae%io% o 'pelli%* +he% #'e he cop#e". 50G 40G 10G 0G22 &he !eeli%* i% he cla'' i' !"ie%dly a%d he '#de%' i% hi' cla'' help o%e a%ohe". 45G 50G 5G 0G

2>'i%* +o"d p"oce''i%* ae' e le'' +o""ied a$o# +"ii%* $eca#'e %o+ ca% edi y+"ii%* ea'ily.

5G 65G >0G 0G

24 #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o"e ha% a%y ohe" +ay o +"ie pape"' !o" y cla''. 20G 60G 20G 0G

25 hi% +"ie lo%*e" pape"' #'i%* he cop#e". 25G 65G 5G 5G26 do %o *e %e"vo#' i% he cop#e"-+"ii%* cla''. 5G 90G 5G 0G27 ca% ea'ily #'e he %o%-li%ea" ehod +he% #'e he cop#e". 20G 70G 10G 0G

28 !eel *e o"e i%divid#al ae%io% !"o he eache" i% he cop#e"-+"ii%* cla'' ha% do i%ohe", %o%-cop#e"-+"ii%* cla''e'.

15G 70G 15G 0G

29 pay o"e ae%io% o o"*a%i


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=>?@BCD =G HIJG =MNOG @QNG RMOG GMQ VNIXYQI ZG =QM[ H\ =@]^[_ =`

Z@@QY_ M\ H .X

STU WXYZ [T\]^ _ ZZ [bW _]Zfg [bWjkZ [mWYZ n _qr]\ s]tUu[STYZ [bTYZ [wWXXYZ _x]YZ

z {|WY }q)8/9/1426z {|WY ~g _21/2/1427(

.!234,1/#0.-, +)*('(&"%$#"!

5&*%)!$&636$7#8$!42 +9 :;!5&%),%5(&5$)?

@%5,-./#0%8A6)%B8C!&3D(8&EF>GH #I9&&/JKLMNJKLO5 %9UH#-$S)*86S%TR/))9(!%&)S'+%&--$/)/) :%B

>IV+=SW5(!$&($X"#$Y9:(56Z-4=$3=H!$&(=A(/(-$/!5&9(% :%'$[4 Z!4!\%)

+-> %(1H#-$S)*8RS%Z)/)+\6$-\49-$/)/)$!448\ :;B4E&!5&

\48H]2 RG/#0.-> 4$%Y,(%*%,(%*&5-/$X4%^('(&"%$#":9

/#0.->

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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

The Use of Word Processor for Teaching Writing to EFL Learners in King SaudUniversity

Ali Farhan AbuSeileek3''i'a% F"o!e''o", ep. o! %*li'h a%*#a*e a%d ie"a#"e, olle*e o! 3"'

i%* a#d %ive"'iy, Riyadh, a#di 3"a$iaAbstract. &hi' '#dy aied a eplo"i%* he e!!ec o! #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o" o% hedevelope% o! lea"%e"' pe"!o"a%ce i% +"ii%*, a%d i%ve'i*ai%* hei" ai#de o+a"d'cop#e"-aided +"ii%*. +a' co%d#ced a he epa"e% o! %*li'h a%*#a*e a%die"a#"e, olle*e o! 3"', i%* a#d %ive"'iy d#"i%* he 'eco%d 'ee'e" o! he acadeicyea" 2004/2005. &he 'aple o! he '#dy +a' divided i%o +o *"o#p' he epe"ie%al*"o#p +hich '#died +"ii%* via +o"d p"oce''o" i% he -lea"%i%* a%*#a*e a$o"ao"y, a%dhe co%"ol *"o#p +hich '#died he 'ae 'ill i% he "adiio%al ehod. eve"al cop#e"-

$a'ed ech%i#e', ehod' a%d aciviie' lie checi%* e""o"' +e"e #'ed o achieve he *oal o!he '#dy. 3 e' +a' ade o !i%d he e!!ec o! he epe"ie%. :o"eove", a '#"vey +a'co%d#ced o i%ve'i*ae '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-ediaed +"ii%*. &he "e'#l' o!he '#dy i%dicaed ha he epe"ie%al *"o#p achieved $ee" "e'#l' i% he +"ii%* e' ha%he co%"ol *"o#p did. &he '#dy al'o "evealed ha e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p had a

po'iive ai#de o+a"d' #'i%* cop#e"-$a'ed +"ii%*. i%ally, he '#dy co%cl#ded ha he#'e o! +o"d p"oce''o" +a' a !#%cio%al ehod !o" eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*.

