Music of ChinaMusic of ChinaSeptember 26, 2013September 26, 2013

Glendale Community CollegeGlendale Community CollegeMusic 127Music 127

Lecture AssignmentLecture Assignment

► Please read the assigned chapter first, 4 The Please read the assigned chapter first, 4 The Music of China. Music of China.

► Then, read through this lecture, follow any Then, read through this lecture, follow any links and listen to any music I have posted. links and listen to any music I have posted.

► Throughout the lecture you will find Throughout the lecture you will find questions. Please answer each question questions. Please answer each question based on the reading, lecture and any based on the reading, lecture and any outside research I ask for. outside research I ask for.

► Finally, send me your answers by pasting Finally, send me your answers by pasting them into the body of an email. Due before them into the body of an email. Due before Friday, October 4. Friday, October 4. psherman@glendale.edupsherman@glendale.edu

Political mapPolitical map

China in the WorldChina in the World

►Pick one of these topics and discuss in a Pick one of these topics and discuss in a short essay Chinashort essay China’’s:s:

►Support of N. Korea;Support of N. Korea;►Support of Iran and Syria as allies of Support of Iran and Syria as allies of

Russia;Russia;►Economic Development in Africa, Central Economic Development in Africa, Central

and South America;and South America;►Trial of Bo Xilai;Trial of Bo Xilai;

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

► China has a long musical tradition documented in China has a long musical tradition documented in historical and notated sources. Traditional Chinese historical and notated sources. Traditional Chinese music depends more on memorization, repetition, music depends more on memorization, repetition, idiomatic realization, and embellishment of standard idiomatic realization, and embellishment of standard instrumental pieces, rather than on improvisation. The instrumental pieces, rather than on improvisation. The music for Peking (or Beijing) Opera contains sound music for Peking (or Beijing) Opera contains sound codes that emphasize the drama created by codes that emphasize the drama created by combinations of instruments. While Confucianism combinations of instruments. While Confucianism revered proper sounding music for inducing correct revered proper sounding music for inducing correct social behavior in ancient times, the Communist Chinese social behavior in ancient times, the Communist Chinese in the 20th century exercised a similar philosophy by in the 20th century exercised a similar philosophy by filling songs with propaganda. Much Chinese music and filling songs with propaganda. Much Chinese music and many of its instruments derived from interactions of the many of its instruments derived from interactions of the numerous minorities over thousands of years, and their numerous minorities over thousands of years, and their music further developed into standard repertories.music further developed into standard repertories.

Ethnic PopulationEthnic Population

► A Billion and a Quarter People, Includes 56 A Billion and a Quarter People, Includes 56 Recognized MinoritiesRecognized Minorities

► Han –– the worldHan –– the world’’s largest ethnic group that s largest ethnic group that comprises more than 93% of Chinacomprises more than 93% of China’’s s population population

► Putuaghua –– the Han language, in the West Putuaghua –– the Han language, in the West known as Mandarinknown as Mandarin

► Zhuang, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, Hui, Zhuang, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, Hui, Uyghur, Kazak, Tarter, Kirgiz, Tajik, Uzbek Uyghur, Kazak, Tarter, Kirgiz, Tajik, Uzbek peoplespeoples

BeijingBeijing

►Capital municipality of the PeopleCapital municipality of the People’’s s Republic of China Republic of China

►Bei –– means, Bei –– means, ““northnorth””; jing means, ; jing means, ““capitalcapital””

►Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), Ming Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Qing Dynasty Dynasty (1368-1644), Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) based in Beijing (1644-1911) based in Beijing

Important Music TermsImportant Music Terms► Jingju –– literally Jingju –– literally ““capitol theatercapitol theater””, Peking , Peking

Opera –– the main type of Chinese popular Opera –– the main type of Chinese popular musical theater that first emerged in the musical theater that first emerged in the Chinese capital Beijing (Peking) in the late Chinese capital Beijing (Peking) in the late eighteenth centuryeighteenth century

