muscular system - morales biology - home · •skeletal •cardiac •smooth. cardiac muscle...
TRANSCRIPT
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Muscular system
MOVE ME!
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MUSCLESDay 1 Nov 13 and 16
TYPES OF MUSCLES, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS.
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FUNCTIONS of MUSCLE
•Movement
•Maintains posture
•Stabilize joints
•Generates heat• Byproduct of muscular contraction
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Three Types of Muscle
•Skeletal
•Associated with bones
•Cardiac
•Makes your heart
•Smooth
•Tubular, common in intestines, blood vessels
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Three muscle types
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Three types at the cellular level
• SKELETAL
• CARDIAC
• SMOOTH
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Only found in your heart
• Striated (striped)
• Involuntary (can’t control it)
• Multinucleated
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Cardiac Muscle
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SMOOTH MUSCLE• Involuntary and
• Not striated (striped)
• Not multinucleated
• Makes up vessels, intestines, bladder, stomach
• Moves “stuff” through the body
• Slow smooth contractions
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Smooth muscle
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Smooth muscle cells
Single smooth muscle cell
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Voluntary
• Striated (striped)
• Multinucleated
• Fast strong contractions
• Human body contains over 400 skeletal muscles
• 40-50% of total body weight
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Longest muscle - sartorius
Strongest muscle
Largest muscle – gluteus maximus
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Three muscle types
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MUSCLESDay 2 Nov 17 and 18
NAMING MUSCLES AND HOW THEY MOVE YOU
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Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle Fiber is a muscle cell
• Fibers up to a foot long
• Strong due to connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers and becomes tendons
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muscle
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Structure of skeletal muscle
•Muscle – many fascicles
• Fascicle – many muscle fibers/cells
•BIG TO SMALL1. Muscle
2. Fascicles
3. Muscle fibers/cells
4. Myofibrils
5. (Sarcomeres) discuss later
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fascicle
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TENDONS
• CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE
• THE (FASCICLE) MEMBRANE AROUND THE BUNDLES OF MUSCLE FIBERS/CELLS COME TOGETHER TO FORM TENDONS
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The real thing – a bit gross
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HOW MUSCLES CONNECT TO BONES
• All muscles connect to bones at a minimum of TWO places
1. Point of origin
2. Point of insertion
WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS THE ORIGIN GETS CLOSER TO THE INSERTION
Muscles only PULL, they never PUSH
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Point of Origin and Insertion
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Some ways that muscles can move
• Flexion• Decreases the angle of
the joint
• Abduction• Away from the midline
• Rotation • In a circular motion
• Extension• Increases the angle of
the joint
• Adduction • Towards the body
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Extension and Flexion
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aBduction and aDduction
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Rotation
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MUSCLESDay 3 NOV 19 AND 20
No Notes (Finish posters, steroid article)
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MUSCLESDay 4 Nov 23 and 24
Muscles at the cellular level
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Structure of skeletal muscle
•Muscle – many fascicles
• Fascicle – many muscle fibers/cells
•Muscle fibers/cells – many myofibrils
•Myofibrils – many sarcomeres
•BIG TO SMALL1. Muscle
2. Fascicles
3. Muscle fibers/cells
4. Myofibrils
5. Sarcomeres
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fascicle
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Inside a SINGLE muscle fiber/cell
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofibril –detail
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Histology
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How contraction occurs
• Myofibrils
• The dark and light bands of the myofibrils move together when a skeletal muscle contracts.
• REMEMBER! Muscles always pull, never push
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY• THE RED
PROTEINS GRAB THE BLUE PROTEINS AND PULL THEM TOGETHER.
