my history midterm study guide

8/14/2019 MY History Midterm Study Guide

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World History Honors

Midterm Study Guide

Philosophers and the French Revolution

I. Enlightenment Renaissancea. Age of reason (opposite of faith/belief) the governments of this time period of monarchiesb. The study of human nature and societyc. Solve all problems including governmentd. State of nature no government (pure)

i. Technically, the way we are now is also a state of nature (because there is no world government)II. Philosophers

a. Hobbesi. Leviathan (means great sea monster)

1. Ideas need government to protect rights (individual rights)ii. Lived during English Civil War (Catholic vs. Protestant)

iii. Concludes that people are naturally selfish and greedyiv. Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

1. Not very optimisticv. State of nature obstructs the protection of rights

vi. Needs a strong leader supports absolute monarchiesvii. Philosopher King (concept from Greeks) sets aside own rights for individual rights however, this conflicts

with human nature

viii. Social Contract agreement among people to form a government1. No right to rebel avoid civil war/anarchy/power to the people

b. Lockei. Two Treatises on Government

ii. State of nature = happy happy, but reality is notiii. Must create societyiv. State of nature everyone is born equal and have natural rights

1. Rights: life, liberty, and property (from God) the basis of the role of governmentv. Consent of the governed to be governed (social contract)

1. Expressed (yes, I want to be ruled)/implied (saying the Pledge) consentvi. Right to revolution (but not to win.)

c. Rousseaui. The Social Contract

ii. People are good, but society corrupts themiii. People are free, but are in chains (corruption) iv. For the common good, not the wealthy

d. Montesquieu (a baron = noble!)i. Spirit of the Laws

ii. Separation of government (kind of like checks and balances) idea of limiting governmentiii. Admired the British system (the best system)

1. Mixed government the government should reflect all of the people (House of Lord/Commons supposedly, however, really only reflected the wealthy

e. Enlightened Despots (enlightened monarchs) oxymoron was not really successfulIII. The French Revolution

a. Causes of Revolutioni. Old order Ancien Regime

1. King/Queen (Louis the 16th

and Marie Antoinette)+ 3 estates2. 1st Estate Clergy (Roman-Catholic is the state religion) no laws, 1% of population, no taxes

a. Higher clergy noble-born (like 2nd, etc. children of nobles, cant inherit) b. Lower clergy from 3rd estate parish priests (still kind of poor)

3. 2nd Estate Nobles (including knights) 2% of population, owns 25% of land, no taxes4. 3rd Estate 97% of population, poor, must pay tithe (10% of their salary)

ii. Feudal society1. Kings gave nobles land, nobles responsible for making food and raising armies2. Peasants must work, borrow/owe materials from the nobles (land and tools), owed dues to nobles

iii. FAMINE1. Bourgeoisie middle class can read (Enlightenment theory) driving force behind the revolution

a. Artisans skilled laborers can be either poor or richb. Peasants largest group worked the field, owed tithe (to church), had the hardest life


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2iv. Financial Crisis

1. Peasants could not pay taxes, nobles are no longer rich2. Debt American Revolutionary War

v. Natural causes drought, etc.vi. Kings solution

1. Estates General (not used in since 1614)a. Before: one vote per estateb. 3rd estate calls for new method: 1 vote per man

i. This is actually good for the King the people will obviously vote to tax the noblesii. But King is dumb and saysno

2. National Assembly 3rd estate banned from meetinga. Meets at an indoor tennis courti. Tennis Court Oath making of new constitution

3. King orders more troops for Paris (no reason?)a. 3rd estate takes it personally think it is to attack them

b. Revolution begins!i. 7/14/1789 Storming of the Bastille

ii. Great Fear peasants hear rumor that King has brought foreign soldiers, they start attacking the Kingsrepresentatives/nobles

1. Nothing majoriii. National Assembly new government created

1. Eliminates all feudal dues/taxes on poor2. All males can hold military, church, etc. positions

iv. August 1789 Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen 1. Based off of the American Declaration of Independence and the English Bill of Rights andenlightenment ideas

2. Did not apply to women3. Freedom of religion, but the French only had one religion4. King does not like the Declaration (but no one cares)

v. October Womens March to Versailles because of a bad harvest1. Break into castle and tells the King to go to Paris2. Stupid the King listens and goes to Paris *All the radicals and revolutionaries are in Paris.

a. King is now controlled by the peoplevi. Civil Constitution of the Clergy

1. All church lands are seized and sold off to pay Frances debt (with the churches still on them) 2. Limits the powers of the Church and fixes finance problems3.

Each parish elects his own priests4. Clergy are now public employees

5. Pope and higher clergy are angered by thisvii. 1791 New Constitution and new legislature the Legislative Assembly

1. Limited monarchy2. Unicameral; voting rights: all taxpayers over 25 years of age

viii. June 1791 King flees, but is caught because someone recognizes his face from a coinix. July 1792 Declares war against Austria and Prussia

1. Reason: Queen Marie-Antoinette is Austrian2. France does not do well all the officers (nobles) are gone

x. The Legislative Assembly votes itself out of existencexi. National Convention creates new constitution

1. First democratic constitution, more radical than before2. August Abolishes the monarchy and creates THE FRENCH REPUBLIC

a. Unicameralb. Universal male suffragec. Changed the date of the New Year, changes the names of the monthsd. Everyone is called Citizene. Imposes the SI (metric) system

c. Revolution never endsi. 3 factions

1. Girondists moderates, preferred limited constitutional monarchy2. The Mountain/Jacobins radicals, part of Jacobin Club, drives the Reign of Terror3. The Plain swing voters (vote changed from Girondists to Jacobins)

ii. Marat radical, advocated violence; assassinated by a woman in his shoe-like bathtubiii. Danton popular military leader, dies in Terror


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3iv. Robespierre the bloodiest

1. Calls France the Republic of Virtue (ironic) v. Regicide killing of a monarch/regiment king

1. December 1792 Louis the 16th is tried; guilty!2. 1/21/1793 Guillotined

vi. Monarchies/Europe mad at the regicide in France1. Most of Europe forms alliances against France

a. GB, Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussiavii. Committee of Public Safety (another ironic one) led by Robespierre/Jacobins

1. Drafted 18-45 males for warviii. Revolutionary Tribunal court that deals with people against the Revolutionix. Small civil war

1. Vendee, France (small place) pro-monarchy fights the governmentlosesx. France ruled by the Committee of Public Safety/Robespierre

1. Goal #1 get rid of the Girondists2. Goal #2 expand its targets, create Republic of Virtue3. Gets rid of church (especially in radical areas)

a. Replaces with Temples of Reasonb. Cult of the Supreme Being extended to all classes/genders

xi. July 1794 Robespierre killedxii. Reign of Terror by Robespierre total: 300,000 arrests, 10 months long, 17,000 killed (85% commoners)

d. Revolution DOES endi. People want stability

ii. 1795 New Constitution1. Directory government limited voting rights (rich and middle class can)a. 5 directors executive powerb. Weak and corrupt

IV. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE56a. Before he ruled France

i. Corsican noble? not noble enoughii. Known for military success in Austria and Italy

1. Artillerist used grapeshot (good for mobs)iii. 1795 got rid of mob HERO Napoleon!!!

1. Current directory government of France was worriediv. Dream to become the Second Alexander the Greatv. Wanted to take Egypt

1.

Battle of the Nile British fleet defeats Frencha. Directory glad Napoleon not a herob. French troops stuck in Egyptc. Napoleon gets in a boat to France, leaves his army in Egypt

b. The awesome rule of Napoleon Bonapartei. Coup detat forced transfer of power

ii. Consulate government replaces directory1. 3 consuls main: Napoleon2. Dictatorship (full circle in 10 years, from King its like the Revolution never happened)

a. Provides stability and order, which is what the people wantb. The people are ecstatic that Napoleon is in power

iii. Become counsel for life1. Plebiscite voted in by the people2. Pope thinks he should be picking emperors Napoleon makes nice nice

a. Napoleon tells Pope France is Catholic and recognizes the churchb. He tells the Pope to crown him, but crowns himself (brilliant because now he doesnt owe

anything to the Pope)

iv. Treaty of Amiens 18021. Full peace want rest2. Europe and America both want to expand in the Americas3. France has the Louisiana Territory and some Caribbean islands4. Slave revolt in St. Dominique

a. Troops there fall prey to women malaria and yellow feverb. France sells Louisiana Territory to the U.S. to deal with this problem

v. France dominates Europe 1805-18151. Compiling Navy off the coast of Spain to invade GB


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42. Trafalgar 1805 GB attacks compiling navy in Spain defeats the French

vi. Continental System economic warfare no French/allied nation can trade with GB1. Purpose: to cut of GBs supplies2. GB and Portugal does not like this3. In turn, GB says all ships bound for France must be checked in GB for contraband4. Continental System fails Europe is too big

a. Also, because of the Peninsular War on the Iberian Peninsula5. Spain and Portugal values trade with GB

a. Portugal opposes the Continental Systemb. Napoleon is mad at this; he captures Spain and Portugal and replaces the King with this

brotherc. By 1812, GB, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire all oppose Napoleon

i. Guerilla war Spain and GB vs. Francevii. Napoleon at home


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5iii. Frederick William III Prussiaiv. Castlereaugh Great Britainv. Talleyrand France

c. Metternichi. 1815 to 1848 Able to keep things down

ii. Reactionary does not like change, wants to turn back time (also, does not trust democracy)iii. Does not like nationalism (which Napoleon unintentionally brings back)iv. Goals

1. Legitimacy Bring back all monarchs2. Compensation make France pay but limited (not too much)3. Balance of power prevent Napoleon and his descendents to ever take power againa. Buffer states states around France if France marches through these, treaties tied with

larger and more powerful countries will bring them in the war

i. Ends up being used when Ger. attack Belgium and bring GB into WWId. Restore monarchies and attempt to crush nationalism by splitting into parts and assigning leaders

i. However, nationalism is essentially irremovable!e. Alliances

i. Quadruple Alliance1. Prussia, Russia, GB, and Austria

a. France joins in 18182. Purpose to limit French/Bonapartes

ii. Holy Alliance1. Started by Czar Alexander I2. GB and Pope refuse to join3. Purpose to secure international order: justice, Christian charity, and peace

VI. Concert of Europea. Does even less than the League of Nations. Enough said.

VII. The Irish Conflicta. Ireland part of the United Kingdom resented British ruleb. Mid-1800s potato crop failed several times Irish people depended on potatoes

i. Famine starvation, emigration1. Forced to continued exporting food to GB during famine2. GB officials encouraged trade because they did not want to hurt the GB economy

c. Irish some protested for independence, others wanted home rule within the UKi. Parliament debated several bills for Irish home rule, but they did not pass

d. Various parties want independence again during WWIi.