► Liyuan –– literally Liyuan –– literally ““Pear Garden,Pear Garden,”” the metaphor the metaphor for for ““theatertheater””

► Qing chang –– singing without staging, Qing chang –– singing without staging, costume, or make-up, practiced publicly by costume, or make-up, practiced publicly by jingju fans jingju fans

► Jinghu –– literally Jinghu –– literally ““capital fiddlecapital fiddle””; a two-string ; a two-string spiked fiddle, the principal melodic instrument spiked fiddle, the principal melodic instrument in jingju in jingju

► Nan ban zi –– an aria introduction played by a Nan ban zi –– an aria introduction played by a jinghujinghu

►Qin (pronounced chin) –– a Chinese Qin (pronounced chin) –– a Chinese seven-stringed zither most revered and seven-stringed zither most revered and patronized by the educated class. patronized by the educated class. Originally an instrument for court music Originally an instrument for court music (elegant music; (elegant music; yayueyayue), it later came to ), it later came to be played in privacy by scholars for be played in privacy by scholars for contemplation, self-purification, and self-contemplation, self-purification, and self-regulation. It has no frets or bridges, but regulation. It has no frets or bridges, but thirteen position-markers called thirteen position-markers called hui.hui.

The Qin (Quqin) and Its MusicThe Qin (Quqin) and Its Music

Formal Structure of a Qin Formal Structure of a Qin piecepiece

► Sanqi –– introduction to a qin piece (0-37Sanqi –– introduction to a qin piece (0-37””))► Rudiao –– the exposition of a qin piece (37-Rudiao –– the exposition of a qin piece (37-

1:40)1:40)► Ruman –– the variations section, or Ruman –– the variations section, or

development, of a qin piece (1:40-5:00)development, of a qin piece (1:40-5:00)► Fuqi –– restatement of the theme (5:00-6:56)Fuqi –– restatement of the theme (5:00-6:56)► Weisheng –– literally Weisheng –– literally ““tail soundstail sounds””; the short ; the short

coda that concludes a qin piece, using the coda that concludes a qin piece, using the stringsstrings’’ harmonics produced by lightly harmonics produced by lightly touching the strings (6:56-end)touching the strings (6:56-end)

DefinitionsDefinitions► Introduction – Music that comes before the Introduction – Music that comes before the

main piece to put the listener in the proper main piece to put the listener in the proper frame of mind. frame of mind.

► Exposition – The first hearing of the main Exposition – The first hearing of the main theme or themes.theme or themes.

► Variations – Alterations to the themes stated Variations – Alterations to the themes stated in the exposition. in the exposition.

► Development – building on the themes Development – building on the themes stated above.stated above.

► Coda – A short ending or conclusion. Coda – A short ending or conclusion.

Flowing WaterFlowing Waterhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8F0G4QEQYghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8F0G4QEQYg

QuestionsQuestions

►Based on your reading of the text and Based on your reading of the text and listening to the above example, do you listening to the above example, do you think this music is composed or think this music is composed or improvised?improvised?

►Please explain your answer.Please explain your answer.

The Pipa and Its MusicThe Pipa and Its Music

►Pipa –– a four-stringed, fretted lute with Pipa –– a four-stringed, fretted lute with a bent neck and pear-shaped body; an a bent neck and pear-shaped body; an imported instrument to Han China, imported instrument to Han China, originally from the Kucha Kingdom (an originally from the Kucha Kingdom (an ancient Uyghur kingdom). It developed ancient Uyghur kingdom). It developed an important repertory by the time of an important repertory by the time of the Sui and Tang periods (581-618 and the Sui and Tang periods (581-618 and 618-905). It has 23 to 25 frets placed 618-905). It has 23 to 25 frets placed along the neck and the sound board. along the neck and the sound board. Its pieces have programmatic titles. Its pieces have programmatic titles.

