Musulunci da ImaniKwanciyar hankali game da yancin addini

ABDULLAH SAEED

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MUSULUNCIDAIMANIKwanciyarhankaligamedayancinaddini

ABDULLAHSAEED

ABANGONLITTAFIN

Wannantaswiradaakarubutashiabangonlittafidaharrufanlarabcian

daukoshinedagaalQur’anisurah2aya256,indayakecewa:

‘Babutilastawaaaddini;lallegaskiyatabayyanadagabata.’

Dagacibiyar©2015ZephyrInstituteInc.MusuluncidaImani:kwanciyarhankaligamedayancinaddini,wallafawarAbdullahSaeednadalasisikarkashin–creativecommonsattribution–noderivetives4.0internationallicenseWannanlittafindayuwuwarasakesarrafashikoyadashitawaninau’inkoma’anatahanyarna’uradasukashafikofarsa,nadosautinbayanansawalautatsarinda.

Musuluncidayancinaddini:sunajituwanekokuwasunakanhanyarkaro?AbdullahSaeedyanayinbincikenkoyarwarMusulunciacikinQur’anidakumaacikinHadithdanganedamatsayinaddini‘yantsirarudasukezaunaaal’umomindaMusulmisukafirinjayekumayanadubara’ayoyinmanyanmalamanMusulmiaduniyaayauakankoMusulucidakumayancinaddinisunaiyazamatare.Akariyanaganshinkoal’umominMusulmisuntsayaamatsayinwandazaiyaamfanakofuskantarbarazanadagayancinaddini,musammanyancinbincikedakumamuhawaradanasuaddinin.Saeedyaganocewa,“dukdayawanhane-hanedasukafitomaMusulmidawadandabaMusulmibaahanyarcigabantauhidinMusuluncidadokokinsaalokacidasunbibayanlokacinannabci,hakikaninzamaniaduniyasunatilasaMusulmimasutunanidakumamalamaisusaketunaninirinwadannanhane-hanesukumayijayayyadominasamoyancinaddinimakowa.Ayinhaka,wadannanMusulmaisunajakusadakoyarwarQur’anidaainihinayyukanAnnabiMuhammad.”

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Abubuwandakekunshecikin

Gabatarwa 4

‘YancinGudanardaAddinigaWandandabaMusulmibaDakeRayuwaaYankunanda4MusulmiSukafiRinjay

YancingudanardaaddinigaMusulmai 8

DalilinDaYaSaBaiKamataMusulmiSuYiFargabaDaYancinGudanarDaAddiniBa 14

1. Qur’anidaAyukanAnnabiMuhammadSunMutuntaYancinAddini 152. YancinaddininaamfanaMusulmainedaal'ummarsu 173. MalamanMusuluncisungoyibayanyancinaddini 18

Kammalawa 20

Tsokaci 22

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Gabatarwa

AllahyayiMaganadaAnnabiMuhammadkandayarikdardazukatanal’ummasanidakumaimanidaAllahbatareyiwuwarsauyawakokoyarwawanikanimaniba.Wandahakankaiyazamewatamkarwanibabbarkalubalenekoabunmamakidakaiyazamewawagagengibigatsarinsiyasadasonraigasha’aninaddini.SabodahakawannansakonaMuhammadyagazasamunkarbuwa,nakinimanidashi,imaninmutumshinekedamuhimmanciaaddininIslama.

Al-Qur’aniyanala’akaridaimanidaAllahmahalliccidadaukakakasancewarnakwarai,cikakkenaiyukanaddini,ladubbadaka’idodi,sabodahakayancinnawadannanimaniyakamatayasamukariyatakowanihali.Wannanshineabundaakenufidayancingudanardaaddini,yancinimani,yancinamintadaaddini,yancingudanardabautagaabundamutumyayiimanidashi,gamedabincikewajensaninabundamutumbaiamintadashibayayinnemansanindaaiyukandasukashafiimaninmutum.

Wanibatumainasabadawannankumashinekare‘yancinimanidaaiyukanwadandasukayiimani,nadayadagacikinabumafimuhimmancinaaiyukanal’ummadagwamnatoci.Yaddayakamatawadannantsarinzamantakewakaiyataimakawawajenkawardadukwasutarnakitsakaninal’ummadaabundasukayiimanidashitahanyarbasudammarsamunyancingudanardaaddininsubataredawanitsangwamabagawani.WannanbatunabukataryancingudanardaaddinigawandabamusulmibadakerayuwacikinMusuluncidasukansumusulmin.

‘YancinGudanardaAddinigaWandandabaMusulmibaDakeRayuwaaYankunandaMusulmiSukafiRinjay

Al-Qur’aniyananunamatukarmartabawagasauranaddinai,yayindaakasaukardatsarinrarrabassauranaddini,yancinkaunansu,dakumamuhimmanciayankunanlarabawa,yinla’akaridabanbance-banbancetsakaninaddinaidakumatsarinimanidasu(Harmagawadandabasuyiimanidawaniaddiniba)wandahakanakodayaushekewanzuwa,kumabatuntilastawanayinimanidawanibautasamsambaimanibane.AyoyinAl-Qur’anidadamasunyibayanikanasalinwasuaddinai1(dubaQur’an3:84)kumaAl-Qur’aniyayitsokacibisakoyarwarwadannanaddinaiduba(dubaQur’an5:44),saidaidukdacewawasuayoyinKamansuntsauwala.2Ammadukdahakasundebemuhimmancigurabegamabiyaaddininyahudancidakiristoci.Indaayoyinkela’akaridasuamatsayinmasubautarubangijikalubalantar,wadannanmabiyaaddinaikankasancetakaitacceamadadinyinsabakidaya,sautarisukanyimagananekanwasusassa.3

Qur’aninala’akaridayahudancidaKristanciamatsayinaddinaidasuke“dalittafi”daakasaukarmusukumasukemutuntashi,bakidayansu.HarilayauQur’anibainunacewawadandaaddininsunacudanyadaufarsudagumaka(yaddayasamutartsatsiaLarabawaalokaccinQur’ani).Qur’anibaiamintadaabundalarabawasukayiimanidasuba.SaidaQur’aniyabukaciMusulmisuyimu’amaladadukkanmutaneharmadawadandakebautargumakan,wadanda

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dazaransunanunamusumutuntawa.Zaikumakawardamanufofidakumasamardaamincewagawadandabamusulmibayaddadongudanardamu’amalalamilafiya.KoyarwarannabiharilayauyayitsokacikankoyarwarQur’anikanbatunyancinaddinaidawadandabamusulmiba.BayanhijirarsazuwagarinMadinaashekarata622CE,AnnabiMuhammadyacigabadaisardasakon‘yancindanAdam,kanabundayashafiimanitaredakarfafawadamutumcewabaikamataatilastawawanizamemamusulmidoleba.Al’umominyahudawasunadakarfiaMadinaawannanlokacinazuwanAnnabiMuhammadgaMadina,kumayayiyarjejeniyadasu.Yanayinwannanyarjejeniyarshinekamaryaddaakasanibisatsarin“dokokinMadina”,anamincedaMusulmisuyila’akaridaal’ummaryahudawaamatsayinmuhimmiyaral’ummadukdairinban-bancinaddinidaketsakaninsu,harilayauankumaamincedacewadukkanananbangaroribiyuzasuyidaukijunansudaidaiwadaidabataredawatatsangwamaba.GaMisalianamintadacewa“YahudawaiyalanbaniAwfzasudaukacewadayasukedasauranAl’umma[Musulmai].Kasancewarsumasunadanasuaddini”4.KundindokokinMadinanyadasaturbarwanzajjenmu’amalatsakaninMusulmidakeshugabancindakumasauranyantsirarrunwasual’ummadakewasuaddinannadaban,hakanyayirassaindazasuzuwawasuyankunanMusulmi.Wannanbatu(Sauranmabiyasauranaddinaidabasudayawa)suncigabasamun‘yancingudanardaaddininsubisatsarinAl-Qur’anidakebayyanadacewababutilasaaddini(DubaQur’ani2:256).TaredasamunkariyadagasassanMusulmi,ganindakariyadagaaiyukannamijidayamallakihankalinzaibiyaharajiwato(Jiziya).5WannanyarjejeniyaryasamarwawadandabaMusulmibatsarogarayuwansudadukiyarsukariyadaharinjami’antsaro,kafagwamnatinsumaicingashinkanta,taredayancingudanardaaddininsu.Yarjejeniyarharilayautakumabasudammardorewaraiyukankungiyoyiaddininsudatsarinmatsayinsharrudansu.Wandahakanyabasudammarkafakotunansu,dayakedadokokindasukajibancimatsayinzamantakewarwadandabamusulmibakarkashinjagoranciMusulmikumahakanbaichanzubaharyazuwalokacindaularottomandakumalokacindaakakarasamuncigaba.6(Saidaiayanzuamatsayinyanayinsauyinzamaniwannanbatuyasauya,indawasumalamanMusuluncikekallonwaccenyarjejeniyardawatafuskantadabamindasukemusuncewawalaudaianyihakaneamatsayinwaniyunkurinaingantadaidaitoabangarenzamantakewa.)Ashekarata631CE,tawagarkiristocidagawaniyankinkasarlarabawadaakekiraNajran,tahalarciMadinadontakaiziyaragaAnnabiMuhammad.Wannanziyarartahaifardawaniyarjejeniyardazatajaddadamatsayinal’umarkiristocinNajranwacekumatafayyacecikakkenyancinsukanaddininsu.Annabiyayaddamusukancewahattabautarsuzasuiyagudanarwaamasallacin.7Wannnanyarjejeniyayakumafayyacetaredala’akaridacewadattawankiristocisunayancingudanardajagorantarmujami’unsutaredabasutabbacinakarematsayinsunashugabanninaddini.8YancinAddiniyabadadamamusammanga“al’ummomindasukedalittafi”ma’anawadandaakasaukarmusudalittafi,ancigabadasamunirinwannanyancitunlokacinshugabaninfarkoaaddininIslamamusammankalifofinfarko(632zuwa661CE).9AcewarAbuZahra,fitattun