GB agrees for independence after WWI Irish independence 1920 (much, much later)

Forms of Government

I. Capitalisma. Mercantilism the government restricts trade to protect its own industries from foreign competition

i. Only money represents wealthb. Laissez-faire hands-off policy limited government intervention (government involvement hinders both economy and

government)

i. Laissez-faire = pure capitalismii. *Adam Smith Scottish professor, wrote Wealth of Nations

1. Advocated laissez-fairea. Free markets and individual welfareb. Wealth to a small group of successful people

2. Trickle down economics group of successful people will use wealth to create jobs and the wealthwould trickle-down to everyone

a. Problem only works when the economy is good3. Invisible hand resources tend to go to the most productive users/the successful people

c. Thomas Malthusi. Population is increasing (more children, better medical advances)

ii. *Population grows because industry growsiii. *Population will always grow at a faster rate than food production

1. War, disease, and starvation nature cutting down on populationiv. No compassion

d. David Ricardoi. Iron Law of Wages


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61. If you are paid more money, you will use more money, and population will increase; as population

increases, wages will decrease and then population decreases, as population decreases, wages will

increase again

a. You are stuck in this endless circle (if the government does nothing)e. Entrepreneur ex. Carnegief. Capitalist ex. J P Morgan

II. Utilitarianism utility, usefulnessa. Bentham

i. The rightness of any law, action, or political institution should be measured by its usefulness1. Usefulness is defined as the contribution to human happiness/reduction of human misery

ii. Capitalists are too focused on money1. Capitalists rebut that they are too focused on human welfareb. John Stuart Mill

i. Laws should impact wealth distributionii. Against laissez-faire capitalism

iii. Capitalists thing there is too much government intervention in thisIII. Socialism (becomes popular in the U.S. because capitalism is not working)

a. The government should own/control certain aspects of industry, such as utilitiesb. The government to produce in order lower the cost

i. To offer products at cost (or at no profit)c. Richard Owen

i. Creates a real company town called New Lanarkii. (Unlike Pullmans town, it was not bad/did not overcharge the people in it/did not force them to stay)

iii. Produced at costiv. However, he moved it to Louisiana not enough control over it, and it fails1. Control is necessary in a company town

IV. Utopianisma. Utopianism movement so government can solve societys problems b. Social democracy

i. Equal in a democratic sense as well as a social senseii. People wish to share equally (ex. New Lanark)

V. Communism more radical socialisma. Karl Marx Russia

i. Freidrich Engel (England) The Condition of the Working Class in England written to spite his father, whoabused the working class

ii. Used a scientific basis of socialismiii.

The Communist ManifestoMarx and Engel1. Capitalism inevitably leads to workers sinking further into poverty

2. People will rebel and seize means of production3. People will govern themselves (this is the fall of capitalism)4. People will then form a communist state

iv. Overlooked peoples self-interest (people are naturally selfish)v. Based part of theory off of Hegel

1. History advances through conflict2. The main driving force behind conflict is economics3. Therefore, Marx says:

a. We must end the wealthys control over production with conflict, or revolutionb. The people will rise up at some point

vi. The class that controls production becomes the ruling class1. The 4 stages of European history (according to Marx)

a. Primitive hungry, eat, happy man produces, the workers are in chargeb. Slavery slaves do work, man gets benefits a small group controls a larger groupc. Feudalism peasants, small group of people controlling a larger group of people (larger

group = controls production)

d. Capitalism similar to slavery and feudalism small group controls large groupe. *Communism at some time, the government will evaporate

i. This is what Marx thinks will be the fifth stageb. Proletariat = workersc. Kibbutz example of communism on a very, very small scale

VI. Status quo the way things areVII. Conservatism want to keep things as they are, strong central government, does not like changeVIII. Liberalism want change, constitution, rights, suffrage, freedom of religion/speech/press, power to the people


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Post-Napoleon France

I. Napoleon after Waterlooa. Sent to die on St. Helena Island by the Congress of Vienna 1821

II. Louis the 18th restored by the Congress of Viennaa. Ruled 1815 to 1824b. Congress of Vienna is unable to restore land to noblesc. Aristocrats are unhappy they want a monarchy

III. Charles Xa. Duke dOrleans head of the Ultraroyalists (aristocrats who want a monarchy)b. Brother of Louis the 18thc. Wants to be an absolute monarchd. Gets the legislature (which is elected by the people, not aristocrats) to pass a bill that says the government will pay back

the aristocrats

i. Legislature passes a vote of no confidence1. Charles X is unhappy suspends the legislature and holds a new election

e. New legislature is even more liberal (haha, poor Charles X)i. Removes legislature again

ii. July Ordinances1. Abolishes freedom of the press2. Limits voting rights to basically only the wealthy

f. Revolution of 1830i. Abdicates throne, goes to GBIV. Louis Philippe Citizen King

a. Very limited constitutional monarchyb. Well-liked, but soon corrupted by wealthc. Taxed the people (middle class/aristocracy) a little too muchd. Depression in 1847e. Revolution in 1848f. Abdicates to GB

V. Louis Napoleon THE SECOND REPUBLICa. Nephew of napoleon, become presidentb. Supported by army, church, middle class, and poorc. Has a four-year term and is unhappy about thisd. 1857 Coup detat (forced transfer of power) becomes plebiscite (elected by the people)e.

Emperor!VI. Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon changed his name same person as ^) THE SECOND EMPIRE (dun-dun-dun)

a. Franco-Prussian Wari. Otto Van Bismarck (Prussia) convinces France to declare war on them

ii. France defeated in one battleiii. Napoleon III is capturedand surrenders France

1. Gives up Alsace and Lorraine(sound familiar? yeahbad move)VII. Commune of Paris

a. Communism in Franceremoved very quickly and replaced by the Third Republic b. Pretty much insignificant

VIII. THE THIRD REPUBLICa. 1875 Constitution mostly stable, remains in control until WWIIb. Dreyfus Affair

i. War plans are stolen (sold) in 1894ii. Dreyfus is a war general (a Jew) is easily blamed for this incident

iii. Sent to Devils Islandc. Theodor Herzl supported Dreyfus^

i. Zionism Jewish nationalist movement to recreate a Jewish state in its original homeland, PalestineLatin America

(Defined as south of the Rio Grande/South America)

I. Backgrounda. Tensions between ethnicitiesb. Change occurs as a result of the tension

i. Mostly powered by the middle class (kind of like the Enlightenment movement)


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8c. Spain and Portugal get colonies to increase their wealth and gold

i. Bring:1. Slaves2. Religion 95% Roman Catholic3. Education/manipulation

ii. Church leaders were very radicald. Big 5 Spain, France, Netherlands, GB, and Portugal

II. Hispaniola Dominican Republic and Haitia. Haiti

i. First to break away becomes Saint Domingueii. Has lots of sugar and coffeeiii. Problem

1. Mulattoes Indigenous/African and European mix 2nd class statusa. Want equality

2. Late 1780 the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen (from Europe) advocates equality Mulattoes want!

a. Also, successful U.S. revolt against GB gives them courageiv. Revolts! and is successful (Napoleon troops here get malaria and yellow fever; this revolt is what causes France

to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.)

v. Toussaint LOuverture a hero in Hispaniola; arrested by France and diesIII. Spanish colonies most of South America

a. Wanted gold, but is now more after tradeb. Hierarchy

i. Peninsulares born of Spanish parents in Spain1. Dont like Creoles and treat them unfairlyii. Creoles born of Spanish parents in Spanish colonies

1. Affected by republican concepts (American/French) want to revolta. Independence movement

iii. Mestizos born of Spanish parent and indigenous/African parentsc. Mexico

i. Father Miguel Hidalgo father of Mexican independence (even though he is not a Creole)1. 9/16/1810 Calls for independence from the Peninsulares2. Killed

ii. Jose Maria Morelos Creole, a military priest, republican1. Organizes the Mexican Congress2. Calls all people born in Mexico, Americans3.

Strong military leader wants a *strong republic4. Leads a revolt against the Peninsulares killed

iii. Agustin de Iturbide conservative1. Originally sent by Spain to put down ^ revolt2. By the time he arrives from Spain, Spain itse lf if leaning towards republic

a. But he is a conservative, therefore he doesnt want a republic i. Monarchist

3. 3-part deal with the revolutionaries (who agree to it)a. Mexico will be independent but a monarchy (ahem, with him as king, duh)b. Creoles and Peninsulares have equal rightsc. Official church Roman Catholic

4. 1821 Mexican Independence he become emperor5. 1823 Kicked out Mexico becomes a republic

d. Simon Bolivar (NORTH) The Liberator The George Washington of South America i. Background

1. Creole from Venezuela2. Sent to Europe to further his education3. Traveled a lot4. Early 1800s Returns to Venezuela and leads independence movement

ii. 1811 Venezuelan Independenceiii. 1821 Kicks Spanish out of most of northern South Americaiv. Goal: Federation of Andes a loose confederation, kind of like the U.S.