ntroduction

% he la' +o decade', he ic"ocop#e" ha' $ecoe a% ipo"a% ool o! lea"%i%*.&he #'e o! cop#e"' $y %o%-%aive 'peae"' ha' $ecoe vial i% lea"%i%* %*li'h a' ao"ei*% a%*#a*e (). Re'ea"che"' a%d p"aciio%e"' %o+ "eali


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&he availa$iliy o! '#ia$le 'o!+a"e a%d copai$le ha"d+a"e.

&he #ali!ied i%'"#cio%al 'a!! ha a"e a$le o #'e i%'"#cio%al 'o!+a"e p"ope"ly.

#de%' +ih +illi%*%e'' a%d a lea' i%ial 'ill' i% #'i%* cop#e"'.

3 '#ia$le cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%* 'ylla$#'.

@"ie"ley a%d e$le (1991) i%dicaed 'eve% aAo" applicaio%' !o" he +o"d p"oce''o"i% +"ii%* !o"ai%*, c#i%* a%d pa'i%*, i%'e"io% a%d deleio%, 'ea"ch, edii%* #p, edii%*do+%, a%d edii%* ac"o''. &he'e !#%cio%' ca% $e pe"!o"ed h"o#*h he !ollo+i%* !aciliie'ha %ord ''(, he +o"d p"oce''o" +hich i' #'ed i% hi' '#dy, ha' BdiC, BVie+C, B7C,a%d Bo"a.C ach o! he'e !aciliie' ha' ohe" '#$-!#%cio%' +hich e%a$le he #'e" o dodi!!e"e% a'' o! edii%* e'.

% a% a"icle iled)ar*ing Student %or* on the !omputer, Hole' (1996) p"e'e%ed hi''o!+a"e !o" a"i%* '#de%' +"ii%*. He developed ool' o a" a%d a%%oae +"ie%

a''i*%e%' #icly a%d clea"ly #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o"'. He developed ac"o' a%d eplae'!o" %ord a%d %ordPerfect +. !o" %indo-s. &hey ca% $e do+%loaded !"o li%' i% hea"icle (ee o+%load : Do"d 7 Eip!ile, a%d o+%load Do"dFe"!ec 6.1 Eip!ile). &hi' +a'#'e!#l o he '#$Aec' o! he p"e'e% '#dy a' hey co#ld *e elec"o%ic a"ed doc#e%' +ihhe ype' o! e""o"' hey ade, '#**e'ed co""ec !o"', a%d !eed$ac a$o# hei" e""o"'.

Proble! of the study

lea"%e"' !ace a%y di!!ic#lie' i% lea"%i%* la%*#a*e 'ill' '#ch a' li'e%i%*,'peai%*, "eadi%*, a%d +"ii%* (3$#eilee, 2004). 3 he $e*i%%i%* o! he 'eco%d 'ee'e"o! he acadeic yea" 2004/2005, a '#"vey +a' co%d#ced $y he "e'ea"che" o %o+ he o'di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"%/ each. He a'ed 85 !"e'he% i% he epa"e% o! %*li'h a%die"a#"e, olle*e o! 3"', i%* a#d %ive"'iy a$o# he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"%.:o"e ha% 67 G o! he 'aid ha i +a' +"ii%*, a%d o' o! he (70 G) a"i$#ed hi' o#'i%* #%'#ia$le ehod' a%d ech%i#e' !o" eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*. iila"ly, he"e'ea"che" a'ed 10 p"o!e''o"' o! li%*#i'ic' i% he depa"e% a$o# he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o each, a%d o' o! he (60 G) 'aid ha i +a' +"ii%* a%d '"e''ed he %eed !o"developi%* app"oache', ehod', a%d ech%i#e' !o" eachi%* 'ill' lie +"ii%* i% ao"e !ea'i$le +ay.

