munitions of the mind “for to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of...
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Munitions of the Mind
“For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.” Sun Tsu, The Art of War.
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Evolution of Terminology
• Combat propaganda• Political Warfare• Psychological Warfare (PSYWAR)• Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)• Information Support (UK); OpInfo (Germany)
INFORMATION WARFARE/INFORMATION OPERATIONS
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US Definition
“Operations planned to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups and individuals.” - Joint Pub 3-53
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Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS
• Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services.
• White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civil-military services.
• Grey: (source unknown).
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Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS
• Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services.
• White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civil-military services.
• Grey: (source unknown).
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PSYOPS media
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WEEKLYWEEKLYNEWSPAPERSNEWSPAPERS
RADIO RADIO BROADCASTSBROADCASTS
& AUDIO TAPES& AUDIO TAPESMOSTOVIMOSTOVI
MIRKOMIRKOHERALD OF PROGRESSHERALD OF PROGRESS
TELEVISION TELEVISION BROADCASTSBROADCASTS
& ADVERTISEMENTS& ADVERTISEMENTS
TV SFORTV SFOR
Nation Building?
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Operations Other Than War
The dangers of ‘unintendedconsequences’
Trying to avoid unintendedconsequences
Bosnia
Kosovo
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The new ‘P’ word – Perception Management
‘Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives and objective reasoning; and to intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to influence official estimates, ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the originator’s objectives.
In various ways perception management combines truth projection, operations security, cover and deception and psychological operations.’
-- Joint Pub 1-02
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Traditional ‘Surrender or Die’ messages
Kosovo, 1999
Afghanistan, 2001-02
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How to surrender
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We are not ‘invaders’
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PSYOPS - Commando Solo
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Enduring Freedom Psyops leaflets – pre-translation
Right - back
Left - front
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‘Shock and Awe’
‘Do not follow orders to destroydams or flood villages. Do notfollow orders to destroy yourcountry's oil. ... See those ordersfor what they are -- the lastdesperate gasp of a dying regime.’
Sec. Rumsfeld at DoD PressConference, 23 March 2003
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Some successes
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White PSYOPS, 2003
• Go home/Stay at home campaign
This also looks to have been a successful part of the campaign
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Does it Work?
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SOMETIMES –IT DEPENDS….