Programmatic vs Absolute Programmatic vs Absolute MusicMusic► Programmatic – tells a Programmatic – tells a

story through music.story through music.► http://http://

www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGXBIThp1g4 watch?v=bGXBIThp1g4

► Absolute – pure music with Absolute – pure music with no no ““extraextra”” meaning.http://www.youtubemeaning.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwNonij12tQ.com/watch?v=KwNonij12tQ

Types of Pipa MusicTypes of Pipa Music

►Yan yue –– banquet entertainment Yan yue –– banquet entertainment music music

►Wen –– lyrical, civil Wen –– lyrical, civil

►Wu –– martialWu –– martial

Example 1Example 1 Example Example 22

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtrthXXmKgA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXvNgl5Yq2U

Questions

►Should example 1 be classified as an Should example 1 be classified as an example of example of yan yue, wen or wu yan yue, wen or wu and and why? (based on slide 19 and your why? (based on slide 19 and your exploration of the example)exploration of the example)

►Example 2, same question.Example 2, same question. ► Into which formal classification would Into which formal classification would

you place theyou place the qin qin and theand the pipa? pipa? Be Be very specific.very specific.

Winds and Strings Ensembles in Winds and Strings Ensembles in ShanghaiShanghai

► Jiangnan sizhu—a type of Chinese chamber Jiangnan sizhu—a type of Chinese chamber instrumental ensemble made up of strings and instrumental ensemble made up of strings and winds, popular in the areas around Shanghaiwinds, popular in the areas around Shanghai

► Jiangnan –– literally means, Jiangnan –– literally means, ““south of the river,south of the river,”” in reference to the Yangzi River in reference to the Yangzi River

► Si –– literally means, Si –– literally means, ““silksilk””; in reference to ; in reference to string instruments (strings were once made of string instruments (strings were once made of silk, but now made of steel for louder volume) silk, but now made of steel for louder volume)

► Zhu –– literally means, Zhu –– literally means, ““bamboobamboo””; in reference ; in reference to wind instruments made of bambooto wind instruments made of bamboo

Jiangnan sizhu ensembleJiangnan sizhu ensembleStringsStrings

pipa (see slide 20)pipa (see slide 20) sanxian (three-stringed lute with long, fretless neck sanxian (three-stringed lute with long, fretless neck

and oval sound box. video below)and oval sound box. video below) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyJe0HdxCykhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyJe0HdxCyk

erhu (two-stringed fiddles with hollow wooden erhu (two-stringed fiddles with hollow wooden cylindrical sound boxes having one side covered cylindrical sound boxes having one side covered with snake-skin) On the left in the video belowwith snake-skin) On the left in the video below

qinqin (lute with a long, fretted neck) In the qinqin (lute with a long, fretted neck) In the center in the video belowcenter in the video below

One yangqin (a dulcimer struck with a pair of bamboo One yangqin (a dulcimer struck with a pair of bamboo sticks)sticks) http://www.youtube.com/watch? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UW25YUnOxA0v=UW25YUnOxA0

WindsWinds dizi (a transverse bamboo flute with six finger-dizi (a transverse bamboo flute with six finger-

holes, a mouth hole, and another hole covered by holes, a mouth hole, and another hole covered by a thin membrane that vibrates to give the a thin membrane that vibrates to give the instrument a reedy sound) instrument a reedy sound) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxsOks4V35whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxsOks4V35w

sheng (a free-reed mouth organ made of a series of sheng (a free-reed mouth organ made of a series of bamboo pipes arranged in a circle, each with a reed in bamboo pipes arranged in a circle, each with a reed in its lower end, and all inserted into a base made of its lower end, and all inserted into a base made of copper, wood, or gourd, to which the mouthpiece is copper, wood, or gourd, to which the mouthpiece is attached. Two or more tones may be produced attached. Two or more tones may be produced simultaneously.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?simultaneously.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWt4mf3whxwv=SWt4mf3whxw

xiao (an end-blown bamboo flute with five frontal xiao (an end-blown bamboo flute with five frontal finger-holes, one hole in the back, and a blowing hole finger-holes, one hole in the back, and a blowing hole at the top) Begins at 24at the top) Begins at 24”” http://www.youtube.com/watch? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNzGLAGLLuEv=eNzGLAGLLuE