&he p"e'e% '#dy i%"od#ce' 3 app"oach !o" eachi%* lea"%e"'. i' $a'ed o%a cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%* co#"'e, pa"a*"aph +"ii%*, +hich i' $a'ed o% he #'e o! he +o"d

p"oce''o". %volvi%* lea"%e"' i% elec"o%ic !#%cio%al co#%icaive epe"ie%ce'

oivae' he o lea"% a%d #'e %*li'h i% hei" daily live'. :o"eove", 3dai"-Ha#c,Dilli%*ha-:cai%, a%d Io#%*' (1999) poi%ed o# ha '#de%' +ho #'e he cop#e" i%

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3li a"ha% 3$#eilee

lea"%i%* he 'ill o! +"ii%* a"e #'#ally a$le o ip"ove edii%* a%d +"ii%* 'ill' o"e'i*%i!ica%ly ha% ohe" lea"%e"' do $eca#'e hey have a% acce'' o !eed$ac a$o# hei" e""o"'i% *"aa", 'yle, a%d 'pelli%*. &hi' '#dy al'o i%"od#ce' di!!e"e% +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'edapplicaio%' a%d aciviie' !o" eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*.

!"ortance of the study

&o he "e'ea"che"' $e' %o+led*e, hi' i' he !i"' '#dy i% a#di 3"a$ia a$o# #'i%*he +o"d p"oce''o" !o" eachi%* he 'ill o! +"ii%* o lea"%e"'. &he "e'#l' i*h $e#'e!#l !o" di!!e"e% *"o#p' o! people !o" di!!e"e% "ea'o%'. i"'ly, he '#dy +o#ld $e #'e!#l!o" i%'"#co"' $eca#'e i i*h p"ovide he +ih he di!!e"e% applicaio%' o! he +o"d

p"oce''o"'. eco%dly, he '#dy i*h $e help!#l !o" lea"%e"', a' i +o#ld 'hed li*h o%he di!!e"e% #'e' o! he +o"d p"oce''o" a%d i' $e%e!i' !o" he. i%ally, hi' '#dy ca% $e o!*"ea '#ppo" !o" c#""ic#la de'i*%e"', a' i i*h li' a %#$e" o! he !#%cio%' o! +o"d

p"oce''o"', a%d hei" applicaio%' !o" lea"%e"'.

Pur"ose of the study

&he '#dy aied a achievi%* he !ollo+i%* *oal'1) plo"i%* he e!!ec o! #'i%* +o"d p"oce''o" o% he develope% o! lea"%e"'

pe"!o"a%ce i% +"ii%*.2) %ve'i*ai%* he '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%*.

#uestions of the study &hi' '#dy +a' co%d#ced o% +o *"o#p' epe"ie%al ha +o#ld $e a#*h $y hecop#e"i


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%ord ''(+a' #'ed i% hi' '#dy !o" edii%* e' a%d checi%* e""o"' $y e$e"' o!he epe"ie%al *"o#p. &he"e!o"e, he "e'#l' o! he '#dy a"e "e'"iced o #'i%* %ord ''(,a%d 'oe o! he !i%di%*' ay $e applica$le o he ea"lie" ve"'io%' o! hi' !aciliy o" ohe"+o"d p"oce''o"'. &he "e'#l' ca%%o $e *e%e"ali), !o" i%'a%ce, "epo"ed ha '#de%' e%Aoyed he 3 cla'' a%d ade'i*%i!ica% p"o*"e'' i% +"ii%*.

o$i%e (1997) !o#%d ha he cop#e" ha' a *ood e!!ec o% he ip"ovee% o! he'ill o! +"ii%*. ea"%e"' co#ld co%ceiva$ly epe"ie% +ih ph"a'e a%d 'e%e%ce '"#c#"e,a%d p"acice "heo"ical *"aa" h"o#*h #'i%* cop#e" li%*#i'ic !#%cio%'. op#e"#o"ial' o!!e"ed he *"aaical choice' a%d he% p"ovided iediae !eed$ac o%'"#c#"e', lie 'e%e%ce '"#c#"e, '#$Aec-ve"$ a*"eee%, a%d he #'e o! co#%a$le a%d

#%co#%a$le %o#%'. iila"ly, hi' a"icle i' $a'ed o% #'i%* a 'o!+a"e i%'"#e% +hich i'e#ipped +ih !aciliie' !o" p"ovidi%* #'e"' +ih !eed$ac a$o# va"io#' li%*#i'ic e""o"'.

