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(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig11.jpg)Figure 1: The Al-Azem Palace in Hama. Photo taken by the author.

The Courtyard Houses of Syria

The courtyard house is one of the most enduring architectural forms, transcending regional, historical and cultural boundaries. Its balance ofsimple appropriate construction, environmental control and social and familial structures continues to engage architects and architecturalhistorians. The emphasis on courtyard in Islamic architecture gave it the name of the "architecture of the veil", because it focuses on the innerspaces (courtyards and rooms) which are not visible from the outside. Courtyard housing is an architectural device with a long history firstappearing in the buildings of Syria and Iraq three millennia ago. Arab nomads first made use of the concept of a courtyard during their travelsand stay in the desert. They set up their tents around a central space, which provided shelter and security to their cattle. With the developmentof Arab-Islamic architecture, the courtyard became an essential typological element. It is likely that the previous nomadic desert lifestyle ofArabs had a strong influence on their permanent houses. The courtyard therefore fulfils a deep-rooted need for an open living area. Thisarticle describes the typology of the Syrian courtyard house, and presents a number of examples of courtyard houses in Aleppo.

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by Mahmoud Zein Alabidin*

Table of contents

1. Introduction2. The Architectural Elements3. Courtyard Organization and Climatic Factors4. Various Other Factors5. Conclusion6. Further Resources

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1. Introduction (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

Courtyard housing dates back to the beginning of the third millennium beforecommon era when it appeared in the buildings of Bilad al-Sham and those of theregion between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Arab nomads made use ofthe concept of a courtyard during their travels and stay in the desert. They setup their tents around a central space, which provided shelter and security totheir cattle. With the development of Arab-Islamic architecture, the courtyardbecame an essential typological element. It is likely that the previous nomadicdesert lifestyle of Arabs had a strong influence on their permanent houses. Thecourtyard therefore fulfils a deep-rooted need for an open living area. Thefollowing article describes the typology of the Syrian courtyard house, andpresents a number of examples of courtyard houses in Aleppo.

The traditional courtyard house in Syria is composed of three parts:

A basement floor;A ground floor comprising the main living areas called Al Salamlek;A first floor comprising the private areas called Al Haramlek.

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(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig14.jpg)Figure 2: The Courtyard of Al-Azem Palace in Hama. Photo taken by the author.

The basement floor enjoys an even temperature throughout the year. It is therefore an attractive living space in periods of extreme winter or summertemperatures. The basement acts as a thermal moderator during the hot dry season, as it allows the hot air collected by the wind-catchers to be cooledand humidified before it is released to the courtyard space. It is also used for the storage of annual food supplies as is the case in many courtyard housesof Aleppo, a city that endured many wars.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig12.jpg)

Figure 3: The furniture in main room of Al-Azem Palace in Hama. Photo taken by the

author.

The houses are usually accessed through a modest space leading into a spacious and beautifully landscaped courtyard. The entrance door consists ofone or two wooden door-leaves, reinforced with lead plates fixed with steel nails. The small size of the external doors represents modesty, which is alsodemonstrated in the lack of decorations of the external windows. It is very difficult, therefore, to judge the level of wealth or poverty of the houses from theirexternal appearance. The entrance door usually leads to a narrow passageway at the end of which another door or curtain filters the entrance to thecourtyard, allowing this latter to be totally private and visually inaccessible from the outside, even if the entrance door is left open, which was frequently thecase as the old city neighborhoods used to enjoy a high level of security.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig13.jpg)Figure 4: The furniture in main room of Al-Azem Palace in Hama. Photo taken by the

author.

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The transition from the outside to the inside is marked by a contrast in spatial experience, from a modest and sometimes austere entrance to a highlydecorated internal open courtyard with a central fountain (and sometimes a well) and beautiful facades.

Landscaping also plays an important role in the courtyard of the traditional Syrian house. It consists of two main categories: decorative planting such asclimbing jasmine and rose bushes, which add color and scent to the courtyard atmosphere, and citrus trees such as orange and lemon. The facades of theinternal courtyard are highly decorated with intricately woven geometric patterns and shapes.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig07.jpg)Figure 5:The fountain in Achik Bash House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

The iwan is an important covered open apace from which the aesthetic qualities of the courtyard can be enjoyed. It provides a raised platform (by one ortwo steps), used as a pleasant and comfortable open air reception and seating area and a venue for evening events such as the playing of traditionalmusic. The iwan is usually located on the north faade of the courtyard to catch the cool breeze during the summer. The iwan comprises two symmetricalrooms facing each other and has an ornamental front stone arch facing the courtyard. The transition from the courtyard to the iwan space is marked by amulticolored marble patterned floor, which resembles an oriental carpet.