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malamankarninaishirindagaJami’aral-AzhartakasarMasar,“Musulminfarkosunnunamuhimmancikulawadakumagujewatsangwamarkowakanlamrindayajibanciaddini.”10GamisaliKhalifanabiyuUmarb.al-Khattab(634-644CE)yabadatabbacinkariyagadukiyoyindarayukangamedamujam’iunkiristocinJerusalam,taredatabbatarmusudacewabawanidaza’acutardashikoaddinisaba.11WannankudirinaUmarb.al-KhattabkoUmmarninKhalifaUmarb.Abdal-Aziz,yahaifarwaMusulmidatunanikanmu’amalatsakaninMusulmidasauranmabiyawasuaddinai.IndaakacedangatakatsakaninMusulmidakiristocishine,“baza’ayifadakolalatamusumajami’unsuba,ba’acutardasu;zasukasancedasauraniyalansudadukwaniabundayashafikayakinBautansu.”12Taredacigabadagudanardaal’adunsudagabisaniwanibangarenatarihinMusuluncidaularOttomanwato(KarninashabiyarzuwanaashirinCE)harilayauyadogarakanyarjejeniyakanyancigudanardasauranaddinai,gamabiyansu.Wannankudiriyabullodatsarigairinwadannanal’ummatahanyarrattabahanubisawani“kwaryakwaryayarjejeniyar”dazaibadagakowaceal’umanamanyanaddinai“yancincingashinkaidakarfinshugabanci”.13Addinankaniyakafadokokinsu,kafakotunansu,harmadakarbarharajinsu.WannantsariyabadadamagawadandabamusulmibadakerayuwacikinyankunanMusulminsamuncikakkenyancincingashinkaiabangarenharkokinaddinidamabanaaddiniba.14

Al-Qur’aniakan‘YancinAddini

Al-Qur’anidakansabaikebewasuka’idodinayancinaddini,gasauranal’ummomidabaMusulmibawadandakerayuwacikinal’umarMusulunciba.Amayanunacewaakwaibanbancitsakaninnau’ibiyunawadandabaMusulmiba:Ma’anawadandakezaunedamusulmiayankunansukumakeamfanidahakanwajenhaifardatashinhankali,dakumawadandakezaunelafiyadaabokanzamannasu.HarilayaukumayanciyayinunidacewaasalintushenaddinanabugudanewatoAllahwandasamardasauranaddinan,yabasuyancinsunazabinaddinan,yancinnazabingudanardaibadunsudatayaddasukesokumasukagayadace.Atakaiacedai,Al-Qur’anikwata-kwatabaibaiyanaKiristocidaYahudawaamatsayinbadagagareshisukeba,facemadaiyabayyanasuneamatsayincewaakwaimasuimaninagaskiyaacikinsu,gamedabayyanawasunsuamatsayinwadandabasudaimaninagaskiya.(MisaliwadandakedamatsakaicinImani).HarilayaukumayabayyanacewasakonAllahtafitozuwakowanisashinaduniya.YayindaaddininMusuluncibaibukatarMusulmidayayiimanidara’ayoyindaakazaiyano,Qur’aniyayibayaniawasuayoyinsa,Allahyaamintadasuamatsayin“wadandasukayiimani”,indayabayyanacewa“wandayayiimanidaAllahdaYininLahira,kumayaaikataaikinkwarai,to,sunadaijararsuawurinUbangijinsu,kumababutsoroakansu,kumabasuzamasunayinbakincikiba.”(Qur’an2:62).HarIlayaudawadandabasuyiimanidakadaicinAllahbawatomarasaaddini,idanbasucutardaal’umarMusulminba,tobawaiza’adaukesuamatsayinabokanzamabane,afaceamatsayinabokanzamanlafiya,sakamakoncewabawaidonmutumyanawaniaddinishine

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kumakenufincewaza’aiyacutardashiba.HakannanunidacewaMusulmaikaniyamu’amalatsakaninsudasauranabokanzamansudabasumadaaddini,kasancewarQur’aninyayibayanikararakanzamanlafiyakamaryaddayayiaQur’ani:“Saiwadandakukayiwanialkawaridagamasushirki,sa’annankumabasuragekudakomeba,kumabasutaimakikowaakankuba,to,kucikaalkawarin,zuwagaresu,hargaiyakaryarjejeyarsu.LalleneAllahYanasonmasutakawa”(Quran9:4).HakanyanunacewaQur’anintsatsaurarmatakaigawadandabaMusulmibadakezaunecikinMusulunci,walautahanyartsawalakokumaabangarensha’anintsarogaal’ummarMusulmi.MusammanakarshenshekarabiyunazamantakewarannabinagarinMadina,ansaukardaKarinwasuayoyinmasumatukartsaurin.Wadannanayoyisunyiumurnikansamardamatsalagasha’aninsiyasakanmuhimmanmatsalolialokacinsabbinyankunan:Musulminadanunagazawaabangarenmu’amaladayafayyacematsayingazawarMusulminayankunanLarabawadasauransu.AnumurciMusulmidasucigabadairinwannankyamatakodakanLarabawaamarasaaddinikoatsakaninwandakedalittafi,kumasusanyasukarkashinkarfinmulkinMusulunciayankunankamaryaddayakeawannanaya:“indakukasamesu,kumakukamasu,kumakutsaresu”(Qur’an9:5)kumakusasurabeizninyankunanMusulmainasiyasa(kumasudainarashinjituwa).Saidaiharilayaudukdahakanhar,zuwawannanlokaciQur’aninabaiyanacewabaikamataatilastawadandabamusulmibakarbarMusulunciadole.Qur’aniyafaiyacekararatsakaninlamurandasukashafisiyasa-la’akaridamulkinyankuna–dakumayancingudanardaaddinigawadandabaMusulmiba,wandabaikamataayiamfanidakarfiba.SaidaidukdairinwannanmatsayindaQur’aniyafayyacetsakaninmatsayinizninasiyasadaimani,farkonmasanantauhidinaddininMusuluncidamalamaisunfarafatsanantawakanwadandabaMusulmibadakecikinal’umarMusulmi.Gamisali,musulmainadacikakkenyancinyayingabatardashaidaakotu,wandahakankenunacewashiMusulmishinemaififikoayankunansu.DagabisaniwasuyankunanMusuluncisunkaddamardairinwannanmatakiawasulamuradadama,wadannanmatakaisunhadadacewakoza’aiyasakeginawasuwurarenibada,koza’aiyaamfanidakararrawakogumakaamajami’ukokumawadandabaMusulmibazasuiyagudanardaaddininsuafilikamaryaddaMusulmikeyiadaularsaamatsayinharamtacce,kamarsushanbarasa,kocinwasunau’innamadasauranwasumatakan.WasuMusulminadaukancewamatakanshinyakamawadandabaMusulmibasuyiginingidajensukoamfanidaabunhawairidayadasauranMusulminba.Dukdairinwannantsauraranbayagabangarentarihikokaidardokakumaba’afayyacekararayaddayadacedasawunmasuaddiniba.Saidaikawaizasuiyasamunhakanarubuceammaza’aiyaamfanidatsarintawasutakaitattunhanyoyi,kamarsulokacinhalinkunci,kofargabanabokangabadakeshigodagawaje.Yawancinsudogaranekantsarinsiyasadakumayaddaza’amagancegazawarhakantakarfinsoji.Wannanmatakinandaukeshidamatukartsauriamaimakonsakosakodashi.AyawancinyankunandaMusulmikedarinjayeayanzu,wadannanyankunasunala’akaridayancingudanardabautarbataredatsangwamaba,kumasundaukiwadandabaMusulmibaamatsayinjama’adankasadaidai.Yawancinirinwadannankasashenayanzusunrattabahanuakanwatayarjejeniyarbisayancinzamantakewadasiyasarkowanikasa,wandaaturanciake

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kiraInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRight(ICCPR)wandayayinunidayancinagudanardaaddinsa.Atakaicedai,yawancinwasuyankunandaMusulmikedarinjayesuntsarakundindokokinshari’arsutakashinkansu,gamisalikamarkasarOmantayihakanashekarata199615dakumakasarMaliitamatayihakanashekarata199216,harilayaukumaharamunnetsangwamarmutumkowatadarikaayawancinkasashenduniyagaMusulmi.KundindokokinkasarBangaledashtabayyanacewaMusulunciitaceaddininkasar,ammakumataamincedayancinaddininakowanemutum.17Wanandokantasamumutuntaakasar.18HakandasauranwasumisalaisunanunacewayawancinkasashenMusulminsunyaddagasauranmabiyaaddinimarasarinjayegudanardaaddininsutaredaabundasukayiimanidashi.BayangahakankumayawancinkasashendaMusulmikedarinjayesunafamadasamardayancindoka,danasiyasa,dakumazamantakewadagudanardaaddini.Taredayunkurindakiledukwanitsangwamakokyama,(Waniabukanwannankuma).Gamisali,gwamnatinkasarMalaysia,abangarenmatakinjihadanakasa,sunharamtacudanyakoisardawanisakotahanyarwallafawakanabundabaiyidaidaidaaddininIslamaba19.Wannanmatsalarancesunataimakawawajenhanahaifardatashinhankaliyayindawasugungunjama’akumakeshiryewajenkaworudanigatsarinzamantakewadarudaninaddini.20Bugudakarikumanairinwannandokoki,wasual’umarMusulmisukannunakyamagatsarinzamatakewayancinnunakyamataredanunatsantsanjahilcibisakoyarwarQur’anidahadisi(al’adudaAnabiyakoyar)taredagoyonbayanmalamanMusuluncikanyancinaddini.WannanmatsalatatsangwamatahaifardamatsalagayancinaddinsubagawadandabaMusulmibadakerayuwaayankunanMusulmikawai,amaharmadasukansuMusulmi.