Mo#''eva (1998) co%d#ced a '#dy a$o# a cop#e"-aided +"ii%* cla''. #de%' +e"edivided i%o 'all *"o#p' +ho i%e"aced via cop#e". &he ai o! he '#dy +a' oi%ve'i*ae he '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' #'i%* cop#e"-ediaed la%*#a*e lea"%i%*.Mo'#''eva !o#%d ha '#de%' ai#de o+a"d' 3 +a' #'#ally po'iive $eca#'e heyco#ld 'ee di!!e"e% vie+poi%' a%d ip"ove he 'ill o! +"ii%*. he al'o 'aid ha '#de%' !elo"e co!o"a$le i% he 3 e%vi"o%e%. he co%cl#ded ha '#de%' o! he 101 +"ii%*'ecio% !oc#'ed o% he "ole o! cop#e"-$a'ed !aciliie' ha +e"e #'ed i% he +"ii%* cla'' a'ea%' o i%c"ea'e i%e"acio% a%d 'ha"e idea' +ih each ohe", +hile he 107 '#de%' '"e''edhe ipo"a%ce o! cop#e"-$a'ed !aciliie' ha +e"e #'ed i% he +"ii%* cla'' a' addiio%al

ool' o p"acice %*li'h.

3dai"-Ha#c, Dilli%*ha-:cai%, a%d Io#%*' (1999) '#died he e!!ec o! #'i%*ech%olo*y e%ha%ced la%*#a*e lea"%i%* (&) o% he pe"!o"a%ce o! colle*e-level '#de%'i% +"ii%*. &he 'aple o! he '#dy co%'i'ed o! +o *"o#p', he epe"ie%al *"o#p a%d heco%"ol *"o#p. @oh +e"e a#*h $y he 'ae i%'"#co", e$oo, a%d a%cilla"y ae"ial', $#he epe"ie%al *"o#p al'o pa"icipaed i% & aciviie'. &he "e'#l' ha he a#ho"'"epo"ed i%dicaed ha he epe"ie%al *"o#p pe"!o"ed $ee" ha% he ohe" *"o#p did i%he 'ill o! +"ii%*. &he !i%di%*' o! he '#dy al'o 'ho+ed ha i +a' !ea'i$le a%d i% !acde'i"a$le o i%e*"ae cop#e"-$a'ed i%'"#cio% i%o lea"%i%* a%d eachi%* la%*#a*e.

eve%' (1999) "ecoe%ded #'i%* he cop#e" !o" lea"%i%* / eachi%* he 'ill o!

+"ii%*. He $elieved ha he +o"d p"oce''o" had a po'iive e!!ec o% he develope% o!

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'#de%' achievee% i% +"ii%*. He de'i*%ed 'eve"al +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'ed ee"ci'e' a%daciviie', a%d '#**e'ed he !ollo+i%* o $e #'ed i% he cop#e"-+"ii%* cla''

i%di%* he i''i%* +o"d a%d +"ii%* i.

&he #'e o! 'ea"ch a%d "eplace lee"' i% a ce"ai% e.

o#$le clici%* a +o"d, c#i%* i, a%d a'i%* a '#de% o pa'e i i% he co""ec place.

dii%* he eache" p"e'e%' a e +ih e""o"', a%d '#de%' +o" i%divid#ally o"coope"aively (i% *"o#p' o" pai"') o "evi'e i.