Jiangnan sizhu ensembleJiangnan sizhu ensemble

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfBJ6k2RtmY

Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, or Peking Opera in the West)or Peking Opera in the West)

► includes arias, recitative-like short includes arias, recitative-like short phrases, and heightened speech phrases, and heightened speech

►Heightened speech - a stylized stage Heightened speech - a stylized stage speech with steeply rising and falling speech with steeply rising and falling contours that exaggerate the natural contours that exaggerate the natural intonation of spoken Chinese intonation of spoken Chinese

Questions:Questions:

►Research online or in library texts and Research online or in library texts and define, Aria and Recitative.define, Aria and Recitative.

► In what western art forms are they In what western art forms are they used? used?

Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, Jingju Theater (Capital Theater, or Peking Opera in the West)or Peking Opera in the West)

► includes arias, recitative-like short phrases, and includes arias, recitative-like short phrases, and heightened speech a stylized stage speech with heightened speech a stylized stage speech with steeply rising and falling contours that exaggerate steeply rising and falling contours that exaggerate the natural intonation of spoken Chinese the natural intonation of spoken Chinese http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSfwP-a-w_Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSfwP-a-w_E

Main Categories of RoleMain Categories of Role

►Sheng –– the male role Sheng –– the male role ►Dan –– the female role Dan –– the female role ► Jing –– the painted face role Jing –– the painted face role ►Chou –– the male comic role Chou –– the male comic role

Mymusiclab example 1Mymusiclab example 1

►http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/hss_nettl_worldmusic_6e/hss/hss_nettl_worldmusic_6e/active_listening_guides/active_listening_guides/index.html#nettl6e_alg13_ch04-lgindex.html#nettl6e_alg13_ch04-lg

Mymusiclab example 2Mymusiclab example 2

►http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/hss_nettl_worldmusic_6e/hss/hss_nettl_worldmusic_6e/active_listening_guides/active_listening_guides/index.html#nettl6e_alg14_ch04-lgindex.html#nettl6e_alg14_ch04-lg

The Value and Functions of The Value and Functions of MusicMusic

►Musical gratification is equated with Musical gratification is equated with the taste for food, the need for sex, the taste for food, the need for sex, and aesthetic satisfaction. and aesthetic satisfaction.

►Music is integrated into rituals, Music is integrated into rituals, banquets, weddings, funerals, harvest banquets, weddings, funerals, harvest celebrations, and so forth.celebrations, and so forth.

► Kong Fuzi –– Master Kong Fuzi –– Master Kong, known as Kong, known as Confucius in the Confucius in the West (551-479 West (551-479 B.C.E.). He B.C.E.). He maintained that maintained that music has positive music has positive and negative powers and negative powers to stimulate related to stimulate related behavior and desire. behavior and desire.

Master KongMaster Kong’’s classificationss classifications

► Shi yin –– proper sound, Shi yin –– proper sound, features features harmoniousness, harmoniousness, peacefulness, and peacefulness, and appropriateness appropriateness

► Chi yue –– extravagant Chi yue –– extravagant music, having music, having attributes of attributes of inappropriate loudness, inappropriate loudness, wanton noisiness, wanton noisiness, stimulating excessive stimulating excessive and licentious behavior and licentious behavior

► Mao Zedong (1893-Mao Zedong (1893-1976) –– Chairman 1976) –– Chairman of the Communist of the Communist Party from 1949-Party from 1949-1976, like Confucius, 1976, like Confucius, viewed music as an viewed music as an educational tool, educational tool, applying it for the applying it for the propaganda of state propaganda of state ideology ideology

► The Communists The Communists discredited scholarly discredited scholarly music for its affiliation music for its affiliation with feudal society, but with feudal society, but promoted folk music as promoted folk music as the music of the the music of the workers. workers.

► Before 1949, Before 1949, professional musicians professional musicians had low social status had low social status while the educated while the educated amateur was revered. amateur was revered. Under Communism, the Under Communism, the opposite was regarded.opposite was regarded.