1. Individual countries want their own republicsv. Creates the Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador)

1. Only lasts a short timevi. Becomes President of Peru


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9e. Jose de San Martin (SOUTH)

i. Liberates southern South America1. Argentina and Chile

ii. Meets Bolivariii. Returns to Europe

IV. Portuguese colonies/Brazila. King John VI flees Portugal (because of Napoleon who did not like Spain/Portugal because they did not like his

Continental System against GB and he decided to replace the king with his brother)

i. Goes to Brazil plants capital in Rioii. Goes back to Portugal to fix things

1. Leaves Pedro, his son, in chargeb. Pedro I (son) declares Brazil independent and himself the emperor of itUnification

I. Italian Unificationa. Nationalism a devotion to ones national group brought together mainly by ideals (but also by culture, history,

religion, language, and territory)

b. Before unification Italy was brought together under the rule of Napoleon; beside that, it hasnt been united since theRoman Empire

i. Italy split into:1. North (Lombardy and Venetia) ruled by Austria2. Middle ruled by Hapsburgs3. South ruled by the Frenchc. Giuseppe Mazzini HEART


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10d. Gives Napoleon III Nice and Savoy to keep him out of Italian matters

g. Giuseppe Garibaldi SWORD of Italian unificationi. Had joined Young Italy, was somewhat well known for fighting

ii. Went to South America and learned about guerrilla warfareiii. Returns in 1854iv. Leads the Redshirts

1. Takes the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and hands over to Sardinian governmenth. Italy gets Prussia to help defeat Austria, gets Venetiai. Franco-Prussian war French troops leave Rome to fight Prussia, Sardinia gets Rome, Pope is angry, no one cares

j. Unification complete Cavour diesi. North is industrialized/rich, south is agricultural/poork. Imperialismi. Libya yay, lots of sand?

ii. Only European power to lose in Africa defeated by larger Ethiopian troops (haha)II. German Unification

a. German Confederation (purely economic)i. Congress of Vienna separates Germany and allows an economic confederation, not political

ii. Not an actual government: made up of Prussia, Austria, and 39 statesiii. Northern Germany/Prussia Protestantiv. Southern Catholicv. The Diet

1. Lesser states form a legislative assembly2. Dominated by Austria3. Many smaller states looked to Austria as their leader4. Most (including Austria) do not want unification; they feared Prussian control

b. Zollverein 1834 economic confederationi. Organization that limited tariffs between German states

1. Made trade easier, which brought them closer togetherii. Standard currency and standard system of weights

iii. Included almost all the states by 1844c. Prussia

i. Strong economy has fast-flowing rivers (good for hydropower), coal, and railroadsii. 1848 Prussian revolution

1. Cannot decide between having a constitutional monarchy and a republic2. Monarch promises constitution, but ignores this promise after successfully silencing the revolution3. Revolution is unsuccessful

iii.

Junkers aristocrats with power (such as Bismarck)iv. 1862 Wilhelm Iv. Otto van Bismarck Prime Minister under Wilhelm I

1. Conservative2. Goal unified Germany under Prussia3. Expand economy, industry, and military4. Realpolitik the right of the nation-state to pursue its own advantage by any means including war

and repudiation and treaties the end justifies the means

a. Makes a lot of enemies, but doesnt matter 5. Blood & Iron blood refers to soldiers and iron refers to weapons; will achieve German unity using the

military; war as a diplomatic tool

a. Parliament does not approve of a tax for the militaryb. Bismarck does it anyway the people are willing to pay because he offers them nationalism

vi. Schleswig & Holstein1. Schleswig half German, half Danish2. Holstein all German3. Denmark inherits Schleswig and Holstein

a. King Christian IX of Denmark wants to make Schleswig part of Denmarkb. Germans in Schleswig are upset

4. Bismarck (Prussia) allies with Franz Joseph Hapsburg (Austria) defeats Denmark in battlea. Gets Schleswig and Holsteinb. Bismarck gives Holstein to Austria; Austria satisfied because they wont have to worry about

dissent from Danes

c. However, geographically, Holstein is surrounded by Prussian territoryvii. Bismarcks objectives

1. Increase Prussias military power


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112. Set up to take over Austria

a. Make sure they had no allies (GB, France, Italy, Russia, etc.)i. GB does not care in the first place

ii. France gets money to keep outiii. Russia revolt in Poland, Bismarck helps put out, Czar keeps out as favor in returniv. Italy promises them Venetia

b. 7 Weeks Wari. Marches troops into Holstein, Austria declares war, Prussia wins

viii. North German Confederation German Confederation is dissolvedix. Franco-Prussian War

1. 1868 Spanish king abdicates and no one takes the throne2. Bismarck puts forward Wilhelm Is cousin, Prince Leopolda. France is upset because of a possible 2-front war

3. 1870 Wilhelm I is willing to remove Leopolds candidacy a. Ems Telegram to France, telling about removal of Leopolds candidacy

i. Bismarck edits and sends off to France, also publishes itb. France declares war on Prussiac. Defeated rather quickly (Prussia has good mobilization because of railroads)d. Napoleon III captured, gives up Alsace and Lorrainee. Also united with Southern Germany (Bavaria and Wrttemburg)

d. Second Reichi. Unified Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I (Emperor) and Chancellor Bismarck

ii. Was an official federal state, at least in structureiii. 25 German states (some old leaders still had some power)iv. Domestic affairs Bismarck sucks at this (unlike foreign affairs)

1. Kulturkampf conflict between Bismarck and Catholic Church2. Center Party political party formed by the Catholic Church (which was powerful in the south)3. May Laws passed by Bismarck, deprives the Catholic bishops of their secular authority

a. Pope Pius IX declares the laws void and breaks diplomatic ties with Germanyb. Southern German people are unhappy, this plan backfires

4. Pope Pius IX dies5. Pope Leo XIII new dialogue, Bismarck removes May Laws6. Bismarck takes $5 million from Napoleon III (Franco-Prussian War) develops railroads for faster

movement and more economic efficiency

7. Hates socialism wants to destroya. Bans all meetings workers in support of socialism are upsetb.

Changes policyi. Promote workers: health/accident insurance, old age pensions

v. Wilhelm I dies 1888vi. Wilhelm Is son liberal, rules for 100 days, dies

vii. Wilhelm II grandson of Wilhelm I, very conservative does not want Bismarck to rule1. Conflict between them occurs, Bismarck threatens to resign (as always), Wilhelm II accepts his

resignation

Empires

I. Austrian Empirea. Ruled by the Hapsburg familyb. Franz Ferdinand I

i. Metternich foreign minister1. Reactionary no change, wants small ruling group, monarchy2. Carlsbad Decrees to put down new ideas forming in universities

a. Secret policeb. Prohibits any reforms against the Austrian Monarchyc. Censors newspapers

ii. Congress of Troppau 18201. Agreement of countries to provide military aid/intervention to countries experiencing internal

revolution

c. 12 major nationalities lacked unityd. 1848 Revolt

i. Ideas from Italian/French/German revolutionsii. Small nationalities want out


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12iii. Metternich is forced out, Franz Ferdinand I abdicates

e. Franz Joseph Ii. Puts out small, uncoordinated revolts

ii. Ideal: liberal reform1. Mid-1869s conflict against liberal reform

iii. The Ausgleich1. Dual monarchy compromise2. Francis Deak (Hungary) and Franz Joseph I (Austria) forms Austria-Hungry3. Franz Joseph I kings of A-H4. Essentially still separate entities

a. Combines only military, foreign affairs, and financeb. Separate Parliaments5. Ethnicities other than Austria and Hungary still have no voice

II. Ottoman Empirea. Vast multiethnic laaand, seriously in declineb. Sick man of Europe

i. 1830 Greek independenceii. 1850s loses other provinces, etc.

c. Russia wants access to the Suez Canal, GB is against thisi. Suez Canal links the Red to the Med (Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea)

1. Built by French company, good for access to India/the Eastd. Crimean War fought over the Holy Land (the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea)

i. European representative Roman Catholic1. Ottomans Muslim2. Russia Orthodox

ii. Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire because of religion 1. Alternative motive to gain access to the Suez Canal/Mediterranean2. GB, France, and Sardinia (to make nice-nice with France) aid the Ottoman Empire3. Successfully blocks Russia (although the GB cavalry against Russian cannons resulted in minor

problems)

e. Congress of Berlin makes smaller states out of the Ottoman Empire on the Balkan Peninsula (Romania, Serbia,Montenegro, etc.), which have an allegiance to Austria (not Russia)

i. Real purpose to block Russia from Mediterranean accessii. Russians cannot do anything about it

III. Russian Empirea. Huge and diverse 60 nationalities, 100+ languages, vast territory, scary potentialb.

Autocracy Czar is the leader, feudal system: serfs basically a part of the landc. Western ideas, such as enlightenment, infests society

d. Czar Alexander I dies December 1825i. Decembrists revolt

e. Nicolas I son of Alexander I, conservativei. Crushes Decembrist revolt, captures Decembrists (martyrs) and sends to Siberia

ii. Autocracy +1. Press censorship, secret police, etc. effective

iii. Dies 1855f. Alexander II liberal!

i. Czar Liberator1. Ends serfdom needs workers to industrialize Russia2. Everyone has the right to own land

a. Newly-liberated serfs have no money to purchase landb. Nobles give 50-year mortgages of land to communes/mirs (groups of peasants)

i. Cannot leave until they pay their part of the mortgagesii. Essentially returns to serfdom