e%e%ce copleio% he eache" *ive' '#de%' a %#$e" o! ope%-e%ded 'e%e%ce' o"clo


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Sub(ects

&he pop#laio% o! he '#dy co%'i'ed o! 85 !"e'he% i% he epa"e% o! %*li'ha%*#a*e a%d ie"a#"e, olle*e o! 3"', i%* a#d %ive"'iy !o" he acadeic yea"2004/2005. &he 'aple o! he '#dy i%volved '#de%' o! he pa"a*"aph +"ii%* co#"'e. &hey+e"e di'"i$#ed i%o +o *"o#p', acco"di%* o hei" MF3 i% %*li'h la%*#a*e co#"'e' i% he!i"' 'ee'e". &he epe"ie%al *"o#p co%'i'ed o! 20 '#$Aec', a%d he co%"ol *"o#p o! 16o%e'. :o"eove", 85 !"e'he% a%d 10 p"o!e''o"' o! li%*#i'ic' i% he depa"e% pa"icipaedi% a%'+e"i%* he '#"vey #e'io%' a$o# he level o! di!!ic#ly o! lea"%i%* / eachi%* 'ill, li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, a%d +"ii%*.

nstru!ents

3 '#"vey +a' de'i*%ed $y he "e'ea"che" o !i%d he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"% /each. co%ai%ed +o pa"'. &he !i"' o%e co%'i'ed o! +o #e'io%' !o" he '#de%'. &hey+e"e BDha i' he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o lea"%, li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, o" +"ii%*JCa%d BDhyJC &he ohe" pa" al'o co%'i'ed o! +o #e'io%' !o" he p"o!e''o"'. &hey +e"eBDha i' he o' di!!ic#l 'ill o each, li'e%i%*, 'peai%*, "eadi%*, o" +"ii%*JC a%dBDhyJC

@oh he epe"ie%al a%d co%"ol *"o#p' #'ed reat Paragraphs (ol'e, :#cho"e-Voo#%, a%d oloo%, 1999), a e$oo #'ed !o" eachi%* pa"a*"aph +"ii%* co#"'e. &he

co#"'e ai' a i%"od#ci%* he $a'ic co%cep' o! pa"a*"aph +"ii%*, #%iy, a%d cohe"e%ce, a%d*ivi%* p"acice a$o# ype' o! pa"a*"aph' lie he de'c"ipive a%d %a""aive pa"a*"aph'.:e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p al'o #'ed he +o"d p"oce''o" !o" edii%* e', checi%*e""o"', !i%di%* "elaed +o"d', chai%*, a%d doi%* ee"ci'e' a%d #i8 ie', $# i +a' odi!ied o'#i he '#dy. &he #e'io%%ai"e +a' *ive% o he 'ae +o p"o!e''o"'. &hey +e"e "e#e'edo chec he '#ia$iliy o! co%e% a%d cla"iy o! i%'"#cio%'. &hey '#**e'ed i%"od#ci%*ie' '#ch a' #'i%* he %o%-li%ea" ehod via cop#e" a%d checi%* 'yle, 'pelli%*, a%d

p#%c#aio% e""o"'. &hey al'o '#**e'ed delei%* ei*h ie', a' hey +e"e %o %ece''a"y.&hei" '#**e'io%' a%d coe%' +e"e co%'ide"ed $y he "e'ea"che". &he ie' o! he

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#e'io%%ai"e +e"e "ed#ced o >0 'aee%' +ih +hich he '#de% had o '"o%*ly a*"ee,a*"ee, di'a*"ee, o" '"o%*ly di'a*"ee. &he "#$"ic' a he $e*i%%i%* o! he #e'io%%ai"e +e"eclea" a%d a'ed he '#de% o ci"cle he choice a$o# ho+ he !el a$o# he 'aee% ('ee he'#"vey i% 3ppe%di). 3 pilo '#dy +a' co%d#ced o chec ha he 'aee%' o! he#e'io%%ai"e +e"e '#ia$le. &o i%'#"e he "elia$iliy o! he #e'io%%ai"e, "o%$ach' alpha"elia$iliy +a' dee"i%ed o $e .86 +hich i' hi*h !"o 'ai'ical poi% o! vie+.