New Musical Directions in the New Musical Directions in the 20th Century20th Century

►Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and Liang Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao (1873-1929) –– music educators Qichao (1873-1929) –– music educators who established classroom music in China who established classroom music in China based on Western modelsbased on Western models

►Xiao Youmei (1884-1940) –– reformed Xiao Youmei (1884-1940) –– reformed Chinese music by incorporating Chinese music by incorporating Western elements, notably harmonyWestern elements, notably harmony

►Zhao Yuanren (1892-1982) –– the Zhao Yuanren (1892-1982) –– the creator of the modern Chinese art creator of the modern Chinese art songsong

►Songs of the Masses –– Chinese Communist Songs of the Masses –– Chinese Communist political songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?political songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5q4cL9qZQIv=t5q4cL9qZQI

► Jiang Qing (1913-Jiang Qing (1913-1991) –– wife of Mao 1991) –– wife of Mao Zedong, who Zedong, who reformed jingju by reformed jingju by incorporating incorporating elements of western elements of western orchestral and orchestral and harmonic practice, harmonic practice, ballet, scenic design, ballet, scenic design, and replacing and replacing traditional stories traditional stories with revolutionary with revolutionary plotsplots

Cui Jian –– the most famous Chinese rock musician Cui Jian –– the most famous Chinese rock musician whose music rejected the materialism that swept whose music rejected the materialism that swept China in the 1980s, culminating in the Tiananmen China in the 1980s, culminating in the Tiananmen Square uprising in 1989Square uprising in 1989http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYwsPt854Xohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYwsPt854Xo

Zhong jinshu –– Chinese heavy Zhong jinshu –– Chinese heavy metal musicmetal music

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sccTU1UD52c

Questions:Questions:

►How do you think Master Kong would How do you think Master Kong would classify the Communist Political songs?classify the Communist Political songs?

►Give some examples of how western Give some examples of how western music is incorporated into the rituals music is incorporated into the rituals of life. Weddings, funerals, festivals, of life. Weddings, funerals, festivals, etc. etc.

Key Concepts for the UnitKey Concepts for the Unit

Importance of Written Language Importance of Written Language and History:and History:

►A non-alphabetic ideographic script meant A non-alphabetic ideographic script meant that Chinese could be used by neighbors that Chinese could be used by neighbors with totally different languages, and that with totally different languages, and that classics written centuries earlier could be classics written centuries earlier could be understood by contemporary readers. This understood by contemporary readers. This led to a great regard for history, high led to a great regard for history, high status for scholar-officials, and an imperial status for scholar-officials, and an imperial state system based on bureaucracy. Each state system based on bureaucracy. Each dynasty had its own historical records, dynasty had its own historical records, much of which provided musical much of which provided musical documentation.documentation.

Highly Specific Musical Systems Highly Specific Musical Systems with Codification at Many with Codification at Many

Levels:Levels:►This includes stock character types in This includes stock character types in

theatrical genres, particular musical theatrical genres, particular musical styles used in specific contexts, styles used in specific contexts, instruments used in standardized instruments used in standardized ensembles, solo instrumental ensembles, solo instrumental traditions, each with its own special traditions, each with its own special notation, repertoire, and idiomatic notation, repertoire, and idiomatic technique.technique.

Question:Question:

►Name one stock character from Name one stock character from Chinese opera and one standard Chinese opera and one standard ensemble of instruments. ensemble of instruments.

Music and Politics:Music and Politics:

► Music and politics have long been Music and politics have long been interconnected. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) interconnected. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) believed that proper music (i.e., ritual music believed that proper music (i.e., ritual music played in unison with long, broad rhythms, slow played in unison with long, broad rhythms, slow tempo, and simple melodies) was capable of tempo, and simple melodies) was capable of promoting proper behavior, while promoting proper behavior, while ““extravagant extravagant musicmusic”” (i.e., loud, fast music) could stimulate (i.e., loud, fast music) could stimulate excessive, licentious behavior. Mao Zedong excessive, licentious behavior. Mao Zedong also believed in music as an important also believed in music as an important educational tool for the propagation of state educational tool for the propagation of state ideology, rather than the expression of virtue.ideology, rather than the expression of virtue.