3. Some peasants run away to cities, but factories have bad conditionsii. New judicial system, limits secret police, eases press limits, expands education, reduces military service

requirement from 25 to 6 years

iii. Zemstvos1. Local self-governing assemblies of the people allowed the right to vote to wealthy, noble, and the

peoplebut people in higher status got more votes

iv. Assassinated/bombed in1881 by the Peoples Willg. Alexander III

i. Reactionary, limits Alexander IIs liberal reforms


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131. Crushes all revolts2. Censorship, secret police, refused a constitution, limits power of Zemstvos

ii. Russification1. Unite the provinces, unite the language (teach Russian everywhere)2. Intolerance3. Pogroms at the Pale of Settlement (a place where Jews are at the Russia-Poland border)

iii. Dies 1894h. Nicholas II

i. Weak autocrat, backbone: Czarina Alexandraii. Russo-Japanese War Japanese attacks Russian port, Russia loses first time a Western power loses to the

Eastiii. Growth of communism

1. Mensheviks believes that a communist society/revolt must be in an already industrialized societywhere there are workers

2. Bolsheviks a small group (them) can foster a revolution without the industrialized nationa. Led by Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov (or Lenin)

iv. Bloody Sunday1. Sparked the Revolution of 1905 Russians are ready to rebel2. Father Gapon and protestors bring a petition to the Czar at Winter Palace

a. Shot at by troops, hundreds die3. Inspires more uprisings against the Czar everywhere4. Czar promises to do something, but does not follow through5. Massive strike in October

v. October Manifesto1. Official promise by the Czar as a result of Bloody Sunday and subsequent eventsa. To reform and create a more democratic governmentb. Promised a Russian constitution, and to guarantee individual liberties to all Russians

(freedom of speech and assembly, right to vote)

c. Allowed the people to elect representative to the Dumad. Czar not allowed to pass laws without the approval of the Duma

vi. Duma legislative body, elected representatives, approved laws before Czar could pass them, often ignoredby Czar

Imperialism

I. Rationalesa. Economic markets (you can only buy from us), raw materials (resources, gold/silver)b.

Military military bases (oil stations, protect property)c. Conceptual nationalism, social Darwinism (justification of wealth), white mans burden (to civilize the barbarians),religion (Protestant Christian)

II. Termsa. Colony territory governed by a foreign country directlyb. Protectorate controls local, has own government, but foreign country controls foreign affairs, military, and major

economics

c. Spheres of influence a territory where a country claims exclusive political/economic/judicial rights.African Imperialism

I. Beforea. Ex-main commodity humans (slavery)b. Slave trade has slowed distasteful for Europeans (who push for abolition)c. Imperialism geared towards raw materials, and some marketsd. David Livingstone explorer/doctor/writer that went to Africa, stopped writing letter to GBe. Henry Stanley journalist sent to find Livingstone, finds him, later hired by Prince Leopold and results in Belgian Congo

i. Sparked European interest in AfricaII. Liberia founded by ex-American slavesIII. Ethiopia kicks the crap out of Italy

a. Italy invades in 1895b. King Menelik IIc. Battle of Adwa 1896 Italians beaten

IV. Scientific and technological advance allows for quick European colonizationa. Quinine (drug for malaria), guns, railroads

V. NORTHERN AFRICA


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14a. French North Africa

i. Under loose Ottoman control, Arab/Muslim, fairly agricultural (Mediterranean to start of Sahara)ii. Algeria

1. France Charles X wants 18302. Abd-al-Qadir Algerian leader, leads resistance and holds out for 10 years3. French win, they take over

iii. Tunisia 1881 (France)iv. Morocco 1905 (France)v. Egypt leader, Mohammad Ali

1. 1869 Suez Canal made by French Ferdinand De Lepses links the Red and the Med2. British invade, make a protectorate in 1882, Egyptians powerless3. British want to find headwaters of the Nile to control it it is in Sudan

vi. Sudan1. British meet French troops in the city ofFashoda

a. Omdurman battle GB vs. Sudan GB wins2. Compromise British get Sudan, French get Morocco

vii. Libya Italy 19111. Seat of Carthaginian Empire Roman Empire

VI. SOUTHERN AFRICAa. South Africa

i. Dutch setters 1652 settle in Cape Town Cape Colony :Dii. Importance: in bad weather, the port helps shipping

iii. Boers native Dutch farmers negative connotation; Afrikaners (British term) positive1. Appartide - separationiv. Hierarchy white; Asians; mixes; blacks white supremacy!

v. 1814 Congress of Vienna allow British seize Cape Colonyvi. Afrikaners

1. The Great Trek went North to seek freedom from abolition2. Orange Free State and Transvaal finds gold, British WANT, British TAKE3. The Boer War 1899 to 1902 boers start war against British, guerrilla warfare, atrocities, British win,

lots of boers die

4. British get Orange Free State and Transvaalvii. Union of South Africa British colony from 1902 to 1910, independent in 1910

1. Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natalviii. South African Native National Congress SANNC black rights

1. 1923 changes to African National Congress ANCb.

Belgian Congoi. King Leopold IIs PRIVATE PLANTATION


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15vi. BEI Co. takes complete control puts different Indian groups against each other (using religion) end

Mughal Empire

vii. British bring:1. Education teach all ENGLISH2. British law banned Sati (-young- widows throwing themselves onto their husbands funeral fires)3. Christianity

b. Sepoy Mutiny 1867i. Indian soldiers in BEI will not use pork/beef fat greased cartridges (need to bite to open)

ii. Atrocitiesiii. BEI ends 1858iv. Indians abandon violence as a form of protestc. Raj British rule in India used Indians to rule (too big for all whites) from the Indian Civil Service

i. Queen Victoria ruler of England (and subsequently, India) at this timeii. GB implements vice-roy in India

iii. Crown jewel of the British Empireiv. British officials lived a nice life better than they would have in GB not nobility (actually middle class) but

lived like nobility

v. British We Superior.1. Assuages conscience by providing benefits education, westernizing, infrastructure growth (RR,

roads, canals) but actually for troops transportation

vi. Raw materials - cotton (unavailable in U.S. because of Civil War)1. Used land that grew food food shortages, then STARVATION

d. Growth of nationalismi. 1820s Ram Mohan Roy begins to call for Indian self-government/nationalismii. 1860s British allow more local participation does not help, Indians more frustrated; middle/elite class begin

to question British rule/superiority

iii. 1885 Indian National Congress INC organization for Hindu nationalism pushes for more participation,representation, etc.

iv. British start to see problem, like in Bengal wants to cut and make smaller; INC not happyv. Swadeshi boycott goods 1905 to 1908 little violence works (Bengal not cut), British concessions

vi. Muslim League counterpart of INC protect Muslim Indianse. India India and East/West Pakistan (East rebels, helped by India) India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

II. CHINA


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164. Self-Strengthening Movement movement to modernize FAILS5. Others want no change because they benefit6. Nothing happens in the end

vii. Spheres of influence GB, France, Russia, Germany, Japanviii. 1894- Sino-Japanese War Korean from China to Japan

ix. U.S. Open Door Policy FAILUREx. China ready to EXPLODE

1. Empress Dowager, Cixi did not like foreignersa. Lead the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists Boxers

i. Combined martial arts, hate of foreigners, belief of invulnerability to Westernweapons

2. Boxer Rebellion 1899 to 1900a. Siege of European embassiesb. 55 Days of Pekingc. Boxers defeated, Cixi flees

xi. Change too late begins primary/secondary education, national armyxii. Sun Yixian (also Sun Yatsen) calls for republican China Father of Modern China

1. Leader of United League/Guomindang/Nationalists2. Difficult to become democracy no experience3. Plan Political Tutelage a strong government/dictatorship until the people are ready for

democracy but who decides?

4. Party principals nationalism, democracy, peoples livelihood (equality + land ownership distribution, kind of like socialism)

xiii. Calls for overthrow of Qing dynastyxiv. Puyi 1908 inherits throne at age 2, is now age 7 when Cixi dies; advisors are actually rulingc. Revolution Wuchang Oct. 1911 Nationalists win, declares China a republic in Jan 1912

i. General Yuan Shikai leading Qings1. Promises to put down rebellion, cuts Nationalists a deal, then meet with dynasty leaders and makes

them abdicate (traitor!)

ii. REPUBLIC1. Sun Yixian leader for a short time, goes to Japan2. Yuan Shikai real power (military)3. BUT government in Beijing does nothing4. China becomes land controlled by warlords state of nature

III. Japana. Learns from other imperialism victimsb.

Rulers Tokugawa family from 1603 to 1867i. No relations with other nations

ii. Did not want contamination from outside worldiii. Still in medieval times feudalism

1. Landowners hired samurais (trained professional warriors) for protection2. In return, samurais got food and possibly land (worked by peasants)

c. 1852 President Millard Fillmorei. Sends delegation under Matthew Perry to open negotiations

ii. Arrive in BLACK SHIPS cannons, steam engine, paddle wheelsiii. Arrives at Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), leaves with treatyiv. Treaty of Kanagawa Opens to U.S. trade, then world (by 1858)

1. Extraterritoriality thought to be shameful by the Japanesed. Emperor not really a political leader; Shogun (General) gives in too easily to Europeans

i. Emperor Mutsuhito age 18, takes power rules 1868 to 19121. Rule = the Meiji (enlightened ruler) restoration2. Motto = Rich country, strong military focus on economy and military3. Japan is modern by his death (50 years!)

ii. Iwakura Mission absorb all the good things from the West1. Brought back mandatory education for all children, military tactics, rapid industrialization,

technology

2. Refused loanse. 1894 Sino-Japanese War

i. Rebellion in Korea against China, Japan helps Korean, defeats China, Korea now independent (Japaninfluences it)

ii. Japan also gets Taiwan renamed Formosaf. Russo-Japanese War


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17i. Surprise attack on Port Arthur, Japanese win

ii. Japan get Manchuriaiii. Korea recognized as under Japanese rule

1. Annexed in 1910IV. Southeast Asia

a. Dutch East Indies spices, sugar, coffeei. Culture System forced labor gather materials

ii. Revolts Diponegoro leads on the island of Java failsb. British control Malacca, Singapore, and Penang (major trade ports)

i. British Malaysia pushes Dutch out of Malaysia, then Singapore (major port)ii. Late 1800s rubber is a major importc. Indochina Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia

d. Siam (Thailand) only one not a colonyi. British and French agree not to control it

ii. Buffer between Burma (GB) and French Indochinae. U.S. gets Philippines

i. Lies and says it will get independence if it revoltsii. Independence 1942

f. Vietnam French 1800si. Nguyen family try to revolt but fails

ii. Treaty of Saigon France gets southern Vietnamiii. 1884 gets northern Vietnam as welliv. Essentially creates French Indochina

WWI

I. WWI factorsa. Militarism boys with toys

i. Expansive buildup of military forced draftii. New weaponry first modern war machine guns, new planes

1. Dreadnought British battleship2. British felt the largest military should be bigger than the next two (Ger. and U.S.) combined

b. Imperialism not only getting coloniesi. Influence Germany over the Ottoman Empire, A-H wanted access to the Aegean Sea through the Balkan

ii. Reduced power of GB (who had awesome RR)c. Nationalism nation and its people/creation of a nation

i.