Procedure

&he '#"vey #e'io%' +e"e *ive% o he '#$Aec' o! he '#dy i% di!!e"e% cla''e'. &hey+e"e a'ed o a%'+e" he +o #e'io%' a$o# he o' di!!ic#l la%*#a*e 'ill o lea"%.ie+i'e, e% p"o!e''o"' o! li%*#i'ic' +e"e "e#e'ed o a%'+e" +o #e'io%' a$o# he o'di!!ic#l 'ill o each. &he "e'ea"che" 'aed he ai o! he '#"vey !o" he '#$Aec'. 3!e"a%'+e"i%* he '#"vey #e'io%', he pape"' +e"e colleced a%d he a%'+e"' +e"e a%aly


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a%d e' ile, a%d +"ie he #e'io%'. &he #e'io%' ha +e"e deal +ih h"o#*h hi' p"o*"a+e"e B"#e o" !al'e,C B!ill i% he $la%,C a%d B#liple choice.C

&he +o"d p"oce''o"-$a'ed !aciliie' +e"e al'o #'ed a' e!!ecive ool' !o" eval#ai%* a%ddia*%o'i%* '#de%' +"ii%*. N%e o! he'e !aciliie', Boe%C, +a' #ili6 2.89147

Traditional 16 5.44 >.22>64

2>


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3' ca% $e 'ee% !"o he a$le a$ove, he "e'#l' o! he '#dy i%dicaed ha he e$e"'o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p achieved $ee" "e'#l' i% he +"ii%* e' (ea% 'co"e' P 7. >6) ha%hei" co#%e"pa"' i% he co%"ol *"o#p did (ea% 'co"e' P 5.44). &hi' i' i% ha"o%y +ih he

p"evio#' '#die' a$o# cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%* +hich "epo"ed ha he cop#e" +a' a%e!!ecive ool !o" eachi%* la%*#a*e 'ill' lie +"ii%* ('ee, !o" i%'a%ce, He*elheie", :ill',al) :e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p $ecae o"e depe%de% o% he'elve' +he% hey#'ed elec"o%ic i%e"acio%.

4) &he #'e o! +o"d p"oce''o" i% he cla''"oo ope%ed %e+ p"o'pec' !o" he '#$Aec', +hichoivaed he !o" doi%* e"a aciviie' o#'ide he cla''"oo.

3' o he ai#de o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p o+a"d' #'i%* cop#e"-a''i'ed +"ii%*,he "e'#l' o! he '#dy "evealed ha e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p *e%e"ally had apo'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%*. ollo+i%* i' a '#a"y o! he "e'#l' o! heo' ipo"a% ie' i% he #e'io%%ai"e

1) &he aAo"iy o! he e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p (87.67 G (!"e#e%cy P 26.>/>0ie') had a po'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%* (>2.0 G o! he (!"e#e%cy P9.60/>0 ie') '"o%*ly a*"eed a%d 55.67 G (!"e#e%cy P 16.70/>0 ie') a*"eed. Ho+eve",he ohe" 12.>> G (!"e#e%cy P >.7/>0 ie') had a %e*aive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided+"ii%* (11.>> G (!"e#e%cy P >.4/>0 ie') di'a*"eed a%d 1.0 G (!"e#e%cy P 0.>/>0 ie')'"o%*ly di'a*"eed.

&hi' i' i% li%e +ih ohe" '#die' (Ke# a%d ca"cella, 1991; Fhi%%ey, 1991; ai#e,1984) +hich '"e''ed ha he aAo"iy o! '#de%' had a po'iive ai#de o+a"d' cop#e"-aided +"ii%* $eca#'e i +a' #'e!#l, e%Aoya$le, a%d co!o"a$le.

2) :o' o! he '#$Aec' i% he epe"ie%al *"o#p (85 G) $elieved ha he +o"d p"oce''o"helped he o ip"ove he 'ill o! +"ii%* (20.0 G o! he (!"e#e%cy P 4/20 '#de%')'"o%*ly a*"eed a%d 60 G (!"e#e%cy P 12/20 '#de%') a*"eed. &he ohe" 15 G (!"e#e%cyP>/20 '#de%') did %o a*"ee ha he cop#e" +a' help!#l i% he +"ii%* cla''.

:e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p $e%e!ied a lo !"o cop#e"-ediaed lea"%i%*.&hi' i' a"i$#ed o he i%'"#e% p"o*"a #'ed i% he '#dy +hich i' acce''ed +ih a h#*eao#% o! li%*#i'ic i%!o"aio%. e%a$led he '#de%' o lea"% di!!e"e% '#$-'ill' o!

