Music TheoryMusic Theory

Cadences - Chapter 5Cadences - Chapter 5

DefinitionsDefinitions

PhrasePhrase A substantial musical thought, A substantial musical thought,

which ends with a punctuation which ends with a punctuation called a cadencecalled a cadence

CadenceCadence A harmonic cadence is a A harmonic cadence is a

musical punctuation that closes musical punctuation that closes a phrase or section of musica phrase or section of music

Cadence TypesCadence Types PAC - Perfect authentic PAC - Perfect authentic

cadencecadenceStrongest CadenceStrongest CadenceV-I, or V-iV-I, or V-i Both chords are in root positionBoth chords are in root position Tonic is the highest sounding Tonic is the highest sounding pitch on the last chordpitch on the last chord

Cadence TypesCadence Types IAC - Imperfect authentic IAC - Imperfect authentic

cadencecadence Strong CadenceStrong Cadence V-I/i, vii-I/iV-I/i, vii-I/i Both chords are NOT in Both chords are NOT in root positionroot position Tonic is NOT the highestTonic is NOT the highest sounding pitch on the last chordsounding pitch on the last chord

Cadence TypesCadence Types Half - Half cadenceHalf - Half cadenceLike a comma,Like a comma,The final chord is VThe final chord is V Phrygian Half Cadence iv to V in minorPhrygian Half Cadence iv to V in minor

Cadence TypesCadence Types DEC - DeceptiveDEC - DeceptiveObvsiously - it doesn’t go Obvsiously - it doesn’t go

where you expectwhere you expectV to anything other than IV to anything other than I

Cadence TypesCadence TypesPlagal - Plagal CadencePlagal - Plagal Cadence““Amen” CadenceAmen” CadenceIV to I, iv to iIV to I, iv to i Infrequently ii6 to IInfrequently ii6 to I

Cadence TypesCadence Types

Rhythmic CadenceRhythmic Cadence Creating a punctuation with Creating a punctuation with

only rhythmonly rhythm Phrases often incorporate Phrases often incorporate

them, and they tend to fit them, and they tend to fit with the harmonic cadence with the harmonic cadence typetype

-Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) - Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) -

Tones that sound along with a chord but are not chord tonesTones that sound along with a chord but are not chord tones

NHT’s create dissonance - usually 2nd’s, 4th’s and 7th’sNHT’s create dissonance - usually 2nd’s, 4th’s and 7th’s

The dissonance is calculated against the lowest sounding tone of The dissonance is calculated against the lowest sounding tone of the chord, regardless of the other pitches present (exception if the chord, regardless of the other pitches present (exception if NHT occurs in the lowest sounding voice)NHT occurs in the lowest sounding voice)

-Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) - Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) -

Most NHT’s involve 3 pitches:Most NHT’s involve 3 pitches: 1. Preceding Chord Tone1. Preceding Chord Tone 2. NHT2. NHT 3. Following Chord Tone3. Following Chord Tone This relationship is often defined as This relationship is often defined as

(1)preparation, (2)dissonance, (3)resolution(1)preparation, (2)dissonance, (3)resolution

-Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) - Non Harmonic Tones (NHT’s) -

NHT’s are distinguished by determining where the NHT’s are distinguished by determining where the dissonance occursdissonance occurs

Unaccented NHT’s - dissonance occurs “off” the beat (weaker)Unaccented NHT’s - dissonance occurs “off” the beat (weaker)

Accented NHT’s - dissonance occurs “on” the beat (stronger)Accented NHT’s - dissonance occurs “on” the beat (stronger)

To indentify NHT’s we will place parenthesis around the NHT and write To indentify NHT’s we will place parenthesis around the NHT and write the abreviation for the NHT above or below the chord where it occursthe abreviation for the NHT above or below the chord where it occurs

Unaccented NHT’sUnaccented NHT’s Passing Tone - ptPassing Tone - pt Moving from one chord tone in Moving from one chord tone in

stepwise motion, either stepwise motion, either ascending or descending to a ascending or descending to a NHT follwed by stepwise NHT follwed by stepwise motion in the same direction to motion in the same direction to a different chord tonea different chord tone

Unaccented pt:Unaccented pt: Occurs in any voiceOccurs in any voice Stepwise motionStepwise motion Ascending or Ascending or

descendingdescending

Unaccented NHT’sUnaccented NHT’s Neighbor tone - ntNeighbor tone - nt Moving from one chord tone in Moving from one chord tone in

stepwise motion either stepwise motion either ascending or descending to a ascending or descending to a NHT and then back to the NHT and then back to the same chord tonesame chord tone

Unaccented nt:Unaccented nt: Occurs in any voiceOccurs in any voice Stepwise motionStepwise motion Ascending or Ascending or

descendingdescending

Unaccented NHT’sUnaccented NHT’s

Escape Tone - etEscape Tone - et Moving from one chord Moving from one chord

tone in stepwise motion tone in stepwise motion ascending to a NHT ascending to a NHT followed by a descending followed by a descending 3rd to a chord tone3rd to a chord tone