Pan Slavism creation of an all Slavic nation under Serbiaii. France wanted revenge on Germany for Alsace and Lorraine (Franco-Prussian War)d. Alliances lots of em

i. Triple Alliance Ger. + A-H + Italy 1882, triggered by warii. France + Russia bilateral agreement (for a 2-front war) 1894, triggered by war

iii. GB and US avoided entangling alliances GB refused to be obligated to wariv. Entente Cordiale GB + France agreement for cooperation, not triggered by anything merely a warning to

Germany 1904

v. Triple Entente France + GB + Russia - 1907II. The Spark

a. 6/28/1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir apparent of A-H) was visiting Sarajevo, Serbia (what is now Bosnia +Herzegovina); he was the one who understood Slavs was visiting on a Serbian unity holiday the wrong man!

b. The Black Hand assassination group sent 7 assassins grenades misses the processionc. Gavrilo Princip member of the Black Hand eating sandwich, shoots Ferdinand and wife, Sophied. A-H wants to put the Serbs in their place, Ger. supported them (because Russia, supposed protector of Serbs, hasnt

been doing anything)

i. Ultimatum expected to be rejected A-H can do anything, can go to Serbia at any time to investigate orsuppress subversive movements

ii. Serbia accepts most of the ultimatum, but rejects somee. Involvement

i. 7/28/14 A-H declares war on Serbiaii. 7/30/14 Russians begin to mobilize to help Serbia

iii. 7/31/14 Willy


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18III. German idiots

a. Oh no! 2-front war!i. Von Schlieffen Plan will oust France from war in 6 weeks (while Russians mobilize) go through Belgium,

quick assault and take Paris then send troops to East to kill Russians

ii. Belgium puts up defense slows Germansiii. Belgium = buffer state (back to the Congress of Vienna, which was actually to thwart France) YAY, GB

involved!

b. Allied Powers France, Russia, GB, Serbia, Belgiumc. Central Powers Ottoman Empire, Germany, (Bulgaria?), Austria-Hungaryd. BEF British Expeditionary Force aka. British armye. As Schlieffen plan is dying, Russians attack before fully mobilized beats Germany!f. Battle of Tannenburg Germany reinforced beats Russia (32,000 killed/92,000 prisoners)g. 1st Battle of the Marne GB + France vs. Germany stops German advance right outside of Parish. Race to the Sea new German strategy go to North Sea and around, end war quickly does not work

i. Battle of Ypres (Belgium) GB wins (60,000 vs. 100,000 Ger.)IV. Warfare

a. Trench warfare miserablei. No mans land in the between trenches of the two sides killing field

ii. 10-12 ft deepiii. Artillery, barbed wire, mines, gas, machine gunsiv. Bad sanitation, trench foot, rodents, bodies

b. Weapons good, but bad tactics attempt to break deadlock of trench warfarei. Poison gas first used by Germany, banned by Geneva Convention (at end of war), ex. chlorine, mustard

ii. Machine guns used 3-4 men to operate, barrel overheated, used water, fired in burstsiii. Artillery small guns and shells to railroad guns started lobbing shells up to a day before a battle so youdwant to kill yourself

iv. Tanks named by GB to keep it a secret (tanks of freshwater sent to GB) first used in Battle of Somme Germans called it the Devils Wagon

v. Planes WWI = first war on different planes planes first used for recon, then they started to shoot at eachother

1. Machine guns on planes on the back, had to shoot backwards, propeller and tail of plane wereobstructions

2. Fokker (Dutch) worked for Germans, invented gear that stopped the gun when the propeller bladewas in the way

3. Planes made of paper and wood4. Ace 5+ kills5.

Bi/triplanes, bombers, zeppelins6. Only had prototypes of single-engine planes

c. No technology is able to break the stalemate V. Total war

a. Not only on battlefieldb. Civilian involvement

i. Sacrifice, factories converted for manufacturing war productsii. Women nurses, etc. (higher status later = suffrage)

c. Censorshipi. For own people: censor dissent and casualty figures

ii. Propaganda make us look good, make opposing side look subhuman (Germans = Huns)VI. More war!!

a. GB cuts the underwater cable from U.S. to Europe (Ger.), now our only information is from GBb. Italy joins Allies 1915whoo-hoo (and they proceed to donothing)c. Western front

i. Verdun historic, important German campaign here, they thought the French would do anything for it, usedit as a troop-grinder

1. Henri Petain French commander (later works for Germany; traitor!)2. Feb.-Dec. 1916 French suffer 400,000, Ger. 300,000 Ger. wins, not by a lot3. The stalemate line moved 10 km, yay (towards France)

VII. War at Seaa. GB blockade most Ger. ports are east of strait, blockade is easy and successful

i. Germans dub hunger blockade blocked food and weapons violation of international law, but who caresb. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare USW

i. U-boats (unterseeeee) torpedoes!!1. Coffins little oxygen, easily run over (it sank)


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192. Worked when it snuck up on the ships GB says that is a violation of the rules of war, Ger. did not

care

3. Not really that big of an impactVIII. Other Geniuses

a. Winston Churchill


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20i. Returns, sells idea of Bolsheviks taking charge

ii. Peace, land, and breadiii. Mid-1917 provisional government failing, not much better than Czariv. October Revolution (in November) 1917 quite bloodless, BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTIONS (not peoples)

1. Whole troop units give up on warv. Lenin gets power

1. Holds elections for assembly (provisional government) Bolsheviks get 225 seats while SocialRevolutionaries gets 420 (rival group) Lenin D:< disbands assembly election essentially does not

matter

vi. Leninism all land is under the control of the state the people have land and bread what of peace?vii. Leon Trotsky(Lenins right hand man, appointed head of military) talks with Central Powers1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia pulls out of war gives up Baltic Provinces (Latvia, Lithuania, and

Estonia), Ukraine, and Poland Oh, communism, they have it now, well get it back soon enough

l. Civil War White (everyone else capitalists, Mensheviks, democrats, monarchists) vs. Redi. Red wins with a little help from the West, White is unable to work together

m. Bad economyi. New Economic Policy NEP bring in a small amount of capitalism: the problem is that the people dont have

incentive to produce (for cities)

1. Economy improves2. YAY LENIN = POWER

a. RussiaUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics USSRb. Lenin dies 1924, and with him, the ability to change

X. End of the War FINALLY (..wait not yet.)a. US neutral lets make money off of this! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$b. GB sneaky sneaky

i. Lusitania British passenger ship (and cargo) should not have weapons, but did1. Sunk off the Irish coast 19152. Some US people die3. US very mad no USW! (unrestricted submarine warfare)4. Ger. we dont care. it works resumes USW Feb 19175. US- hmph, well just break off diplomatic relations with you6. Ger. see if we care

c. Zimmermann Note sent from German diplomat to Mexico, told them to attack the US, in return, Germany would helpthem get back Texas (right)

i. GB intercepts this telegram sends to US gov. and pressii. April 1917 US in!!

d.

Convoy system surrounds cargo, etc. ships with lots of war ships Germans cant attacke. US troops and industries are keyf. Ger. line of offense within 40 miles of Paris stoppedg. US offense is important, essential to Allies winning the warh. Wilhelm II abdicates to Denmarki. Armistice 11/11/18 11:11 AM

XI. Results of the Wara. Treaty of Versailles

i. The Big Four1. France Clemenceau2. GB Lloyd George3. US Woodrow Wilson

a. 14 points! he thinks it should be the basis for negotiationsi. Nave! Germans like

4. Italy Orlando (utterly clueless)ii. 27 nations invitedno Central Powers (what negotiation)

iii. *Punish Germany forced to pay large reparations or else France could take Ruhr Valley1. Saarland, Germany given to France (for 15 years)2. Demilitarization of Rhineland, Germany3. Limit German navy/air force/draft/army to 100,000 people4. Returned Schleswig and Holstein back to Denmark5. German colonies given to other powers as mandates

a. Mandates kind of like colonies, better government takes over while it matures, then grantsit independence (sometimes)

iv. *Germans forced to take full responsibility War Guilt Clause (even though they did not start the war)1. Humiliation


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21v. *League of Nations! whoooo!! only important part of 14 points used

1. Unconstitutional it said the US had to go to war when another nation in the League was attacked but Congress must declare war