YancinGudanardaAddinigaMusulmai

FahimtaryaddaMusuluncidayancinaddinisukasamuhaduwatanabukatarsamunyaddayancinaddinitashafiMusulmisumadakansu,musammanayankunandaMusulmisukafirinjaye.KasancewaryancingudanardaaddiniabunemaimihimiazuciyarimaninaMusulmi.MafarinwannantattaunawashinefahimtacewashinQur’aniyanaamincewamutumyanadayancinimanikorashinimanigaAllah,kumacewaAnabiMuhammadyamutuntawananyancialokacinrayuwarsa.AmmadukdacewaQur’anidaAnabisunmutuntawannanmatsayi,wasudokokinMusulmindasunsakafabayanlokacin-anabci,sunsawasuhane-haneakanwannanyanci.Wadandasukafimihimisunkasancesashihudu:ridda,zaginsha’aninaddini,karkatacciyarkoyarwadakumamunafurci.1. Ridda

Atarihi,dokokanMusulunciyaayyaderidda“rashinaddininMusulmindayakarbuMusulunci…dazabinsa[konata]”:“WannankarbuwatasamubayanmutumyasamusaninMusuluncinaasalikumayayialkawaricewazaibidokokinMusulunci.”21WatoMusulmidayayiriddashinewandayajefaddakowandayasauyazuwawaniaddini.Yawancinmalamai

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Musulmisunrikecewaridda–jefaddaMusuluncibayananrigaansancewamutumMusulmine–“laifi”nedayakamatayankunanMusulmisuhukunta,kumahukuncinsakisane(kodamaMusulmisunakaratakalawannanmatsayin).Dokokinriddanazamanisunakokarintsaraganewarmutanedaaddinidakumahunkuntamotsitsakaninaddinai.2. Zaginsha’aninaddiniAfarko,batunzaginsha’aninaddiniyanamaganaakankalamanbatancigaAnnabiMuhammad(SaddaAl-Rasul)dasukashaficinmutucinsa.BagabiyaanfadadawannanbatuyazuwabatancigaAllah,dukkanmala’iku,komasauranannabawa.Dukwandaakasamudaaikahakananala’akaridashiamatsayinwandayaaikatababbarzunubi.KumaacewaryawancinmalamanMusulunci,idanharMusulmiakasamudaaikatahakan,todaidaiyakedayayiriddah,kumahukuncinsakisane.Akanyankewadukwanimutum,dukdawadandabaMusulmiba,irinwannanhukunciidanakasamesuaikatakalamanbatanciidanharsunarayuwarsuayankunanMusulmi.Saidaihukuncinkanwannanbatuayanzuyaakanhukuntamutumdaidaidawandayaaikatawanibabbanlaifi,idanharakasameshidawasukalamankodabi’adakeshafaringanciMusulunci.IndairinwannadokaayanzuhakakewanzuwaakasasshendaMusulminkedarinjayedasukahadadaPakistandaIndonesia.

3. Karkatacciyarkoyarwa“Maikartacciyarkoyarwa”(Zindiqi)yaddadokanMusulunciyafada,shinemutumindakoyarwarsayakasancehadarigaaddinidaal’ummaryankinsa.Shimawannanlaifinaiyadaukanhukuncinkisaacewarwasumalamai.SaidaifayanadamatukarwahalaasamufassaradamalamanMusuluncisukayibakidayaakaiakanbayyaninzindiq.SudayawaanshahadashidafitinaasashenmaihankaliwandaakadaukashicinzarafikozaginAnnabi,ammakumaharyauwanibatumaishubuhanewandayanawiyarshari’adadauka.224.MunafurciNifaq,watomunafurciaaddini,tananandagalokacindaAnnabikeraye.AgarinMadina(622-632CE),ayoyinQur’anidadamasunkafahujjadamunafukai(munafiqun)damunafurci(nifaq).Al-Qur’aniyashananatajankunnedasukakasancemunafunciamatsayinhadarigaal’ummarMusulmi.AkwaisuragudamadataumurciAnnabinkandayaaiwatardajahadikanmunafukaidamarasaimanimasuyinrashinjituwa;23Wasuayoyinkumagargadisukayikanazabarwuta.24SaidaikumafababuwaniguriacikinAl-Qur’anidayanunacewarakashemunafukankokumaahukutansu.SaidawasumalamanaddininMusuluncisunjaddadahukuncinkisakanmunafukan.25DukdacewawasumalamandokokinMusuluncisuntattaunakanwadannanbatugudahuduwatoridda,zaginsha’aninaddini,karkatacciyarkoyarwadakumamunafurci,malamanfarkobasuyikokarinbanbancetsakaninsuafiliba;sunbayyana,saudayawa,amisali,cewamunafurcidakartacciyarkoyarwasunkasancesashineacikinridda.26Musulmindaanzageshidarashinamincewarsaza’aiyacewashimairiddane,komaizaginsha’aninaddini,komaikartacciyarkoyarwa,komaimunafurci,kokumaabayyanashiamatsayinmairasaimani.

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Dominanaiyarikesuwadananbatunamatsayinabudaya,zanmaidahankalikanbatunRiddahamatsayinabundakedamatukarfa’ida,adukwanibatudaza’atattaunakanbatunyancinaddiniabangarendokokinMusulunci.

RiddaaDokarMusulunciYaddanabayyanatundafarko,Al-Qur’aninadaukedaayoyidadama,wadandaakasaukesuakayadaddenlokacinMakkadaMadinawadandadukkansusukayiMaganakanyancinaddini.SadaikumasunleyamtafitadagaaddininMusuluncizuwawani.Awuraredadama,ayayoyinQur’anisunbayyanacewadukwandayabartafarkinAllahdaManzonsayabatakumazaimasaazabadawutaaranargobekiyama.Bisawannadalilinaimanidakumanauyidayaratayakanmutumdaaddinin,Qur’anibaitilastaMusulmikandasucigabadakasanceMusulmidaidanharsunasha’awarkomawakanaddininsunabayaba,kowaniaddinidabam.Qur’aniyanala’akaridamutanendasukaaikatahakanamatsayinwadandasukaaikatababbanlaifidasukachan-chancihukunciarayuwarsumaizuwa,27amadukdahakaQur’anibaiceza’akashesuba.LailaibabuwaniayadayafayyaceirinhukuncindaakakebegawadandasukabarMusuluncizuwawaniaddiniba,lailaiQur’anibaihukuntamasukisaba.28MakamancinwannabatukumashinebabuwanishaidadagaannabiMuhammaddakansayabadanazartardahukuncinkisagamairiddadayabarMusuluncizuwawaniaddiniba.29SaidaikumamalamanMusuluncidadamasunfassarawasuhadisaidasukaceyakamataahukuntadukwanidayabarMusuluncizuwawaniaddinitahanyarkisa.Bayangatambayakanbatunhukunci,tunanitadokadatauhidinMusuluncigamedaabindamayaunshiriddatanadawuyanbayyanawakumabatafitaafiliba.WasuMalamansunbayyanacewamairiddashinewandayayaddadayinhakakokumawandayayiabindadukal’umanMusulmisunrikeamatsayinfitadagacikinal’uma(kamarzaginAllahkoManzonsa).WasumalamandabamsunadaukawaniMusulumimairiddaidanyadayiwanimaganadabaibial’adaba,kamaryacedaizgili,“bansanmeneimaningaskeba”30koinyafadaabindaakadauka“kin”wanial’amarinMusulunci.Yawancinababendaakebayyanasutsarinsunayenaridda(sunabayyanayaddaMusulmizaiiyazamamairidda)sunananayauwaddandadarikunMusulunci,dakungiyoyidabamdabamsukarubutasu.BabuamincewarkoyarjewaringancinsutsarinsunayennariddaatsakaninMusulmai.Bisahadisinshari’anaMusulunci,anaiyaganecewamutummairidddanetahanyoyibiyu.NaFarko,tahanyarikirarikoamincewakumawannanbatuyanadayadagacikinmuhimmiyarhujjagashari’arMusulunci.IdanmutumyaamincedecewashiyarasaimaniaMusulunci,kawaiyawadatarwajenhukunci.Nabiyu,gabatardasahihanshaidubiyukankalamakohalimaigabadaMusuluncishimayawadatarwajenhukunci,saidaikumawasukaidojinshari’arnadasabaninra’ayikankoza’aamincedasu.Gamisali,amazhabarHannafianbukacidaatambayataredabincikarshaidundonatabbatardasahihancinmaganganunsukoayyukansunaaikatahakan.31Sauranmalaman,sunhadadaMalikis,sunceakwaibukatarmaidahankalisosaiwajentantancesahihancinshaidunsakamakontsakaningirmanlaifin.32