Unaccented et:Unaccented et: Occurs in Soprano voiceOccurs in Soprano voice Stepwise motion followed Stepwise motion followed

by skip down (3rd)by skip down (3rd) ALWAYS UnaccentedALWAYS Unaccented

Unaccented NHT’sUnaccented NHT’s Anticipation - antAnticipation - ant Moving from one chord tone in Moving from one chord tone in

stepwise motion, either stepwise motion, either ascending or descending to a ascending or descending to a NHT follwed by the same tone NHT follwed by the same tone (NHT) which occurs as part of (NHT) which occurs as part of the next chordthe next chord

Unaccented ant:Unaccented ant: Occurs in any voice, usually Occurs in any voice, usually

SopranoSoprano Stepwise motionStepwise motion Ascending or descendingAscending or descending Must be included in the next Must be included in the next

chordchord ALWAYS UnaccentedALWAYS Unaccented

Accented NHT’sAccented NHT’s Passing Tone - ptPassing Tone - pt Moving from one chord tone in Moving from one chord tone in

stepwise motion, either stepwise motion, either ascending or descending to a ascending or descending to a NHT follwed by stepwise NHT follwed by stepwise motion in the same direction to motion in the same direction to a different chord tonea different chord tone

accented pt:accented pt: Occurs in any voiceOccurs in any voice Stepwise motionStepwise motion Ascending or descendingAscending or descending Occurs on the beatOccurs on the beat

Accented NHT’sAccented NHT’s Neighbor tone - ntNeighbor tone - nt Moving from one chord tone in Moving from one chord tone in

stepwise motion either stepwise motion either ascending or descending to a ascending or descending to a NHT and then back to the NHT and then back to the same chord tonesame chord tone

Accented nt:Accented nt: Occurs in any voiceOccurs in any voice Stepwise motionStepwise motion Ascending or descendingAscending or descending Occurs on the beatOccurs on the beat

Accented NHT’sAccented NHT’s Suspension - susSuspension - sus Moving from a chord tone to Moving from a chord tone to

the same tone as a NHT and the same tone as a NHT and then resolving by descending then resolving by descending in stepwise motion to a chord in stepwise motion to a chord tonetone

Accented sus:Accented sus: Occurs in any voiceOccurs in any voice 3 parts-preparation, 3 parts-preparation,

suspension, resolutionsuspension, resolution ALWAYS AccentedALWAYS Accented

Accented NHT’sAccented NHT’s Retardation - retRetardation - ret Moving from a chord tone to Moving from a chord tone to

the same tone as a NHT and the same tone as a NHT and then resolving by ascending in then resolving by ascending in stepwise motion to a chord stepwise motion to a chord tonetone

Accented ret:Accented ret: Usually occurs in Usually occurs in

SopranoSoprano 3 parts-preparation, 3 parts-preparation,

retardation, resolutionretardation, resolution ALWAYS AccentedALWAYS Accented

Accented NHT’sAccented NHT’s AppoggiaturaAppoggiatura Moving from a chord tone by a Moving from a chord tone by a

skip to a NHT and then skip to a NHT and then resolving in stepwise motion in resolving in stepwise motion in the opposite direction to a the opposite direction to a chord tonechord tone

Accented app:Accented app: Usually occurs in Usually occurs in

SopranoSoprano Usually AccentedUsually Accented

Other NHT’sOther NHT’s

Successive Passing Successive Passing Tones Tones

Two passing tones Two passing tones filling in the space of filling in the space of a fourtha fourth

may be accented or may be accented or unaccentedunaccented

Changing Tones - ctChanging Tones - ct Two successive Two successive

NHT’s - the first leads NHT’s - the first leads by step from a chord by step from a chord tone, skips to a tone, skips to a second NHT and then second NHT and then leads back by leads back by stepwise motion to a stepwise motion to a chord tone chord tone

Usually unaccentedUsually unaccented

Other NHT’sOther NHT’s

Pedal Tone - pedPedal Tone - ped A held or repeated note that alternates A held or repeated note that alternates

between dissonance (NHT) and consonance between dissonance (NHT) and consonance Usually in the bass Usually in the bass Most often the chords above change to create Most often the chords above change to create

the dissonancethe dissonance If it occurs above the other voices it is called an If it occurs above the other voices it is called an

inverted pedal toneinverted pedal tone May be either accented or unaccentedMay be either accented or unaccented

SummarySummaryTypeType ApproachApproach DepartureDeparture VoiceVoice >, not >>, not >

ptpt StepStep StepStep AnyAny eithereither

ntnt StepStep StepStep AnyAny eithereither

etet StepStep SkipSkip SopranoSoprano Not >Not >

appapp SkipSkip StepStep Us. Sop.Us. Sop. >>

sussus Same Same Step downStep down AnyAny >>

retret SameSame Step upStep up Us. Sop.Us. Sop. >>

antant Prefer stepPrefer step SameSame Us. Sop.Us. Sop. Not >Not >

pedped NANA NANA Us. BassUs. Bass BothBoth

ctct StepStep StepStep AnyAny Us.Not >Us.Not >

Homework!!!Homework!!!

Textbook - pg. 103-107, 5.2-5.4 5.4 only Textbook - pg. 103-107, 5.2-5.4 5.4 only nos.1 and 2nos.1 and 2

DUE WED!!!DUE WED!!!