2. US did not join3. Utter, utter FAILURE

Post WWI

I. Interwar Chinaa. Back in WWI 1917 China declares war on Germany in an attempt to get back German spheres of influence

i. But the Treaty of Versailles gave these to Japan because Japan had taken themb. 5/4/1919 Student protests nationalism movement anger that Chinese dont have power as a nation c. Guomindang still holds some power led by Jiang Jieshi

i. Communist party 1921 strong rival, ideas from the West (Marx)ii. Jiang hates the Commies uneasy relationship

iii. Work together against foreigners1. Guomindang has gotten rid of most of the warlords (spheres of influence, foreigners)

iv. Guomindang moved capital to Nanjing 1925d. Civil War 1927 to 1949 (Break from 1937 to 1945 Japanese attack)

i. 1927 Jiang attacks the Communists stab on the back! (from working together against foreigners) ii. Communists mad they begin to build power in Southeast Asia (peasants! good for the cause)

iii. Mao Zedong leader of the Red Army flees to Jiangxi1. He believes in focusing on peasants to win the revolution

iv. By 1934 Guomindang (700,000) has Communists somewhat encircled in Southeast Chinav. The Long March led by Mao 1934-1944 Guomindang wants to take over the surrounded Communists,who go on a long march (not straight, curved, no particular destination) Communists think of this march as

a natural selection/hardening process: whoevers left is really strong

1. Ruijing Yanan 100,000 to 8,000e. While Jiang is busy attacking Communists, the Japanese TAKE OVER!!!Not really

i. Japanese take Manchuria, attack northern Chinaii. Working together Mao offers help, Jiang refuses

1. Jiangs generals kidnap him, force him to work with Mao against the Japanese iii. U.S. gives weapons to Jiang (to fight the Japanese) he tells them excuses why he is not using them in

reality, he is stockpiling to attack Communists

iv. Treaty of Tokyo Bay before the ink can even dry.Civil War continues (Jiang D:< and so is Mao) II. Interwar India

a.

India helps GB during WWI, hoping to get credit for it.not really (800,000 Indians fight) b. Rowlatt Acts 1919 passed by GB limits more Indian rights, aimed towards nationalistsi. Can arrest for no reason, imprison without a trial, and forbids large gatherings everything the British

Constitution is against

c. April 1919 Amritsar, a northern city large gatheringi. Big walled garden, 10,000 unarmed people peaceful demonstration GB finds out, troops shoot in without

any notice

ii. 400 die, 1200 woundediii. Important effect on Indians they are veeery mad Brits should be GONE

d. Mohandas Gandhi Father ofIndian Nationalism born in 1869, middle class, was an attorneyi. Educated in GB then went to South Africa

1. In South Africa, he began to study *Nonviolent resistance*a. Ahisma nonviolence towards living thingsb. Civil Disobedience to disobey laws, but law must be UNJUST (decided by society) to

outrage people (nonviolent people getting shot down) and to drive them to do something

c. Satyagraha means truth force the name for Gandhis non-violent programsii. Mahatma title for Gandhi means Great Soul

iii. Swadeshi boycotts of GB productsiv. Symbol the spinning wheel (ex. Gandhis clothing) represented Indians doing/producing things for

themselves (ahem. WITHOUT Great Britain)

v. The Salt March greatest example of civil disobedience, led by Gandhi1. Salt is needed to live, GB taxed it2. Marched from Ashram to the Sea Gandhi symbolically tastes the salt

e. Government of India Act 1935 allowed limited local self-rule (provincial rule)f. 1936 elections oh no! Religion issues. (Hindu-Muslim clash, again)

i. Total: 11 provinces, 7 are Hindu Hindu wins


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221. Forms Indian National Congress INC led by Nehru

ii. 4 provinces are Muslim Muslim loses1. Forms Muslim League led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah2. Solution: 2 states

a. One state: India = Hindub. Another state: (what becomes Pakistan and Bangladesh) = Muslim

III. Interwar Turkeya. Treaty of Sevres (NOT SeverusSNAPE, SNAPE, SE-VE-RUS SNAPE!)

i. Breaks up Ottoman Empire gives Turkey to Greeks (because they get along awesomelynot) ii. 1919 Greeks invade Turkey to carry out treaty

1. Kemal Mustafa (not Mufasa) military for Turkish defense2. Turks win!!!b. 1923 Republic of Turkey Mustafa = leader

i. Young Turks (not Young Italy, we just stole your idea, thats all) Mustafa and his followers want tomodernize Turkey

c. Kemal MustafaKemal ATATURK Father of Turkey literally.i. Moves capital from Istanbul to Ankara (which is smack in the middle of Turkey)

ii. Movement to modernize1. Expand industry well, attempts to2. Tries to make government secular, to get rid of the Muslim religion/religion in general in the

government (separation of Church and state!!!)

a. Some Fundamentalists do not want to modernize3. Use of western calendar, western alphabet, metric system4. Bans wearing of fez (some kind of hat)iii. 1938 Ataturk dies

IV. Interwar Persia (what is now Iran)a. Reza Khan overthrows the Shah (emperor)b. 1925 Reza Khan renames himself the new Shah: Shah Reza Pahlavi

i. Pahlavi is the name for the Persian language in ancient Persian reminder of the glory daysii. Wants to modernize Persia so he renames it IRAN

iii. Wants to get back the oil fields that were taken by GB and Franceiv. Hears Hitler talking about Aryans (Persians are Aryans, but not Hitlers idea of Aryans)

1. Reza sees a kindred spirit in Hitler2. Hitler sees oil

a. Hitler is willing to be friends with Persiai. GB and Russia are upset about this: what is Hitler gets to the oil?

1.

GB and Russia depose Shah Reza Pahlavi2. Replace with son: Mohammed Reza PahlaviV. Interwar Middle East

a. Mandate a country taken over by a superior country until they are ready to govern themselvesi. Basically, a colony

ii. Treaty of Versailles gives a bunch of mandates to GB and France until indigenous people become gooddemocrats (never)

b. Husayn bin Ali (no last name)i. An Arab nationalist wants a large Arab state (from Syria to Yemen!)

ii. Arab nationalism movement Pan Arabism!c. Zionism movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestined. 1917 WWI the British get tricky

i. Balfour Declaration1. GB offers the Jews Palestine for their support against the Ottomans

ii. White Paper1. GB offers the Arabs Palestine for their support against the Ottomans

iii. The Ottomans are removed, but hmmPalestine is GBs!! iv. Sykes Picot Agreement splits Middle Eastern mandates between France and GB

1. France: Syria & Lebanon2. GB: Arabia (later becomes Saudi Arabia) & Iraq & Palestine Mandate ((both Jewish Palestine and Arab

Palestine [Transjordan]) Arabs and Jews mad for broken wartime promises)

a. 1921 GB gives Transjordan (now Jordan) to Abdullah Husayn (Husayn bin Alis son #1) b. GB gives Iraq to Faisal (Husayn bin Alis son #2)

VI. Interwar Africaa. Pan-African Congress series of meetings Africans want credit for their part in WWI

i. Essentially, these do nothing


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23b. Egypt

i. 1922 Limited independence (not Suez Canal and parts of the Nile)ii. 1936 Full independence (except Suez Canal)

iii. 1939 No independence WWII (stupid Germans)c. Kenya

i. Resents British who see Kenya has good agricultural value and buys up all the best agricultural landii. Harry Thuku leads protests for Kenyan nationalism

1. GB no like protests Thuku exilediii. Jomo Kenyatta

1. Different approach negotiation with GB, slow progress, but still nationalism2. GB is okay with this3. Ends up becoming the first president of an independent Kenya

Interwar Japan

I. Japan post-WWIa. Economic problems: strikes and layoffs that had been postponed from before the war

i. Farmers not as successfulii. Lacked natural resources

1. Steel, oil, etc. which they needed a lot ofiii. Tariffs tax on imports so that the people buy the countrys own products

1. Limited market availability in Japaniv. Zaibatsu large corporate entity that controls numerous businesses goal of corporations = monopoly

1. Unlike U.S., which banned monopolies with the Sherman Anti-trust Actb. Emperor Hirohito political leader, is above everything (gods representative), returns to pre-Meiji restorationi. Constitutional monarchy

ii. Growing democracy1. Universal male suffrage, elections, political parties, etc.

c. Power actually held in political entities and the militaryi. Young generation is becoming westernized

1. Political entities and the military are conservative detests westernizationsii. Do not like the growth of unions

1. Socialism is limited2. Unions are also limited quickly

iii. Military grows powerfuliv. Great depression (a bit before the U.S. Depression)v.

Military wants a united Japan ruled under the military1. The people see the military as the most stable part of the government

vi. Military1. *Respected by the people2. *Supplants the government3. *Sees the west as limiting Japan

a. Influencing the people into disliking westernization as welld. Japanese think the West and the U.S. are against them

i. Washington Naval Treaty (533)1. Limits weapons (battleships the most powerful weapon)

a. 2 ocean powers: U.S. and GB allowed 5 new battleships eachb. 1 ocean powers: Japan, France, and Italy allowed 3 new battleships each

ii. U.S. limits Japanese immigratione. Military development

i. Limited industrial base (for military development)1. Invests more in navy (for obvious reasons), less in army

ii. Focuses on soldiers over technology (cannot compete in technology)iii. Best trained soldiers

1. Literally removes surrender, retreat, and defeat from the training manualf. Two assassination attempts on prime ministers, one was successfulg. 1931 Manchurian Incident

i. Japan wants Manchuria for resources such as coal and iron (to makes steel)1. The people of Japan supports this

ii. Bomb explosion on the South Manchurian Railway1. Japan blames China (it was actually a setup)2. The military sends troops in to protect the railway


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243. Civilian government realizes that the military has done this without their consent

a. Orders the troops outthe military refusesiii. Manchuriais given independence renamed Manchukuo, Puyi as emperoriv. The League of Nations condemns Japan for its actions in Manchuria