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Wasuhanyoyinkumadadoleyakamaabidontabbatardaamincewamutumyayiridda.Nafarkoshinemutumdayayiriddayazabiyinhakandakansa,kumabaatilastashiba.Nabiyu,wandayayiriddayanacikinhankalinsa(‘aqil),ammaidanbashidacikakkenhankali(majnun)toriddatashibaiigantaba(dukdaMusuluncisa).Hakakumamalamansunyitaraiyarkancewariddanayara,ma’ana,mutumindabaifahimcima’anarriddaba,tokoyaaikatabaiingantaba.Ammakumairinwadannanmalamannadawasura’ayoyimabambantabiyuakanwannabatunriddanayara,wandasunaganebatundukdahakankumasunyilaifidayazamaridda.KamaryaddayakeamazhabarShafi’iI,riddanayarabariddabace;ammabangarenMaliki,Hanbali,dawasuHannafi,riddanayaranadainganci.Sunbayyanacewaidanharimaninyaranadaiganci,tokumariddanayarashimanadainganci.KumaacewarmazhabarHannafi,AbuHanifa(d.767CE)daMuhammadb.al-Hassanal-Shaybani(d.805CE),daabugikohukuntayaradasunaikataridda,amadadinhakankamatayayiaumurcesudasukarbiMusulunci.33Dukkanwadannanmazhabobisunyiimanicewabangarenmazadamatanaiyayinridda.TasanadiyarauratayyabisakoyarwarimamMalikdaHanafi,idandayadagacikinma’auratayayiridda,towannanaurenyakamataarabashi.Yarandaakahaifabayakafinriddaza’adaukesuamatsayinMusulmi,kumabazaabarsusubiiyayensucikinriddaba.34

RiddaaAl-Qur’ani

BarimutunacewafadukdaQur’aniyayitirdariddaawuraredadama,ammababuwaniguridayabayyanahukuncidaza’amamairiddaaduniya.GamisalidubaQur’ani(4:90,5:59da16:108)wadannanayoyisunyikakkausakalamaikararakanridda,saidaikumawaniabudakedamuhimmancindubawashinebaibayyanahukuncidaza’amamairiddaaduniyaba.35Akari,wasuayoyikamarQurani2:218da3:86-97sunyimaganaakancewamairiddayannamutuwaalokacinsanebatahanunmutumba.36Qur’ani4:137yayijayayyamaikarfikanhukuncinkisagawadandasukayiridda,kamardaiyaddaQur’aninyashabayyanawawaddandasukayirida,ammababuyaddayayimasuhukuncinkisa:“Lallenewadandasukayiimani,sa’annankumasukakafirta,sa’annankumasukayiimani,sa’annankumasukakafirtasa’annankumasukakarakafirci,AllahbaikasanceYanagafartamusuba,kumabazaishiryardasugahanyaba.”CikinlittafinsamaisunaHukuncingaWadandaSukayiRiddaaMusulunci,S.ARahman,tsohonbabbanmaishari’ahakasarPakistanyajanyohankalikancewaQur’anibaiyiwanimaganarhukuncinkisagawadandasukayiriddaba,dukdacewabatunriddayabayyanacikinQur’aninakallabazaikasawurareashirinba.37Selimel-Awa,WanifitattacenmasanadagakasarMasarwandayanatattaunabatunriddasosai,shimayaamincehardacewaanaiyafasaranshaidacikinSunnahakanbatunriddadabamdabam.38MahmudShaltutyabincikashaidadayashafibatunriddaaAl-Qur’anikumayakamalabincikansadacewababuwanihukuncigawandayayiriddaananDuniya.Aganinsa,Qur’aniyabayyanacewahukuncinmairiddasairanargobekiyamane.39

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RiddaaHadisiTarihiyanunacewaanfisamunwurarrendasukagoyibayanhukuncinkisanegawadandasukayiriddaacikinhadisaiammabaaQur'aniba.Masanasunshabugahadisimaicewa,“dukwanidaakasamudacewayabaraddininsatoakasheshi”40hakakumawasurubucerubucenmasunyigoyonbayanwannanmatsayin.YawancinwadannanrubucerubucensunnacikintarinhadisiwandaMuslmansunnasundaukaamatsayinnagaske,kamarnaBukharidaMuslim.WatamatsalagudaitaceirinwadannanhadisaiwadandasukagoyibayanhukuncinkisagawadandasukayiriddakumasunrikesuamatsayinayukanannabiMuhammadusunzamasunamusantaayoyidadamadakecikinal-Qur'aniakanbatunyancinaddini.WasumalamanMusuluncisunyigardamacewawaddananayoyinQur’anidasukagoyibayanyancinaddinianrigaan“soke”su(watoanwarwaresu).Ammafa,kusanayoyiakalladaridayanesukagoyibayan'yancinaddini.YawancinwadannanayoyinQur’anisunkawardawannanjayyayamaicewaanaiyasokewadannanayoyinmasugoyinbayanyancinaddinidahadisaikadanmasuadawa.Hadisandamasugoyonbayanhukuncinkisamawandayayiriddanarikewaayawancinlokacimanadamatsala.Gamisali,hadisimaicewa“dukwandayacanjaaddinizuwawanitoakashashi”ma'anarhadisinnadashubuha.Musammanidanmutumyatsagema'anarhadisindakyau,watodukwandayasauyaaddininsazuwawanitoza'akasheshiakasarMusulmi.Harilayauwannabatuyayikamadawannanmisali,kamaraceHinduidanyakomaKiristanci,kokuwaKiristadayakomaMusulunci.Irinwannanmatsayiyanarasahankali.MasananMusuluncinafarkosunfuskantuirinwannanshubuhaacikinayoyinQuranidahadisikumasunshafassarakokumasusakefassaranwaddananayoyinajajekokuwasusowanirubutuakanwani.Irinwannanshubuhayabamamasanagurisuyinasufassaranrubutuawasuhanyoyimusammankosuuntantama’anarnasu.Hakika,batunrubucerubucemaishubuha–watomasuma'anonimabanbanta–bawanisabonal'amaribane.Harmayazamowanimahimminal-amariabangarensha'aninbunkasashari'arMusulunci.FitattatunmalamanMusulunciirinsuabuHanifa,Malik,dakumaShafi'i,awasulokutansunbarwasurubuce-rubucesunkumayiamfanidawasuawasumatakinsharia.Surubuce-rubucemasushubuhasunkasancewadandasukabayyanasukokuwawadandasukafassarasu.Rubuce-rubucenadukasumaanmasufassaranamusamman.Harwasurubuce-rubucenMusuluncinafarkoakanka’idodinfikihu,kamarRisalanaShafi’i,sunyiamfanidawannantunanin;gamisali,bincikenshinabayan(watomaima’ana“bayyanawarma’anar”naabuasadarwarQur’ani).41TarihinMusuluncimasubiyedadokasunbayardakayayyakinaikidaza’aiyayinamfanidasudominshubuharrubuce-rubuce,kumawasumalamMusuluncinazamanisunyijayayyacewayakamatamucigabamukumakaraaikatawadannanra’ayi.WannnwuriyazamaindamalamMusuluncinazamanizasuiyasutaimakadayawa.Matsalatabiyukumashine,dukdacewahadisinadamatukarmuhimmancigaal’adanMusulunci,akwaibukatardaukarbayanansabisakulawadakumayintakatsan-tsan.Malamanfarkosunsamardasahihansakamakobisabayanaidakumaayyukandakekunshecikin

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hadisanazahiri,ammakumayanzumuslumaisunsakaakanwasulamura,dasukebukatartambayacikinhadisanmalamanfarko.Gamisalidukdacewaansamucewaduk“wandayasauyaaddininsaakasheshi”acikinhadisiBukhariammafaanakaulaninsahihancinmutanendasukayibayanikanhadisin.Atakaicedaiirinwadannanhadisaianta'allakasunebisawanisanannenrayuwarannabiwatoIbnAbbas,anrawatitonedagawaniyantattatunbawawatoIkrimadawanisannannendalibinsaAyyubal-Sukhtiyani,akarninabiyuashekarunHijra.42AtsarinhadisidaiyanunacewaIkrimashineainihintushenhadisinkemaanyitatambayoyibisasahihanhadisin.IndawasumanyanmalamaisukabaiyanaIkirimaamatsayinmakaryaci.GamisaliAliB.AbdallahB.Abbas(danIbnAbbas,wandashineata'allakahadisingareshi)yazargiIkrimabisakaryardayayiwamahaifinsa,IbnAbbas.HakakumaSa’idB.al-Musayyab,yayimaganakanrashinsahihancinIkrimakamaryaddaSa’idBAl-Musayyadyagayawabawansacewa“kadakayikaryaakainakamaryaddaIkrimayayiwaIbnAbbas.”43DukdacewaBukhariyaamincedaHadisindaIkrimayarawaito,ammadayanmasaninhadisimaimuhimmanci,maisunaMuslim,baiamincedashiba.Donhaka,akwaihujjamaicewaIkrimabaikasancedaamincibakumahadisindayarawaitoakwaialamartambayaakansa.Hakikaakwaihadisaidadamairinsawadandaakabaiyanasuamatsayin“marasainganci.”44SabodahakahadisaidaIkrimasyarawaitoza’ajeroakarkashinayartambaya–ammawannanhadisishinewandaakekafahujjarhukuncinkisadashigawandaakasameshidasauyaaddini.45