+"ii%*, lie *"aa", 'pelli%*, 'yle, a%d p#%c#aio%. #"he"o"e, he li%*#i'ic

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i%!o"aio% i% he p"o*"a i' a""a%*ed i% a%-ea'y-o-#'e a%%e" +hich allo+' he #'e" op"oce'' i i% a '"ai*h!o"+a"d +ay.

&hi' i' i% ha"o%y +ih +ha +a' "epo"ed $y ohe" '#die'. o" i%'a%ce, Mayle,avid'o%-hive"', Ko+li% a%d a%o#ee (2002) !o#%d ha he cop#e"-+"ii%* le''o% +a'ea'y o !ollo+, he '#$Aec' e%Aoyed i, a%d he cop#e" helped he +ih hei" +"ii%*.iila"ly, Meo"*e, @o#""e, a%d Kel'o% (1992) 'aid ha '#de%' +e"e aa5 G o! he (!"e#e%cy P 7/20'#de%') '"o%*ly a*"eed a%d 50 G (!"e#e%cy P 10/20 '#de%') a*"eed. &he ohe" 15 G!o#%d i di!!ic#l o #'e he cop#e" !o" lea"%i%* he 'ill o! +"ii%* (10 G (!"e#e%cy 2/20'#de%') o! he di'a*"eed a%d 5 G (!"e#e%cy 1/20 '#de%') '"o%*ly di'a*"eed.

&hi' '#dy p"oved ha o' o! he e$e"' o! he epe"ie%al *"o#p !o#%d i ea'y o

#'e he cop#e" i% lea"%i%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*. &hi' i' i% co%"a' +ih +ha +a' "epo"ed$y ohe" '#die'. o" i%'a%ce, @loo (1985) !o#%d ha o%e o! he di'adva%a*e' o!cop#e"-$a'ed i%'"#cio% +a' he di!!ic#ly ha '#de%' !aced i% #'i%* he cop#e"

p"o*"a'. @loo' '#dy, ho+eve", +a' +"ie% o"e ha% +e%y yea"' a*o, a pe"iod d#"i%*+hich 3 ha' ip"oved *"ealy.

)onclusion

&he !i%di%*' o! he '#dy 'ho+ed ha he +o"d p"oce''o" ha' a% e!!ec o% he p"oce'' o!eachi%* a%d lea"%i%* he 'ill o! +"ii%*. lea"%e"' have a !aciliy ha p"ovide' a cha%ce!o" 'el!-lea"%i%*, +hich help' he o $e o"e i%depe%de% o% eache"'. &hey a"e al'o a$le odi'cove" a%d co""ec hei" e""o"' $eca#'e he +o"d p"oce''o" e%ha%ce' la%*#a*e lea"%i%*,

ae' +"ii%* o"e o"*a%i


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#'e he +o"d p"oce''o" i% he cla''"oo #%de" he co%"ol o! he eache", $# hey a"e al'oa$le o #ili). 'i%* op#e" Ke+o" o %ha%ce o"ei*%a%*#a*e/#l#"e d#caio%. o"ei*% a%*#a*e 3%%al'. 26 2>4-252.

=9? oope", :. el!e, . (1990). op#e" o%!e"e%ce' a%d ea"%i%* 3#ho"iy,Re'i'a%ce, %e"%ally Fe"'#a'ive Re'o#"ce'. olle*e %*li'h, 52 (8) 847-87>.

=10? #%%i%*ha, . (2000). %e*"ai%* 3 i%o he D"ii%* #""ic#l#. &he%e"%e & Lo#"%al, 6 (5), hp//ie'lA.o"*/3"icle'/#%%i%*ha-3D"ii%*/.

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=11? ai#e, . (1984). a% he op#e" i#lae D"ie"' %%e" ialo*#e'J %D"e%ch, D. (d), &he op#e" i% opo'iio% %'"#cio%. "$a%a, K&.

=12? ol'e, ; :#cho"e-Voo#%, 3., a%d oloo%, . (1999). reatParagraphs. Ke+ Io" Ho#*ho% :i!!li% opa%y.