1. Japan withdraws (testing what the League would do)2. League does nothing

h. Japan also leaves the Washington Naval Treaty to rebuild its navy with no limitsi. The Soviet Union does not like this

ii. 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact Japan and Germany against the Soviet Union1. (Anti Communist International)

i. 1937 Second Sino-Japanese Wari. Bomb explodes between Manchuria and Chinaii. China is blamed, Japan declares war

j. WWII Nanjing Massacrei. Begins in the summer of 1937 Japanese thinks it will take 3 months to take all of China

ii. Strong Chinese defense at Shanghai, took a long time for the Japanese to get the city1. Japanese were infuriated, wanted revenge at Nanking

iii. Order to kill all captivesiv. John Magee a Westerner in Nanking during the massacre, shot movies clips of the situationv. Japanese soldiers viewed their Chinese counterparts as subhuman because they had easily surrendered

vi. Atrocities on Chinese soldiers were ordered (such as bayonet practice) in order to harden Japanese soldiers tohumiliation/death/slaughter

vii. Lasted 6-8 weeksviii. Officers encouraged the Japanese troops raping women as long as they killed the women/disposed of evidenceafterwards; officers often joined in

ix. 20,000 to 80,000 women were rapedx. International Safety Zone 2.5 square miles in the middle of the city, organized by 20some westerners, off-

limits to the Japanese

1. Held 300,000 people; inadequate securityxi. John Rabe unlikely hero German Nazi businessman head of Nazi party in Nanking

1. Nave/hero he smuggled a film of the atrocities to Germany to outrage Hitler into taking actionagainst the Japanese (which Hitler did not do)

xii. Comfort women women forced into prostitutionxiii. Japanese War Crimes Tribunal not successful (unlike German Nuremberg Trials)

1. Japanese surrendered on the condition that the emperor was not touched; Allies agreed2. Defendants in turn blamed everything on the emperor, who could not be tried

xiv.

Japanese worshipped their war criminals1. Only 7 were hanged, some suicide, most were put in prison for a short time then let goxv. Similar humanitarian crimes after WWII (Africa, Cambodia, Bosnia, Kosovo)

k. Japanese want South East Asiai. Purpose: resources such as rubber and oil

ii. Different philosophy as imperialism in Chinaiii. Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere

1. To remove European imperialist government and create perfect East Asian harmony 2. Translated: Japanese take over all of East Asia3. These countries did not agree with Japanese goals/did not like Japanese

Totalitarian States

I. Propertiesa. Political

i. The state over the individualii. The state = often one individual, the leader

iii. Single party (may not start with this, but sooner or later they take control)iv. Dictator unites the country

b. Sociali. The government controls all aspects of daily life

ii. Secret police to disappear youiii. Citizens are denied rights

c. Economici. The government controls everything

ii. Labor and businesses to fulfill state objectives


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251. Therefore, no unions

d. Fascism type of totalitarian statei. Single party state, strong ruler, authoritative state (everything is done for the good of the state)

1. Glorification of the STATEii. ***Aggressive nationalism to empower the country

II. Italian Fascisma. Benito Mussolini (1883) Il Duce (The Duke/The Leader)

i. Originally socialistnow fascist (now, how does that work)ii. 1919 Fasci di Combattimento National Fascist Party

iii. Unrest Mussolini is in power because of this1. Peasants are angry Mussolini tells them he will make jobs2. Middle class/wealthy are worried about the peasants and fear communism Mussolini tells them to

not worry about revolt, he has it under control

3. Mussolini plays both sides to get elected, doesnt work that welliv. Plan 2 Blackshirtsphysical persuasion, vote for fascist party or else v. October 1922 March on Rome

1. Mussolini take a gamble if it does not work, he is in Milan and can just say he did not know about it2. However, it works the King invites him to Rome and

a. Mussolini is named Prime Minister (of Italy)b. Mussolini as Prime Minister

i. Creates a totalitarian state1. Links greatness back to Roman Empire creates lots of festivals and holidays2. Bans other political parties3. Nationalism!ii. Need to be a military power, need a military victory1. Ethiopian invasion

a. Ethiopian king, Halie Selassie asked the League of Nations for helpi. League sanctions weapons however, does not work because Italy has a

weapons industry

1. League knows this, only wanted to act like it was doing somethingii. League does not sanction oil, coal, and iron, which would have worked

1. Again, they did not want to sanction Italyb. Ethiopia is defeated

III. THE SOVIET UNION


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261. Stalin is quite literally psychiatrically paranoid

a. Great Purges to kill all that he thought were dangerous/against himi. Jewish doctors

ii. High military officers (hence why unprepared for WWII)vi. Religion is discouraged

vii. Childrens organization youth groups that taught kids about how awesome mother Russia and Stalin areviii. Cult of Personality teaches people that Stalin is good and looks out for them

ix. Cheka secret policeIV. Interwar Germany

a. Weimar Republic government that forms after WWIi. The most unpopular the people are unhappy about losing the war and the peace treaty; plus, economy isdown like after every war

ii. 1982 Germany cannot pay reparations of $35 billion dollars1. French yay! takes Ruhr Valley as stated in the Versailles Treaty

a. Ruhr Valley has coal and oil, just what would have helped Germany get out of itseconomically depressed state

iii. Inflation trillions of marks to a dollar practically worthless1. Trivia burned for warmth, used as wallpaper, etc. needed a wheelbarrowfull just to buy a loaf of

bread

iv. People just more madb. Adolf Hitler

i. Born 1889 in Austriaii. Served in German Army as a corporal in WWI

iii. National Socialist Workers Party/ Nazis Fascist party1. Socialist and Workers in the name merely to attract more people 2. Brownshirts (Blackshirts of Germany) to physically force people to support the Nazis

iv. October 1923 - Putsch Hitler stands up in a beer hall and shouts WE MUST OVERTHROW THE WEIMARREPUBLIC like a maniac

1. Arrested2. Writes Mein Kampf(My Struggle) while in prison

a. About Aryan superiority and how Jews/communists are badv. Great depression Hitler blames the Jews, big surprise

vi. 1932 named Chancellor can call new elections1. Calls elections a year later2. Reichstag catches fire (conveniently) blames communists

a. Hitler/Nazi party get a lot of votesb.

Need emergency powers because of the threat posed at Reichstag vii. Martial law/dictatorship

1. Bans political parties2. Limits rights3. Unions under political control4. Gestapo secret police

viii. Cult of Personality (like Stalins)ix. Deh Fuhrer (The Leader)x. Third Reich to be undefeatable

1. Nazi Youth brainwashed children who pledged loyalty to Hitler and Germany2. Wage controls, public works (stadiums for Hitler to speak in!), expands military3. More jobs good, Hitler, good

xi. Anti-Semitism hatred/prejudice against Semites (Arab/Jews)1. Scapegoated, blamed for everything2. Laws limiting Jewish right in 1930s

a. 1935 Nuremberg Lawsi. Jews have separate legal status

ii. Not citizens, cannot vote or even work in some placesiii. Must wear yellow Star of David

3. Kristallnacht Jewish homes/businesses/synagogues assaulteda. People are carted away

i. Beginning of concentration camps, ie. DachauWWII

I. WWII in Europe


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27a. Post WWI Hitler

i. Lebensraum Germans need living spaceii. No respect for Slavs, Poles, etc. (from eastern Germany)

iii. Rebuilds the German military1. Violates the Treaty of Versailles2. Appeasement GB and France are willing to do anything to avoid another (world) war

a. Main cause of WWII no one stops the Germans, Allies are too late3. Hitler knew how the Europeans would react neither GB or France did anything about Hitler violating

the treaty

b. Hitlers plan of actioni. Submarines!ii. Rhineland, Germany

1. To be demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles2. March 1936 Hitler sends a small amount of troops there to test GB and France3. GB and France did nothing (appeasement)

iii. Anschluss(annexation) of Austria1. Hitler wants to bring together all the Germanic people of Europe 2. Demands annexation of Austria, put Nazis in power in Austria3. Austria asks GB and France for help but no help comes (appeasement)4. March 1938 Germans march into Austria and take it

iv. Czechoslovakia strong economy, alliance with France and Soviet Union (asks France for help, but doesnt getany appeasement)

1. *Sudetenland hilly, border area of Czechoslovakia has 3 million Germans2. Hitler wants Germans of Sudetenland to bring it under Germanys power 3. 9/12/38 Hitlers speech: Sudetenland should have self-determination4. 9//15/38 Hitler meets with Chamberlain (Prime Minister of GB) demands the self-determination of

Sudetenland

a. Chamberlain says he needs a week to think it over5. 9/22/38 Hitler and Chamberlain meet again

a. Chamberlain agrees to give Sudetenland self-determinationb. Hitler says no, that was last weeks offer now he just wants Sudetenland

6. 9/29/38 Munich Conferencea. Hitler (Ger.), Chamberlain (GB), Mussolini (Ita.), Daladier (Fra.) ironic: Czechoslovakia is

not included in any of these talks

b. Mussolinis Compromise (/cough/ Hitlers) Hitler should get Sudetenland, but only if hepromises never to take any other lands in Europe

i.

GB and France agree to this (appeasement)ii. Chamberlain after signing agreement, I hold in my hands, peace in our time 7. 3/15/1939 Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia

c. Spaini. Spanish king abdicates Spain becomes a republic (liberal)

1. Church deems Spain becoming a republic unacceptable2. Some redistribution of land from nobles to peasants (socialism! a little)3. Church is in charge of education

ii. Spanish Civil War1. Republicans want a republic

a. Supported by Soviet Unionb. Also supported by International Brigade (volunteers from U.S., GB, and France, ex.