HakuridaRashinAmincewarsaacikinAl’ummarMusulmaiaTarihiWaniabudakedamatukarmuhimmanci,kumaabumafibanmamakineyaddaal'ummominMusulminfarkosunkasancedahakuriacikinaddinikumabafassarorindokokindakekawaibaneyasamuyardaagurinal’ummominMusulminafarko.Akwaimisalaidayawanahakuridara’ayidabam-dabamdayawa,hardawadansudabasubika’idaba,acikinal’umominMusuli.Abual-Ala’al-Ma'arri(d.1058),wanifitaccenmawaki,yakalubalanciwasuabubuwamasumuhimmancidaanamincedasukumaanaaikatasuacikinaddiniacikinwallafawakanshi,kumayarayuharyamutu,bataredaancutardashibane.Dagacikincewarsadasunzargaaddinisunhadadawaddanan: Dukansusunakuskure–Musulmi,Yahudawa, Krista,daZoroastrians. BaniAdamusunabindarikabiyuneadukanduniya: Daya,mutummaibasirabataredaaddiniba, Nabiyu,maiaddinibataredabasiraba.46

Anaiyaganewayaddayakalubalanciyaddaakegudanardaaddinibataredawuyaba: Wawaye,kufarka!Bukukuwanaddinidakunrikeamatsayinmaitsarki Karyadamutanendasunhadane, Sunnunasha’awardukiyakumasunciribarsha’awarsu Kumasunmutuacikintalauci–kumadokarsukurace.47

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Wanimasaniniliminfalsofa,likitaMuhammadB.Zakariyyaal-Razi(d.925or935)shimayawallafawasura’ayidabasubika’idaba–wasumazasucesunkarkatacciyakoyarwa–kumayarayucikinMusulumaibataredawaniyacutardashiba.Kodawanimasanintauhididaangirmamashikamaral-Ghazali(d.1111),wandara’ayoyinshisunkaworashinyardaawasulokutanakarshenrayuwanshi,shimabaacutardashiba.Wadannankadannedagacikinmisalainhakuridaal’umominMusulminfarkosunnuna.AmaatarihinMusulminfarkomaansamurashinhakuri,kumaawasulokutananaiyaganinrashinhakurinbataredawuyaba.

Ire-irenHakuridaRashinHakuriTsakaninYankunanMusulmi DukdacewaayauyawancinyankunandaMusulmaisunamulkibasukarbiriddaba,dukansubasuwabidabatunahanyadayaba.WasuyankunandaMusulmaisunayinmulkibasumayardadajuyowazuwaMusuluncidagawasuaddinai.IrinwadannanyankunansunharamtajuyowarMusulmaizuwawaniaddinidabamkumasunamawadandasukayihakanazabamaitsanani.GamisaliakasarYemen,dukMusulmindaakasamuyabarMusuluncizuwawaniaddiniakanmasahukuncinkisa.Awasuyankunan,ama,anabadadansassauciyayindamutumyayihakan.AkasarMorocco,baaazabtardamutumidanyacanzazuwawaniaddiniindadamaaganinshi,dukdacewadukwanikokarintabbatacceMusulmiyacanjazuwawaniaddinimatakinemaisabadadoka.AkasarMalaysia,gwamnatitanabadaalamacewamairiddabazaiyafuskantaazababaidanbaizageMusulunciba.AKasarIrandaOman,anaganinsauyaaddinizuwaMusuluncidatuhumanekokuwaabindaakaharamta.DalilinDaYaSaBaiKamataMusulmiSuYiFargabaDaYancinGudanarDaAddiniBa.

(1) Qur’anidaayukanAnnabiMuhammadsunmutuntayancinaddini(2) YancinaddininaamfanaMusulmainedaal'ummarsu(3) MalamanMusuluncisungoyibayanyancinaddini

Tsakaninal'ummarMusulmi,angudanardamuhawarorikanyancinaddininkumajama'asunrikematsayadabandaban.AwanibangareabangarenkasashendaMusulumikedarinjayedakumayaddasuMusulmisukakasancebasudarinjayeanbukacidaabadacikakkiyardamagasauranaddinnaiyancingudanardaaddininsukumasukarbicikakiyarmanufarcikinwanitsarina18cikinShellaYancinBilAdamataduniya(watoUniversalDeclarionofHumanRights,UDHR,daturainci).DayanbangarenkumaayankunandasukakibadasauranaddinaidammargudanardaaddinsufaceMusuluncikawai,nunakyamagasauranwasuaddinaiyakaru,kumadukwandayasauyadagaaddinninMusuluncizuwawaniza'akasheshi(harilayauakwaiwasuyankunandaMusulmibasuyirinjayebaindaanarashinjituwanazamanjama’akanbatunyancinaddini).Tsakaninwadannanbangaroribiyusunewadandasukasahane-haneakanyancinaddininjama’adankasarsu.Kumahakankandaukinau'o'idabandaban,kamarsusatsarimaitsananiakanbatunginawurarenbauta;haramtashigodawasukayakinibada;haramtajuyowazuwaMusulunci;hanawasura’ayoyiacikinMusulunci,kungiyoyi,koayyuka;kumadakatardaamfanidawasualamominMusuluncikokalmomigawadandabaMusulmiba.

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Ammahakika,yaddaantattauna,haryauriddawaniabunedaakebayyanashiamatsayinbabbanlaifikumaanakokarinkamamasuridda.YawancinMusulmisunagabatundamarbaraddininMusulunciabumaikalubale.SunamincedayaddaQur'anidaSunnasukashaidayancinlamiridadamarbautadayinwaniaddinidabam,ammakumafabasugoyibayanwannandamarbarinMusulunciba.48Aganinsu,Musuluncineaddininagaskiyadanakarshe,kumajuyowadagaMusuluncizuwawaniaddiniwandayazamanakuskurebaabundaza’ayihakuridashiba.Hakama,domincetoshineabindayafimuhimincigabil'adama,kamatayayiadaudukkanmatakaiwajenganinanrikemutumcikinaddininMusulunci–hanyarcetonagaskiya,dagaganinsu.SaidaikumaimanidaMusuluncinabukataramincidakoyarwarQur'anidaAnnabiMuhamad,donhakawadannankafofinsunabukatarbincikekusakusa.

1. Qur’anidaAyukanAnnabiMuhammadSunMutuntaYancinAddiniDukdacewaaddinidakumaimanidaAllahdaya,Qur'aninabaiyanahakanamatsayinabumaidamagamutum,ammakumafaQur'aninbaibaiyanadukkanmutanekanwanannhanyaba.AtakaicemaQur'aniyabargurigamutanesujefaddaaddiniidansukasohakankumasubiabindasukaso.Qur'aniyabadagurinyancisodazabitundagahalittanmutanenfarko.AkaceAdamudaHauwaanbasuwannanyancin,kumadayancinAllahyagwadasu.Sungazawannangwadawanfarko,ammaabangarenQur'ani,wannangazawarbaizamafadinbaniAdamuba.AmaimakonhakaQur’aniyagabatardayancinsodazabidakumagwadawa,yakumanunahakanamatsayinwanishirinenaAllahgabil'Adama–dayadagacikindalilindayasaanhaliccesu.Atakaicedai,yancidaikonsodazabishiyaajiyesuamafificinwuricikinhalitta.MuhimmanbatunawannanyancidaikonsodazabishineyancinzabinimanidaAllahidakumaaddininsakorashinhaka.

Wannanzabiyakumakasancealhaki.Mutanesunadaukanalhakinabindasukayidawandasukagazayiananduniya.WannangwajiyakunshiimanidaAllahdaya,binumarninsadaharamta,dakumabintsarimaida’a-nahalinkirkidaAllayyaisartahanunannabawansa.Samunnasararmutumkogazawarsasunta'allakanebisayaddamutumyacikewannanalhakin.BisakoyarwarQur'ani,sakamakonshinefarincikiaaljannakohallakaharabadaacikinjahannama.Yayindaakabaiwamutumyancinzabinimanikorashinhaka,harilayaukumaankebewaniazabamainauyiahade.yaddaaQur'aniyakenunacewairinwannannauyinazababaananduniyabanesaiaranargobekiyama.Bisatauhidi,Qur'aninaganinkowanemairaiyakasancemaimusammancikinhalittunAllah,wandaanalbarkaceshidahankalidakumayancidaikonsodazabi.Qur'aniyabaiyanacewaAllahyahaliccimutum“acikinmafikyawontsayuwa”(Qur'an95:4),yakarramamutum,taredabashiwanikawancinamusamman(dubaQur'ani17:70).Qur'aniyajaddadacewamutumnadawanigirmadadarajakumaAllahyabaiwamutumhankalinasaninabumaikyaudamaraskyau(dubaQur'an2:256)taredawanicikakkenikonazabardukaddinindasukagayayimusu.Gamisali“wandayaso,to,yayiimani,kumawandayaso,to,yakafirta”(Qur'an18:29)hakakuma“To,wandayashiryu,yashiryunedominkansakawai.Kumawandayabace,