Facing the iwan is the main guest reception hall - used for special ceremonies and festivities such as Eid. This hall is the most decorated space in thehouse and contains the best items of furniture. In some houses, such as the Wakil, Basil and Ghazali houses in Aleppo, the main guest hall is covered by adome.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig04.jpg)Figure 6: The fountain in Al-Azem Palace in Damascus. Photo taken by the author.

In addition to the iwan and the reception areas, the ground floor also contains the kitchen and toilets. The first floor is called the Haramlek. This is a word ofTurkish origin meaning a women's section in the house. The living and sleeping areas are totally segregated.

The access from the ground floor to the first floor is through a staircase located in the courtyard. Small apartments can sometimes be found on the firstfloor, particularly in the case of extended families. The first floor can also contain some terraces, allowing the sun's rays to penetrate the courtyard. Theseprovide useful open spaces for sleeping or sitting during the evenings of the hot seasons. The roof spaces are usually well protected by high parapet walls,providing adequate privacy.

2. The architectural elements of the Syrian courtyard house (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

The Mushrabiya is a wooden balcony located on the outer faade of the house.It provides a cool screened space for women, allowing them to view publicspaces without being seen. It is usually supported by two cantilevered woodenbeams, which are anchored in the external wall.

The windows are divided into two types: those located on the external faade ofthe house and those located on the courtyard facades. Because the house isinward looking, the external faade windows are small, plain and located fromthe first floor onwards in order to avoid being overlooked by pedestrians in thenarrow public streets.

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(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig05.jpg)Figure 7: Basil House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

The courtyard windows are much larger and are more decorated, providing lightand ventilation to the rooms. The ground floor window located inside thethickness of the wall and a wooden shutter is positioned to the outside of the wallthickness. Other types of windows can be found at the base of the courtyard.They are small and arched with no decorations and provide light and ventilationto the basement floor. The doors of the ground floor rooms are two-leaf woodendoors with a minimum of ornamental carvings, the first floor doors are, however,relatively undecorated.

In the main reception hall, wall cabinets built-into the thickness of the walls areused to display ornaments such as intricate wooden ornamental carving. Thewalls around the cabinets are sometimes covered with wooden panels withcalligraphic carvings matching the cabinet design. The ceilings are also highlydecorated, with wooden panels displaying intricately linked ornamentalgeometrical shapes. This is particularly the case in the main reception hall,where the ceiling is the highest in the house and consists of intersecting woodenpanels with rich carving and gold-plated designs. Symmetry plays an importantrole in the composition of the ceiling decorations.

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Figure 8: Basil House in Old Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

The internal decorations are based on the following four types of patterns:

Calligraphy based on verses of the holy Qur'an or verses of poetry;Floral patterns derived from stems and leaves of various plants;Patterns derived from animal forms such as birds;Geometric patterns derived from the combination of circles, squares, rectangles and triangles.

The geometric patterns are formed by multicolored stone inlays and intersecting timber slats and from floor and ceiling decorations. They are most evidentin the floors of the main reception hall, the iwan and the courtyard area in front of the iwan.

3. Courtyard organization and climatic factors (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

The courtyard organization is appropriate to hot dry climates because itmaximizes shading and allows for the creation of a pleasant microclimate.

The availability of plants and a water feature within the courtyard helps in coolingand humidifying the internal atmosphere. The construction technique, which isbased on thick load-bearing stone masonry, provides adequate thermal mass.

The existence of cooling towers allows for good summer ventilation as hot air is

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(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig08.jpg)Figure 9: Achik Bash House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

funneled down into the basement, where it is cooled and let out into thecourtyard space. The narrowness of the external streets and passagewaysleading to the houses also helps in creating a cool and shaded outdoorenvironment.

4. Various other factors (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

4.1. Economic factorsAs previously discussed, all Syrian courtyard houses share a humble externalappearance. However, their size and level of internal decoration depends on thewealth of the occupying families. Three categories can be identified: largecourtyard houses of rich families, medium-sized houses of traders andcraftsmen and small and humble houses of the workers.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig09.jpg)Figure 10: The iwan of Al-Azem Palace in Damascus. Photo taken by the author.

4.2. Building material and construction techniques

The building materials locally available have greatly influenced the construction and shape of the Syrian courtyard house. The abundance of stone in thearea made it the main building material in the construction of the courtyard houses of Aleppo. Walls are frequently formed by layers of white and blackstones called Al-Ablaq which forms a distinctive characteristic of the courtyard houses of Syria.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig10.jpg)Figure 11: The Maktab Anbar in Damascus. Photo taken by the author.

4.3. Social factors

Social, cultural and religious factors have played an important role in the shapingof the courtyard house in Syria. The need for privacy has had a paramountinfluence on the internal organization of spaces and the treatment of theentrance, the external windows and the separation between family and guestareas within the house. Furthermore, the extended family structure has meantthat the Syrian courtyard house was organized with the possibility of semi-independent subunits functioning independently but still maintaining strongfamily ties.