Hemingway)

2. Nationalists led by Francisco Francoa. Hitler and Mussolini support them

i. Hitlers rationales1. Get closer to the Italian fascists2. Spain can become a fascist state3. Spain has large deposits of resources (iron ore), which will be important

for the German war effort

4. Playtest new theory soldiers get a chance to play with new weapons,etc.

iii. Guernica, Spain village in the Condor region bombed/destroyed by German air force testing a new tactic:carpet-bombing civilians to kill them and break their morale

1. Guernica also painting by Picassoiv. March 1939 Spain becomes a fascist state (Nationalists won Civil War)


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28d. Axis Powers form

i. Rome-Berlin Axis Germany and Italyii. Axis Powers Germany, Italy, and Japan

iii. Stalin is worried turns to GB and France asks to put up an alliance against the Axis1. GB and France say no (appeasement)

iv. Stalin thinks Czechoslovakia is against the Soviet Union; therefore, GB and France are also against the SovietUnion because they helped Hitler get Czechoslovakia

1. Sees Munich Conference as a threat to the Soviet Unionv. GB and France now offer alliance with Soviet Union

1. Stalin says yes, only if he is allowed to control the area from Finland to Bulgaria (all of EasternEurope) obviously, GB and France say no

vi. Stalin is worried about inevitable war his military is not ready, on account of him being paranoid and killingall/most of his generals

1. August 1939 Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pacta. They will never go to warb. Split Poland between themselves (Germany gets western half, Soviet Union gets eastern

half)

c. Both knew this was a short-term alliance, but it was beneficial to both sidesi. Soviet Union time to build up the army

ii. Germany avoid a 2-front war for nowd. GB and France are shocked

e. Polandi. 9/1/1939 Germany invades Poland

1. Blitzkrieg German war strategy: use both air and land forces, fast punch-throughii. GB and France declares war on Nazi Germanyiii. Poland is defeated in two weeksiv. Germany takes over Danzig international trade port in Polandv. USSR backstabs Poland takes its share Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

f. Finland/Norway/Denmark/Belgiumi. Germany wants to take Finland; Finland puts up a good defense; however, it still surrenders March 1940

ii. Sitzkrieg From the end of September 1939 to April 1940 nothing happens (western front) phony wariii. GB mines waters around Norway (against submarine warfare)

1. GB tells Norway to watch out for Germany2. Germany wants to take Norway to avoid GB blockade (from WWI)

iv. Germany offers protection to Norway and Denmark or else they will be invadedv. 4/9/1940 Germany takes Norway and Denmark

vi.

Germany plans to cut though Belgium to the North Sea1. Purpose to cut off the north from the south2. Maginot Line powerful guns, fixed line of defense

a. Germans go around itb. Now useless cannot be moved

3. 5/10/1940 Germans blitzkrieg through Belgium and Ardennesa. Germans blitzkrieg through France to Dunkirk, Belgiumb. GB saves 300,00 troops by removing themc. Goering German Luffewaffe (air force) commander

i. Tells Hitler they do not need to send troops to Dunkirk, they can bomb GB intosurrendering

ii. GB is able to measure the abilities of the Luffewaffeg. France

i. Paris fallsii. 6/22/1940 France surrenders to Germany

iii. France split up1. North = German France2. South = Vichy France puppet state

a. Henri Petain (hero in WWI) named leader of Vichy France (traitor!)iv. Charles de Gaulle leads French resistance

h. Great Britain only Allied power left (for now)i. Chamberlain resigns

ii. Winston Churchill Prime Minister1. Ihave nothing to offer you, but Blood, Toil, Tears, & Sweat 2. Lesson of Dunkirk GB need air superiority

iii. Battle of Britain air war


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291. GB secret weapon RADAR!

a. Can tell from where/what size/what speed German troops are approaching2. German attack

a. First attempt Luffewaffe vs. British Royal Air Forcei. Attacked airways, factories, etc.

ii. Good, but Germans didnt know it was working, so they changed their approach b. Second attempt

i. Attack on cities (terror attack)ii. London Blitz 57 days, GB still does not surrender

iii. Fails when planes are shot down, pilots are taken prisoner and lost to the Germanair force

iv. GB escapes from bombing by staying in the subways3. GB had good planes (they were big)4. Germany small bombers worked well with ground troops

iv. Germans unable to take GB, changes focus to Soviet Unioni. Soviet Union

i. 6/22/1941 Germany attacks Soviet Union1. Rationale Lebensraum (living space)

ii. Stalin is surprised he has poorly-led troops1. Air force defeated in one week2. 500,000 troops capturedbut Soviet Union has lots more

iii. Scorched earth policy hey, it worked once1. It works again!2. German equipment not equipped for cold weathera. Diesel freezes, batteries drain out3. Germans are stuck

II. U.S. neutralitya. Neutrality Acts of 1937

i. Prohibits arms shipments to belligerent nations (those in the war)ii. Loopholes soon found, then basically ignored completely

b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt secret meetings with Churchilli. Discuss policy once U.S. joins the war

ii. How to get the peoples support for the war c. Neutrality

i. Destroyer for bases1. GB needs destroyers, U.S. has 50 destroyers sitting around collecting dust2.

U.S. trades destroyers in exchange for military bases in Canada (Newfoundland) and Bermudaii. Cash & carry

1. GB used to purchase weapons on credit U.S does not like this.2. GB changes pays in cash (gold)3. GB carries the weapons in their own ships (so there is no replay of Lusitania)4. GB needs 12,000 planesthey are running out of money

iii. Lend lease1. U.S. will lend anything if the situations is deemed important to national security

d. 12/7/1941 Pearl Harbor bombed by Japan neutrality endsi. U.S. declares war on Japan (but FDR wants to fight in WWII in Europe)

ii. How convenient for FDR Hitler declares war on the U.S.e. Allied powersmainly GB, U.S., and Soviet Union (whats left of it)

III. WWII in Europe (continued)a. June 1940 Italy declares war on France not significantb. North Africa

i. Italy attacks Egypt (which is GBs again, no longer independent) ii. North African Fall 1940 GB beats Italians

iii. Germany sends Afrika Korps with General Rommel (who is also known as the Desert Fox)iv. Germany was beating GB until Monty comes

1. GB sends General Bernard Montgomery (also known as Monty)2. Monty brought better tactics and better weapons (from the U.S.)

v. El Alamein GB stops Afrika Korps advancement here and begin to push back their line of offensec. Stalin needs to save his people

i. Needs a second front wants Allies to attack northern France1. Allies say no

ii. Operation Torch instead, Allies attack North Africa (Morocco/Algeria)


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301. Attack of Casablanca

d. November 1942 Eisenhower (U.S.) and French Admiral Darlan negotiate the surrender of Francei. France surrenders to GB and U.S.

ii. Purpose trap Germans between Eisenhower (U.S.) and Montgomery (GB)iii. General Patton (U.S.) aggressiveiv. May 1943 Germany and Italy surrenders here

e. Meanwhile, it is getting cold in Soviet Unioni. 9oo day siege of Leningrad 3000 to 4000 dies each day

1. Overall, more than one million civilians died2. Soviet Unions best ally = winter

ii. Stalingrad **turning point in WWII Europe1. Hitler targets Stalingrad in the spring surrounds it2. Stalingrad is the key to the Caucasus region (aka. oil)3. Stalin refuses to surrender here4. November 1942 Soviet Union counterattack by General Georgy Zhukov

a. German army surrounded, Hitler orders not to surrenderb. By January 1943 no more ammunition/suppliesc. Only 90,000 troops left Germany surrenders (from now on, retreating)

f. Another front for the Alliesi. July 1943 Attack Sicily weak resistance

1. Real battle between Allies Monty vs. Patton2. Patton is sent to GB and given a time-out (purpose is to make him mad, and then channel anger

towards Germany, not an ally)

g. Italians change sides (shockingly predictable)i. King of Italy gets rid of Mussoliniii. Replaces him with Pietro Badoglio (Mussolinis cousin)

1. Badoglio holds secret negotiations with Allies to get the Italians out of the wariii. 9/3/1943 Allies attack Italy, Italy surrenders

1. Doesnt really do anything, Germany just takes over Italy iv. Germans in northern Italy

1. Italy is hillier up north, and flattens out in the south2. Good terrain for German defense against the Allies in the south

v. 6/4/1944 Allies finally get to Rome this second front doesnt really help the Soviet Union like they wanted h. Soviet Union advance (Leningrad siege ended)

i. Gets to Warsaw Poles rise up against Stalinii. Stalin stops his troops and temporarily stops

iii.

Germans come, wipe out Poles, get what they want, and leaveiv. Stalin takes over Warsaw (wonderful)i. Operation Overlord

i. D-Day 6/6/1844 (was originally supposed to be 6/5/1844, but bad weather)ii. Eisenhower in command

iii. Germans knew it was coming, but did not know when Allies brilliant deception plan1. Patton taken out from time-out

a. Germans think Patton is the Allies best general they believe he will be in charge of theattack

2. Patton is put in charge of a fake army with fake radio signals to trick the Germans3. A dead general is put in the sea (looks like he was hostage, then shot down from a plane)

handcuffed, with a briefcase of information (fake war plans)

a. Germans think these are the real plansiv. Pas de Calais the closest spot between GB and France Germans think the attack will be here

1. The attack is actually in Normandy, France2. Germans think the attack in Normandy is a soft attack and that the real attack will be at Pas de Calais3. Hitler refuses to order troops out of Pas de Calais until after the first day, but it is too late4. By 7/1/1844, one million Allied troops are at Normandy5. Rommel is sent back to Germany for screwing up

j. Operation Valkyriei. Bomb is planted to kill Hitler, but is the bomb is moved and the operation fails

ii. Rommel is killed for it, but is actually innocentk. August...to December everyone thinks the war is basically over

i. Battle of the Bulge Hitlers final offense1. It was snowing, the Allied air force could not fly in the snow2. German tanks were fine in the snow


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313. German troops were composed of old men and teenagers it was all they had left4. Germans surround the key city of Bastogne, Belgium5. Germans ask Allies to

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