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to,kace:“Nidagamasugargadikawainake.”(Qur'an27:92).WannanshinewanishelladaanshamartabansagaannabawakumaQur’aniyashananatawa.BugudakarikumayawancinsurorinQur’anisunyitamaganakancewaimaniwaniabunedaketsakaninmutumdaAllah.“Wandayanemishiryuwa,to,yanemishiryuwanedominkansakawaikumawandayabace,to,yabaceneakansakawaikumaraimaidaukarnauyibayadaukarnauyinwaniran”(Qur’an17:15).Qur’aniyayigargadincewaAllahzaiyihisabinewamutanebisaabindasukazabawajenaikatawaalokacinrayuwarsu.Aranarshari’a,mutanezasutsayagabanAllahtaredabayyanayaddasukarayu,abindasukayidawadandasukagazayidakumayaddasukabidasauranmutane.Hakannanufincewaceto,kamarimani,kokarinmutundakanshine,bawaiwanial’amarinhadahannunAl’ummabane.AllahyatunatardaAnnabiMuhammadcewabazaiyadaukaalhakinkudurinmutane;yaddaakamashishawarciyadingacewa,“Inadaaikinakumakunadaaikinku,kukubutattunedagaabindanakeaikatawakumanikubutaccenedagaabindakukeaikatawa.”(Qur’an10:41).WanimuhimanhanyardaQur’aniyatabbatamulkinkaidayancindamutunkedashinazabishinetsayayyawatilastamutumdakarfiwajenyinimani.Qur’aniyashellaafilicewakarkowayatilastakowayinimaniba:Babutilastawaacikinaddini,haiashiriyatabayyanadagabata;SabodahakawandayakafirtadaagutakumayayiimanidaAllah,to,haia,yayiriogaigiyaamintacciya,babuyankewaagareta.KumaAllahmaijine,Masani.(Qur’an2:256)Acikinwasuayoyinkuma,Qur’aninyajaddadacewabaikamataatilastawanibinaddinikoimanigudaba.Qur’aninaamincewadaimanintilasamatsayinimanidabaikarbubagabadaya.MutunnaiyazuwacikinMusulincidagaskeidanyayiimanibisaradinkansadakumasahihanhujjojinayinimani.Qur’aniyakarfafagwiwarMusulmindasukirayisauranmutanezuwagaMusulunci“waddatafikyau”(Qur’an29:46),kamartahanyarbadashawarwari,muhawara,dakumazaburarwa49bataredasalonmahawaraba.Imaninagaskenazuwadagaamincewanamutum,sabodahakaQur’aniyaharamtaaikatadukwaniabudayayikamadakwaikwayonayyukantsohodabasuhadudatunaninmutumdakumaamincewarsaba(gamisali,Qurani2:170).WaniabukumamafimuhimmancishineayyukanAnnabiMuhammaddakansa.Dukdacewaakwaihadisaidasukagoyibayanhaddinkisagawadandasukasauyaaddini,ammairinwadananhadisaisunsabadaainihinayyukanAnnabiMuhammad.DominkuwakoalokacindaAnnabinkerayewasuMusulminsunbarMusulunci.Hakika,wasuMusulmindadamasunbarMusuluncialokacindaAnnabiyayisanannen“tafiyardare”nasaindayatafiJerusalamsannanyatafisama(Israi’idaMi’raji).WadannanmutanenshakkusukanunaindasukayimamakindaAnnabiyaceyatafiJerusalemkumayadawoMakkacikindaredaya,yayindasauranjama’akekwashemakonninatafiyakafincimmairinwannantafiya.HarilayaukumawasuMusulminsunyihijiradagaMakkazuwakasarHabashalokacindaakatsangamesuaMakka,kumaalokacinwasudadamansusauyazuwakiristanci.50

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HarilayauQur’aniyabadamisalaidadamannawasumakaryatadamunafukaiaMadina,wadandasunyiridda.Kumaba’akashakowaneacikinsuba,kumababuwanihujjamainunacewaAnnabiyabadaumurni–kokuwayayitunanin–kashekowanemutumbaadonyacanzaaddini.

2. YancinAddininaAmfanaMusulmainedaAl'ummarSuAl-umominkasashenduniyasunyila’akaridacewayancinaddinidaimaninadamuhimminrawartakawaabangarenzamanlafiyadatabbatardaadalcigaal-umma.Gamisali,majalisardinkinduniyatabukacidaakaudadukwanibatuntsangwamakanlamurandasukashafiyancinaddinidakumaimani,“yancinaddiniharilayaukantaimakawajenhabakazamanlafiyanal-umma,adalcigaal’ummadakumaabokantakatsakaninsauranjama’a.”51Kodahaka,gwamnatotinwasukasashendaMusulmisukedarinjaye,sunbayyanacewadoleahane-haneakanbatunyancinaddinidongujewatashinhankalitsakaninsauranaddinan.Ammakumasunganicewaabindasukagujewashinekefaruwa.Yankunandasukesawannanhane-hanekanyancinaddinidonsunakokarinsamuzamanlafiyasunasamardayanayindasunakokaringujewane;abindayasashinedanniyayanahalaltatsarinnunabambancikumayanakarfafahakankumayanaiyahaifardamusgunawaacikinaddinandasukasamasudanniya.AwanibincikedaBrianGrimdakumaRogerFinkesukayiashekara(2007)sunnunacewaidanza’aganebatunsabanitsakaninjama’abaza’aiyawatsirawaraddiniwandababukamarsaba,musammanidanakabincikezalunciacikinaddini.Bincikenyaganocewarashinjituwaatsakaninal’ummadawasutsaretsarengwamnatisukabadabayaninyaddaakwaibambanciacikinmatakanrashinjituwadaanasamuwaatsakaninjama’a.Ansamucewatsaringwamnatikanaddinishinebabbanal’amarindakefadirashinjituwagasauranaddinai,kodakuwaanyikokarinsamunwasubayani,wadandasukahadudaaddinaidasukayikama,rikicimaiamfanidasulke,Karingirmanjimlarjama’a,dakumarashindaidaitonalbashi.Wadannansakamakonsunayingoyonbayanbayanimaicewaaddinibayataimakaal’adamaimurkushedarashinamincewarsadagakaidadagwamnatisukasa.Wannankumanaiyahaifardarashinjituwawandayazamakamarbashidakarshe.53KarintsarinajawoKarinrashinjituwa,hakankumanajawokarintashinhankali.54Hakakuma,wasumarubutairinsuThomasWalshsunbayyanacewayancingudanardaaddiniyanayincudanyadawasuyancinkumahakikasunnakarfafawasuyancin.55Akwaihadewamaikarfitsakaninkarancinyancinaddinidafadinaikinsojojidakumarikiciakasa.Akasashendasunadakarancinyancinaddini,babbanrabonGDP(watodaukacindarajandakayandawatakasatasamardasuashekara)nasusunnakasheshineakansojoji.56Jerinsunayenkasashendasukadainazama,wanibazawarmujallarForeignPolicynashekara2007,yanacewa“Yancingudannardaaddini...yanayiwuwacewa...shineal’amaridayamaimusammanmainunaalamardattako.Akasashendasunzamawandaanaiyacutardasuansamesudababbanrashinhakuridawasuaddinai.57

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Damuhimmanci,yancinaddininakarfafaimaningaske.Lokacindamutanesusamudamarzabaririnaddinindasunasobataredatilastawabatahanyardokokimasuhanamutumkoturawarjama’aba,imaninsuyanaiyazamamaigaske,damaikirkigaAllahdakumasauranmutane.Imanindamutumyayibataredakama-karyakotilastawabayanakasanceimaningaske.58WannanmatukarkumayasamumuhimmancigaMusulmaidominkuwaQur’aniyaharamtamunafurci.Aganinwannanal’amarikumayakamataadubacewaidananayinkurarinkashemasuriddawannanmatakizaiiyakarfafamutanesuyikaryakanimani–suzamamunafuki–watozasugankamarhakanyafiyardadahasararimani.

3.MalamanMusulunciSunGoyiBayanYancinAddiniDukdacewabatunriddawanibatunedayawancinyankunandaMusulmikedarinjayekandaukaamatsayinwanial’amarimaibadatunani,yankunadadamaacikinsusunazabarcirehukuncinkisamamasuridda.Musulmaidayawasunagoyonbayanhukuncinkisa,ammaahankalianasamunkaruwarMusulmaidasukekalubalantarwannanhukuncinakisadakarfi-irinwadannanMusulmaisunhadadafitattunmanazartanmalamai.Donhakan,mutanedadamasunabarinra’ayinaddinindaakatilastamamutumzuwawandamutumzaiyiimanidakansatsakaninsadaAllah.Wannanra’ayiyafikusadara’ayinQu’ranimaicewababutilastawaaabubuwandasukashafiaddini.Malamandasunatambayayaddahunkuncikisamawadandasukayiriddayasamuasalisunakarawa.MalamanMusulmainayaudadamasunsakedubaayoyindasukayimaganaakanhukuncinwadandasukayiridda,sunnunacewababuindaQur’aniyabadahukuncinkisa.KumababuwaniayyukanAnnabidayakarfafahukuncinkisamawaddandasukayiridda.Aganinsu,lokutandaakasamuankashemasuriddaalokacinAnnabi,ansamucewalaifinsuyahadudacinamanarkasatahanyarsiyasa,badonsuncanzaaddinikawaiba.Kuma,ayausauyaaddiniamahallinal’umakokasabaizamacinamanarkasatahanyarsiyasaba.Alokacinzamani,mallamanMusulmiirinsuAhmedKhan,MuhammadAbduh,RashidRida,dakumaMuhammadIqbalsunadagacikinwadandasukafarayincikakenbayanaidanunashakkakanhukuncinkisagadukwandaakasamuyasauyaaddinisa.Akarniashirin-da-daya,ansamufitatunmasura’ayinMusuluncimasusiyasakamarRashidGhannushidasunhadakaiwajenkirandaabadakowayancinyinaddinidayakeso,harmadabadayanciyinaddinigasukansuMusulmin.BayannazarikanwasurubutucikinAl-Qur’anidasunshafibatunridda,S.A.Rahmanyayigardama,