• WHOLE MUSCLE GETS SHORTER
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The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
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IN SUMMARY
1. Muscles are made of many muscle fibers/cells
2. Inside each muscle cell are myofibrils
3. The myofibrils are striated (striped) with light and dark bands
4. One set of light and dark bands is a sarcomere
5. When the proteins in the bands pull on each other each sarcomere gets shorter.
6. When hundreds of sarcomeres in a myofibril get shorter, the whole muscle gets shorter.
7. The muscle pulls on the bone and you move
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MUSCLESDay 5 Dec 1 and 2
How nerves move muscles
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IN SUMMARY
1. Muscles are made of many muscle fibers/cells
2. Inside each muscle cell are myofibrils
3. The myofibrils are striated (striped) with light and dark bands
4. One set of light and dark bands is a sarcomere
5. When the proteins in the bands pull on each other each sarcomere gets shorter.
6. When hundreds of sarcomeres in a myofibril get shorter, the whole muscle gets shorter.
7. The muscle pulls on the bone and you move
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What causes muscles to move?
• You think (or instinctively just do it) I want to move a muscle
• Your brain sends a signal to the muscle
• The muscle responds to that signal by contracting
• You move
• But how does that signal work?
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Spinal cord to muscle1. A nerve in the
spinal cord sends a message to a bunch of muscle fibers (this is a motor unit)
2. Where the nerve reaches the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction.
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Motor Unit
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Motor Unit - examples
• Single motor neuron & muscle fibers it stimulates
• Eye muscles – 1:1 muscle fiber/nerve ratio
•Hamstrings – 300:1 muscle fiber/nerve ratio
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The Neuromuscular Junction
Site where motor neuron meets the muscle fiber/cell
1. A chemical signal is released by the neuron. (neurotransmitter/ acetylcholine)
2. The muscle receives this signal, causing the muscle to contract.
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MUSCLESDay 6 Dec 3 and 4
Exercise, Oxygen Debt and Fatigue
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A few random things
• A muscle fiber/cell contraction is all or nothing.
• A stronger contraction is caused by using more muscle fibers/cells
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Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
Arnold Schwarzenegger
• Increase in size of each muscle fiber/cell
Bruce Lee
• Increase in number of muscle fibers/cells
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Muscle Fatigue
• Fatigue means tired
• Muscle fatigue is when a muscle won’t contract even though a nerve is telling it to
• Not enough oxygen is main factor
• Not enough oxygen means your body has trouble making ATP
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Making ATPAerobic respiration
• Requires Oxygen
• Makes a LOT of ATP per glucose
• Better way to power muscles
Normally occurs
Anaerobic respiration
• Doesn’t require oxygen
• Makes less ATP for every glucose.
• Produces Lactic Acid (muscle burn)
Necessary with low Oxygen
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MUSCLESDay 7 Dec 7 and 8
Case study about muscle fatigue and disease
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slides I’m not using
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Types of Muscle Contraction
• Isometric
• Muscle exerts force without changing length
• Pulling against immovable object
• Postural muscles
• Isotonic (dynamic)
• Concentric• Muscle shortens during force production
• Eccentric• Muscle produces force but length increases
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Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle• Aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass
• Rate increases after 50 years of age
• Regular exercise training can improve strength and endurance
• Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss in muscle mass
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Alteration of Fiber Type by Training• Endurance and resistance training
• Cannot change fast fibers to slow fibers
• Can result in shift how efficiently they use oxygen
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Force Regulation in Muscle
• Types and number of motor units recruited
• More motor units = greater force
• Fast motor units = greater force
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Fiber Types and Performance
• Power athletes • Sprinters
• Possess high percentage of fast fibers
• Endurance athletes • Distance runners
• Have high percentage of slow fibers
• Others• Weight lifters and non-athletes
• Have about 50% slow and 50% fast fibers
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The Neuromuscular Junction
• Site where motor neuron meets the muscle fiber• Separated by gap called the neuromuscular gap
• Acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron• Causes depolarization (electrical change) of the muscle
fiber
• Runs down the sarcolemma – almost instantaneous because it is just one membrane.
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Some vocabulary
• Muscle – a bunch or bundle of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fiber or muscle cell –
• Multinucleated - many - nuclei
• Long and skinny
• Myo and sarco-
• Prefixes that mean muscle
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Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• Further divisions of myofibrils
• Z-line
• Actin
• Myosin
• Within the Muscle fiber
• Sarcoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum• Storage sites for calcium
• Sarcomere
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Cross-Bridge Formation in Muscle Contraction
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Isotonic and Isometric Contractions