=1>? Meo"*e, K.; @o#""e, R., Kel'o%, R. (1992). op#e"-aided D"ii%* a%e"*i%* ield. & H Lo#"%al (&ech%olo*ical Ho"i


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4 ca% hi% o! o"e idea' !o" y +"ii%* +he% #'e he cop#e". >0G 60G 10G 0G

5 lie #'i%* +o"d p"oce''i%* $ee" ha% ohe" +ay' o +"ie i%%*li'h.

>0G 55G 15G 0G

6Dhe% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o% he cop#e", pay o"e ae%io% o+ha a +"ii%*.

25G 65G 10G 0G

7 !eel have lea"%ed o"e a$o# +"ii%* i% %*li'h !"o hi' cla''ha% have !"o ohe" %*li'h cla''e' have ae% i% +hich hecop#e" +a' %o #'ed.

20G 70G 10G 0G

8 Dhe% +"ie #'i%* he cop#e", pay o"e ae%io% o p#%c#aio%. >0G 60G 10G 0G

9Dhe% #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o% he cop#e", a o"e ca"e!#la$o# 'yle.

85G 10G 5G 0G

10 a %o +o""ied ha i +ill ae e lo%*e" o lea"% o #'e hecop#e" ha% ohe" '#de%'. 85G 5G 10G 0G

11 hi% #'i%* he cop#e" i% +"ii%* cla'' i' i%e"e'i%*. 55G40G 5G 0G

12&he cop#e"-aided +"ii%* help' e i% developi%* 'el!-"elia%ce'ill', p"o$le-'olvi%* '"ae*ie', a%d c"iical hi%i%* a$iliie'.

60G >5G 5G 0G

1> pay o"e ae%io% o choo'i%* he "i*h +o"d +he% #'e hecop#e".

25G 70G 5G 0G

14 +o#ld "ecoe%d ha ohe" '#de%' lea"% o #'e +o"d p"oce''i%*!o" +"ii%* hei" pape"' i% %*li'h.

20G 70G 10G 0G

15 +o#ld lie o ae a%ohe" +"ii%* co#"'e i! co#ld #'e hecop#e".

25G 65G 10G 0G

16 *e $ee" 'co"e' o% pape"' have +"ie% #'i%* he cop#e". 20G 65G 15G 0G17 +a' ea'y o lea"% ho+ o #'e he cop#e". >5G 50G 10G 5G

18 ca% cha%*e y pape"' o"e ea'ily a%d o"e o!e% +he% #'e +o"d

p"oce''i%* ha% +he% +"ie +ih ohe" +ay'.10G 60G >0G 0G

19 pla% o co%i%#e #'i%* he cop#e" o +"ie y pape"' a!e" hi'cla'' i' !i%i'hed.

20G 60G 15G 5G

20&he cop#e"-aided +"ii%* help' '#de%' i%e"ac a%d +o" o*ehe",+hich helped he i% ip"ovi%* +"ii%*.

70G 25G 5G 0G

21 pay o"e ae%io% o 'pelli%* +he% #'e he cop#e". 50G 40G 10G 0G

22&he !eeli%* i% he cla'' i' !"ie%dly a%d he '#de%' i% hi' cla'' helpo%e a%ohe".

45G 50G 5G 0G

2>

'i%* +o"d p"oce''i%* ae' e le'' +o""ied a$o# +"ii%* $eca#'e

%o+ ca% edi y +"ii%* ea'ily. 5G 65G >0G 0G

24 #'e +o"d p"oce''i%* o"e ha% a%y ohe" +ay o +"ie pape"' !o" ycla''.

20G 60G 20G 0G

25 hi% +"ie lo%*e" pape"' #'i%* he cop#e". 25G 65G 5G 5G26 do %o *e %e"vo#' i% he cop#e"-+"ii%* cla''. 5G 90G 5G 0G27 ca% ea'ily #'e he %o%-li%ea" ehod +he% #'e he cop#e". 20G 70G 10G 0G

28 !eel *e o"e i%divid#al ae%io% !"o he eache" i% hecop#e"-+"ii%* cla'' ha% do i% ohe", %o%-cop#e"-+"ii%*cla''e'.

15G 70G 15G 0G

29 pay o"e ae%io% o o"*a%i


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; 43.9

my paper the use of word processor by efl learners by ali farhan (1)

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