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(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig06.jpg)Figure 12: The iwan of Achik Bash House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

Entertaining guests and relatives was and is still important in the lives of Syrianfamilies. Thursday weekly courtyard parties were very common. Guests wereinvited for dinner and were entertained in the courtyard with folk music bands.Female parties were also very common and took place on a weekly basis,strengthening both family and neighborly ties.

5. Conclusion (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

Having considered the traditional Syrian courtyard house and its characteristics,it is evident that the form of the courtyard house presents a number of qualitiesthat are still relevant to contemporary domestic life in Syria. However, two majorchanges have occurred in the social structure of Syria, which affected to someextent the viability of the traditional courtyard house for contemporary familyliving. These are:

The decrease in family size, with more women working outside the home.The change from the extended family structure to the nuclear household type.

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig01.jpg)Figure 13: The Courtyard of Al-Wakil House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the author.

Furthermore, most families rely on multi-storey apartments as an affordable housing solution and cannot afford large courtyard houses. The Arabic housewith its internal courtyard has become rare and has almost completely disappeared in contemporary architecture. So how are we to live in a rapidly-changing world where all meanings of family tradition and culture have changed dramatically?

Is there a scope for a new affordable housing typology based on maximizing the benefits of a courtyard organization and responding to the needs of smallcontemporary nuclear households?

(http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Courtyard/Fig02.jpg)Figure 14: The fountain of Courtyard of Al-Wakil House in Aleppo. Photo taken by the

author.

6. Further resources (http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1197)

Amini, Mousallam Sakka, "Islamic and Japanese Traditional Houses and Their Social Meaning: A Comparative Interpretation", Islamic Quarterly, vol.37, 4, 1993, pp. 266-79.Azab, Khaled, Residential Architecture in Islamic Civilization (http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/publications/Islamtoday/25/p10.php),Journal Islam Today, N 25, 1429 H/2008.Bahnassi, A., 'Aleppo', in The Islamic City, edited by R. B. Serjeant. Paris 1980.Bassiouni, Ali, "The Courtyard as an Essential Component in Arab Cities", Arab City Magazine (Arab Institute for City Development, Riyadh), 1981, p.87Dunham, Daniel, "The Courtyard House as a Temperature Regulator," The New Scientist, September 8, 1960, pp. 663-66.

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Keywords: Places (/places) Culture (/culture) Architecture (/architecture) Islamic architecture (/keywords/islamic-architecture) House (/keywords/house)Aleppo (/keywords/aleppo) environment (/keywords/environment) Mahmoud Zein Alabidin (/keywords/mahmoud-zein-alabidin)courtyard (/keywords/courtyard) Syria (/keywords/syria)

Ferwati, M. Salim, and Mandour, M. Alaa, "Proportions and Human Scale in Damascene Courtyard Houses," in ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal ofArchitectural Research, vol. 2, issue 1 (2008).Holod, Renata and Darl Rastorfer, "Courtyard Houses", in Architecture and Community, edited by Renata Holod and Darl Rastorfer. New York:Aperture, 1983.Ibrahim, Abdelbaki Mohamed, "Historical Evolution of the Courtyard in Architecture", in Alam al-Bina (Cairo: Center for Planning and ArchitecturalStudies), vol. 10-13/204, 1998.King, David A., "Architecture and Astronomy: The Ventilators of Medieval Cairo and their Secrets," Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol.104,1, 1984, pp. 97-133.Maury, Bernard, Andr Raymond, Jacques Revault and Mona Zakariya, Palais et maisons du Caire. II: Epoque ottoman (XVIe-XVIIIe sicles). Paris:CNRS, 1983.Rabbat, Nassar, The Courtyard House: From Cultural Reference to Universal Relevance. Ashgate, in association with the Aga Khan Program forIslamic Architecture (forthcoming in August 2010).Sauvaget, J., and Ecochard, M., Les Monuments Ayyubides de Damas. Damascus 1938-50.Scudo, Gianni, "Climatic Design in the Arab Courtyard House", in Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centrevol. 1-2, 1988, pp. 82-91.Tabbaa, Yasser, "Towards an Interpretation of the Use of Water in Islamic Courtyards and courtyard Gardens," Journal of Garden History, vol. 7, 3(1987): pp. 197-220.Susan Roaf, "The Windcatchers of the Middle East," in Islamic Architecture and Urbanism, edited by Aydin Germen. Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 1980,pp. 257-68.

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* Mr. Mahmoud Zein Al Abidin, Architect - Chairman of Shadirwan Center for Architecural Heritage in Syria.

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