Listening SkillsListening Skills

Heterophonic Ensemble Heterophonic Ensemble Music:Music:

►The Jiangnan sizhu ensemble, like The Jiangnan sizhu ensemble, like Middle Eastern groups, comprises a Middle Eastern groups, comprises a small number of different musical small number of different musical instruments. The music is instruments. The music is heterophonic, as there is no harmony, heterophonic, as there is no harmony, just different renditions of the same just different renditions of the same tune, each distinguished by its own tune, each distinguished by its own sound texture and by ornamentation sound texture and by ornamentation specific to the instrument. specific to the instrument.

Questions:Questions:

►Pick out the tune in the following video Pick out the tune in the following video by humming it. Describe the sound by humming it. Describe the sound characteristic of each instrument and characteristic of each instrument and the manner in which it ornaments the the manner in which it ornaments the melody. melody.

►How is the way in which it ornaments How is the way in which it ornaments based on the construction or basic based on the construction or basic ““nature of each instrument? nature of each instrument?

Jiangnan sizhuJiangnan sizhuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TcVJViSksY

SummarySummary

Chinese civilization dates back many centuries and Chinese civilization dates back many centuries and includes many different ethnic groups, cultures, and includes many different ethnic groups, cultures, and languages.languages.

Key instruments include the Key instruments include the qin qin (zither) and (zither) and pipa pipa (lute).(lute). Traditional musical performances——such as tea house Traditional musical performances——such as tea house

music——are found in public places, performed by music——are found in public places, performed by amateurs and professionals alike; the audience comes amateurs and professionals alike; the audience comes and goes as it pleases, often talking during a and goes as it pleases, often talking during a performance; and the melodies are often highly performance; and the melodies are often highly improvised, with no announced program. improvised, with no announced program.

Jingju Jingju (or Peking Opera) is one of China(or Peking Opera) is one of China’’s best known s best known theatrical/musical styles, featuring elaborate sets and theatrical/musical styles, featuring elaborate sets and costumes, and a richly developed sung repertory. costumes, and a richly developed sung repertory.

““Good musicGood music”” maintains the proper social maintains the proper social order and underlines the beliefs endorsed by order and underlines the beliefs endorsed by the state; the state; ““bad musicbad music”” leads to improper leads to improper behavior or to criticism of the status quo. behavior or to criticism of the status quo.

The rise of Communism and the successful The rise of Communism and the successful 1949 revolution introduced a new, didactic 1949 revolution introduced a new, didactic type of music meant to instill the type of music meant to instill the governmentgovernment’’s core message to the citizenry, s core message to the citizenry, drawing on Soviet models. drawing on Soviet models.

As Chinese society has opened up somewhat As Chinese society has opened up somewhat following the Cultural Revolution of the following the Cultural Revolution of the ‘‘60s 60s and early and early ‘‘70s, Western art music and 70s, Western art music and popular songs have become more accepted, popular songs have become more accepted, although there remains an although there remains an ““undergroundunderground”” of of unacceptable musical styles, many of which unacceptable musical styles, many of which question the validity of the statequestion the validity of the state’’s power.s power.

Questions:Questions:

► In what ways can we compare jingju to Western In what ways can we compare jingju to Western opera or a Broadway musical? opera or a Broadway musical?

► How is music used for propaganda in our How is music used for propaganda in our country? country?

► How is music used to instill values in our How is music used to instill values in our country? country?

► Why did the Communists, during the Cultural Why did the Communists, during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), utilize Western musical Revolution (1966-76), utilize Western musical practices such as orchestration, harmony, ballet, practices such as orchestration, harmony, ballet, and scenic design, in spite of being anti- and scenic design, in spite of being anti- Western?Western?