Ra’ayidaza’agani, idanandubaayoyinQur’anidasukashafibatunridda,za’aiyatakaitasudacewababuwanihukuncigawandayayiriddaacikinLitafinamaMaganarAllahyanunaa filicewawandayayihakanzairayuharyamutubataredaankasheshiba.Za’amashihukuncinsanearanargobekiyama.59

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Hakakuma,bayananyinazarisosaiakanrubuce-rubucen,yafadiwannnanmaganamaibiakanhujjacikinhadith:

Anganicewakomatsaronra’ayimasubidakaidadakumaal’adadasunfikarfi,watoSunnah, idanakaduba su sosaida la’akarida tahiri, basugoyibayanmasunemanhukuncinkisamaMusulminda ya yi riddabadonyasauyaaddininsakawai.A lokuttandaakayimamutumhukuncinkisa,ansamu cewa sauya addini ya hadu wasu abubuwa dabam, wadanda sungaskatayinhakandomintsaronjama’a.60

DayadagacikinMusulmidasukayigardamamaicewababuhunkuncindaza’amamutumyanzudayayiriddabashineMahmudShaltut,wanifitatunmalaminakasarMasarkumamalamineajami’aral-Azhardagashekara1958zuwa1963.AcewarShaltut,hukuncinkisaafarkontarihinMusuluncihakikahukuncinlaifigakasane.KumayakarabayyanacewahukuncinkisayasamuasalinedagacikinHadisigudakumawannanhukuncindaakakebe(hudud)baza’aiyakafashibaakankadaitacceen(ahad)Hadisi.Aganinshi,rashinimanikadaibaigaskatawannanhukuncinba.61WasumalamanMusulmindadamanalokacinzamanisumasunyigardamacewahukuncinkisawanira’ayinedaanabidominhanalaifinabangarensiyasabanaaddiniba.SubhiMahmassani,wanimalamandokawandaansanshi,yacehukuncinkisayashafibatuncinamanarkasane–wato,gasiyasane–badonsauyaaddinikadaiba.62MuhammadHashimKamalinakasarMalaysiashimayayigardama,

Za’a iya kamala da cewa ridda wani batu ne da ana iya masa hukunci ashikarun farkon Musulunci domin sakamokon sa akan al’uma da kasanMusulmiwandaa lokacinyanakokarin tashiwane.AwanibangarekumahujjadagacikinQur’anisungoyibayanyancinimani,wandayashafiyancinjuyowazuwawaniaddinidabam.HakamaQur’anibaisamardahukuncigariddabadukdacewaansamuwuraredadamadamutanesunyihakanacikinrubutunQur’ani,kumawannanyazamara’ayinal’adanashari’aakanbatunriddadabaihadudacinamanarkasabawandayasamuasalidagacikinamincewadaimaninmutum.63

Kamaliyatabbatadawannanra’ayinindayace,"Qur’anigabadayansabaisamardawanihukuncindaza’amamairiddayanzuba,hakakumaAnnabi,salamaagareshi,baiyankemakowahukuncinkisaba.”64MuhammadSalimal-Awa,wanimaizurfintunaninazamani,yashigodadansassaucitawuringardamanshimaicewahukuncinbawandaakaumurtaarubucebane(hadd)amawandamaishari’azaiiyayankaidanyagandamansa(ta’zir).Banbancinshineidanakaumurcihukuncinarubuce,baza’aiyacanzashiba,amaidanyanacikindamarmaishari’ane,za’aiyacanzabisala’akaridadokokinMusuluncidaakayi.Awabaiyardadara’ayinmalamanMusulminaal’adabawandayanacewadafahimtatasigagudaMusuluncinayankehunkuncinkisamaridda.65

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Yayigardamacewa,“AyoyinQur’aniwandasukashafibatunriddabasuumurciwanihukuncingamairiddabakowaisuncelaifimaitsananine.KumaAnnabishindayafadawannankalama“Wandayasauyaaddininshiakasheshi”gamedamairiddashidakansabaikashekowanemairiddaba.”66AbangarenmarigayiMuhammadSayyidTanfawi,shehinal-Azhardaga1996zuwa2010,yacebaikamataakasheMusulmindayasauyaimaninsakowandayayiriddabaidanharbaizamabarazanagaaddininMusulunciba.IdanMusulumizasudaukawanimatakiakanwandayayiridda,yace,baikamatayazamadonyasauyaaddinibaammadonyazamabarazanakoabokingabanal’umanMusulmine.67ShabbirAkhtarshikoyaJaddadamuhimmancingaskiyanetsakaninabatunimanikumaacewarsabaikamataakaffaimanakanmunafurcidatilastawaba:

Idan yancin addini ta samu, kamata yayi a yi hakuri da kauracewa dagaal’uman masu bin litaffi. Ko ya kamata ko bai kamata mu Musulmin mukyalemutane a cikin al’umanMusulmi su zabi abin da sun ga dama bisatunaninsu,wanibatunedabamdaza’aduba.Kumawannan,batunemaimuhimmanci.Ra’ayina...shinehadarindayahadudayancinaddiniwanial’amari ne da za’a iya jure don ya kuma hadu the riba. Me ya sa? IdanhakikaakwaiwaniUbangiji,nizanyigardamacewa,wannanUbangijinzaisomutanedasonrainsusukuladashi taredagodiyanagaskedakumatawali’u a cikin ganin dama bisa tunanin su da kuma zabin su. A cikinwannanfahimta,za’a iyaganecewakarkatacciyarkoyarwadakumariddasunfikarbuwabisala’akaridahalinkirkifiyedabindokabisamunafurcidatsoron azabar da jama’a za su iya yi. Da yin sa’a, mu na da hujja a cikinQur’ani mai goyon bayan wannan ra’ayi: “babu tilastawa a cikin addini”(Qur’ani 2:256). Amma duk da haka, masana da yawa sun yi kokarinwarware wannan ra’ayi da neman ayoyi a cikin litaffin mai goyon bayanra’ayin na su na adawa. A ce kawai ko da ma bisa ga bangaren yankeshawara(bataredabinhalinkirkikoaddiniba),akawaiabubuwadadamadaza’aiyafurtamasugoyonbayanyancinaddini.68

Kammalawa

IkonmutumgamedayancinaddiniwannibatumaimuhimmancineacikinQur’anidayashafiimaningaskiya.JuyowazuwaMusuluncidaakatilasta,dakumarikemutumacikinwanniaddinitaredatilastawa,dakumamunafurciacikinaddinial’amarinedaQur’aniyaharamta.AcikindukmanufarAnnabi(610–632CE)Qur’aninagoyonbayanyancinaddini,kumaAnnabiMuhammaddakansayariqiwannanra’ayindakarkacewa.Dukdayawanhane-hanedasunfitomaMusulmaidakumawadandabaMusulmaibayayindaanacingabaatauhidinMusuluncidadokaasulokutandasukabibayanlokoacinannabawa,zamanhakikanazamani

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aduniyasunatilastamasanidamasutunaniMusulmisusakedubawadannanhane-hanensukumayigardamamaigoyonbayanyancinaddinigakowa.Ayinhakan,wadannanMusulmisunazuwakusadakoyarwarQur’anidaasalinayyukanAnnabiMuhammad.CikinshiryaganangabaindaMusulmaisunnayincudanyadawasuaddinai(kodaarinjayenekokuwayantsiraru)adukduniya,MusulmaisunbukacinemanzamanlafiyadarikenyancinaddinidafahimtardokarMuslunciatahiridakumazamanhakikadasukashafisiyasadahadakarjama’aazamani.FatanashinewannanrubutuzaitaimakawajenbadafahimtadakumakarbuwaryancinaddinigaMusulmai.Kokarinkarabudekofagayancinaddinibayukurinenaragemuhimmancinaddiniba,amadominkarewadagasonzuciyoyinmasusonsiyasadakumata’addancitaredatashinhankali.

22

Tsokaci

1. SeeMohammadHashimKamali,FreedomofExpressioninIslam(KualaLumpur:Berita,1994),99.

2. SeeAbdullahSaeedandHassanSaeed,FreedomofReligion:ApostasyandIslam,(Hants:Ashgate,2004),21.

3. See,e.g.,Quran2:75,2:100–101,2:146,3:23,3:78,5:68–86.

4. FullTextoftheMadina[sic]Charter,http://www.constitution.org/cons/medina/macharter.htm(accessedNov.15,2011),article30.

5. SeeRachelM.Scott,“ContextualCitizenshipinModernIslamicThought”IslamandChristian–MuslimRelations18(1)(2007):1–18,p.3.

6. Ibid.

7. SeeAibekAhmedov,“ReligiousMinoritiesandApostasyinEarlyIslamicStates:LegalandHistoricalAnalysisofSources”JournalofIslamicStatePracticesinInternationalLaw2(3)(2006):1–17,p.8.

8. Ibid.

9. SeeAhmadYousif,“Islam,MinoritiesandReligiousFreedom:AChallengetoModernTheoryofPluralism,”JournalofMuslimMinorityAffairs20(1)(2000):29–41,p.37.

10. MohammadHashimKamali,“FreedomofReligioninIslamicLaw,”CapitalUniversityLawReview21(1)(1992):63–82,p.70.

11. “TheCovenantofUmar,”MidEastWeb,http://www.mideastweb.org/covenantofomar.htm(accessedSept.2,2010).

12. QuotedinAhmedov,“ReligiousMinorities,”9.

13. Scott,“ContextualCitizenship,”3.

14. Seeibid.

15. “BasicStatuteoftheState,”chapter3,article17(1996):“AllcitizensareequalbeforetheLawandsharethesamepublicrightsandduties.Thereisnodiscriminationbetweenthemonthegroundof…religion,sect.”

16. “TheConstitutionofRepublicofMali,”titleI,article4(1992):“Everypersonhastherighttofreedomofthought,conscience,religion,worship,opinion,expression,andcreationinrespecttothelaw.”

17. “ConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofBangladesh,”part1,clause2A(1971):“Thestatereligion…isIslam,butotherreligionsmaybepracticedinpeaceandharmonyintheRepublic.”Alsopart3,clause

23

28(1):“Thestateshallnotdiscriminateagainstanycitizenongroundsonlyofreligion.”

18. SeeU.S.DepartmentofState,AnnualReportonInternationalReligiousFreedom,1999,2001,http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001(accessedMarch29,2010).

19. Seeforexample,section4,ControlandRestrictionofThePropagationofNon-IslamicReligionsAmongMuslims,(NegeriSembilan)Bill(1991).

20. SeeAsmaUddin,“BlasphemyLawsinMuslimMajorityCountries,”ReviewofFaithandInternationalAffairs(Summer2011):1–9,p.3,http://ssrn.com/abstract=1885757.

21. Abdal-Rahmanal-Jaziri,MinKitabal-Fiqh`alaal-Madhahibal-Arba`ah,vol.5,Beirut:Daral-Fikr,n.d.,422–423.

22. H.A.RGibbandJ.H.Kramers,“Zindik,”ShorterEncyclopaediaofIslam,(Leiden:E.J.Brill,1953),659.

23. SeeQuran9:73.

24. See,e.g.,Quran9:68.

25. SeeJaziri,MinKitabal-Fiqh`alaal-Madhahibal-Arba`ah,5:428.

26. SeeKamali,FreedomofExpression,208–209.

27. SeeQuran63:3.

28. SeeMohammadHashimKamali,IslamicLawinMalaysia:IssuesandDevelopments(KualaLumpur:Ilmiah,2000),209.

29. SeeKamali,FreedomofExpression,91,citingS.A.Rahman,PunishmentofApostasyinIslam,2nded.(Lahore,Pakistan:InstituteofIslamicCulture,1978),63–64.

30. SeeAhmadibnNaqibal-Misri,RelianceoftheTraveller:AClassicManualofIslamicSacredLaw,trans.NuhHaMimKeller(Evanston:Sunnah,1994),596–598.

31. SeeSaeedandSaeed,FreedomofReligion,52,citingAbdal-Rahmanal-Jaziri,MinKitabal-Fiqh`alaal-Madhahibal-Arba`ah(Beirut,Lebanon:Daral-Fikr,n.d.),5:437.

32. SeeSaeedandSaeed,52.

33. SeeIbid.

34. SeeIbid,53.

35. SeeTurgutSubasi,“TheApostasyQuestionintheContextofAnglo-OttomanRelations,1843–44,”MiddleEasternStudies38(2)(2002),2,citingS.M.Zwemer,TheLawofApostasyinIslam(London:MarshallBrothers,1924).

24

36. SeeRudolphPetersandGertJ.J.DeVries,“ApostasyinIslam,”DieWeltdesIslams,NewSeries,17(1)(1976–1977):1–25,p.14.

37. SeeKamali,FreedomofExpression,91.

38. Seeibid,citingMohamedSelimEl-Awa,PunishmentinIslamicLaw(Indianapolis,IN:AmericanTrust,1982),55.

39. SeeKamali,FreedomofExpression,91.

40. ThishadithisincludedinthecollectionofBukhari.

41. SeeImamMuhammadibnIdrisal-Shafi’i,al-RisalafiUsulal-Fiqh(TreatiseontheFoundationsofIslamicJurisprudence),trans.MajidKhadduri(Cambridge,England:IslamicTextsSociety,2008),67.

42. SeeAl-Alwani,LaIkrahafial-Din.Cairo:Maktabal-Shuruq,2006),123.[TheEnglishtranslationofthisisTahaJabirAlalwani,ApostasyinIslam:AHistoricalandScripturalAnalysis.(LondonandWashington:TheInternationalInstituteofIslamicThought,2011),translatedbyNancyRoberts,p.78.]

43. Ibid.,127.[InEnglishtranslation,p.79]

44. Ibid.

45. Seeibid.,123–139.[InEnglishtranslation,pp.78-89]

46. Al-Ma’arri,“TheTwoUniversalSects,”undated,http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma%27arri.htm.

47. Al-Ma’arri,“TheCheatofSacredRites,”undated,http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma%27arri.htm.

48. SeeKamali,IslamicLawinMalaysia,203–219.

49. SeeKamali,FreedomofExpression,100.

50. SeeAl-Alwani,LaIkrahafial-Din,101–104.[InEnglishtranslation,pp.42ff.]

51. Preamble,DeclarationontheEliminationofAllFormsofIntoleranceandofDiscriminationBasedonReligionorBelief(1981),http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/d4deidrb.htm.

52. SeeMonicaDuffyToft,DanielPhilpottandTimothySamuelShah,God’sCentury:ResurgentReligionandGlobalPolitics(NewYork:Norton,2011).

53. SeeBrianJ.GrimandRogerFinke,“ReligiousPersecutioninCross-NationalContext:ClashingCivilizationsorRegulatedReligiousEconomies?”AmericanSociologicalReview72(4)(August2007):633–658,http://sitemaker.umich.edu/comparative.speaker.series/files/roger_finke.pdf(drafttext),34–35.

54. SeeGrimandFinke,“ReligiousPersecutioninCross-NationalContext,”654.SeealsoBrianJ.Grim,

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“God’sEconomy:ReligiousFreedom&Socio-EconomicWellbeing,”basedonReligiousFreedomintheWorld,CenterforReligiousFreedom,survey(2008),presentedat“WorldTrendsinReligiousFreedom,”HudsonInstitute,Washington,D.C.(July9,2007),2,crf.hudson.org/articledocs/GodsEconomy.doc.

55. SeeThomasWalsh,“ReligiousFreedomandtheMoralSociety,”presentedat“ReligiousFreedomandtheNewMillennium,”InternationalCoalitionforReligiousFreedom,Washington,D.C.(April17–19,1998),http://www.religiousfreedom.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380&Itemid=57.

56. SeeGrim,“God’sEconomy,”2.

57. Asquotedin“StudyShowsReligiousFreedomforOthersBenefitsUsAll,”TheOProject(July14,2007),blogpost,http://oproject.wordpress.com/2007/07/14/religious-freedom.

58. TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights,forexample,confirmedthisviewwhenitrecognizedthatfreedomofreligionis“oneofthemostvitalelementsthatgotomakeuptheidentityofbelieversandtheirconceptionoflife.”(EuropeanCourtofHumanRights,Kokkinakisv.Greece,chamberjudgment,deliberatedNovember27,1992andApril19,1993;decisionissuedMay25,1993.)

59. S.A.Rahman,PunishmentofApostasyinIslam,2nded.(Lahore,Pakistan:InstituteofIslamicCulture,1978),54.

60. Ibid.,85–86.

61. SeeMahmudShaltut,Al-Islam:‘AqidahwaShari‘ah(Kuwait:Matabi’Daral-Qalam,n.d.),292–293.

62. SeeSubhiMahmassani,ArkanHuquqal-Insanfial-Islam(Beirut,Lebanon:Daral-`Ilmlial-Malayin,1979),123–124.

63. Kamali,IslamicLawinMalaysia,219.

64. Kamali,IslamicLawinMalaysia,209.

65. SeeAwa,PunishmentinIslamicLaw,50.

66. Awa,PunishmentinIslamicLaw,54.

67. “TheGrandImamsofAl-Azhar(ShuyukhulAzhar),”“ShaykhMuhammadSayyidTantawi(1928–),”http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/mashaykh_azhar.htm#tantawi(accessedJanuary31,2002).

68. ShabbirAkhtar,AFaithforAllSeasons:IslamandWesternModernity(London:Bellew1990),21–22.SeealsoShabbirAkhtar,BeCarefulwithMuhammad!TheSalmanRushdieAffair(London:Bellew,1989),70–77foralongerdiscourseonapostasy(andblasphemyandtreason).

26

KamarbabuwanibatuwandayafimuhimmancigaMusulminzamanifiyedabatunyancinaddini.Yanarinjayarhalayekanrikici,zamandankasa,dakumadamarmutanenayinabindasukasoaduniyayanzu.AbdullahSaeed,acikinwannangajererdanlittafi,yatadatambayoyimasumuhimmanciacikinlittafi,tauhidi,doka,tarihi,dakumasiyasa,yayindayanabadabayyanaidajagoranciwadandazasutemekicingabantunaniaMusulunci.

- MahanMirza,kolejinZaytuna

SakefasalinyancindanadamyanabukatarkarazurfintauhidinMusulunci.MusuluncidaImaniyanabadataimakomaimuhimmancigawannanshirin.

- Asmauddin,maikafagindidababan-edita,www.AltMuslimah.comTambayaryancinaddiniyakasancewanitambayamaimuhimmanciadukduniya,kumawannanlitafiyanabadatunanirakaitaccemaikumabadalabarikanMusuluncidahadakaraddinai.

- JonathanA.C.Brown,jami’arGeorgetown

DominKarinbayaniakanra’ayoyinMusulmiakanyanciaddiniduba:

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