Municipal Wastes and Lechate

Non-hazardous waste

• Municipal solid waste is commonly known as trash or garbage.

• Industrial waste is made up of a wide variety of non-hazardous materials that result from the production of goods and products.

Municipal solid waste

• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items we use and then throw away.

Statistics

Reduction of Production• Source reduction, or waste prevention, is designing products to reduce the amount of waste that will later need to be thrown away and also to make the resulting waste less toxic.

• Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from the trash to use to make new products, reducing the amount of new raw materials needed.

• Composting involves collecting organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, and storing it under conditions designed to help it break down naturally. This resulting compost can then be used as a natural fertilizer.

Recycling rates

Recycling rates

Generated Wastes

Disposal requirements

• Landfills

• Energy recovery from waste

• Combustion

• Transfer station

Resource Conservation

85.1 million tons of material =

186 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent =

36 million cars

Landfills

Standards:

•Location restrictions

•Composite liners requirements

•Leachate collection and removal systems

•Operating practices

•Groundwater monitoring requirements

•Closure and post closure care requirements

•Financial assurance

Groundwater monitoring

- To monitor groundwater, facility owners and operators must install a groundwater monitoring system that can collect samples from the uppermost aquifer (defined as the geological formation nearest the natural surface that is capable of yielding significant quantities of groundwater to wells or springs).

What is a Bioreactor landfill?

• A bioreactor landfill operates to rapidly transform and degrade organic waste.

- Aerobic- Anaerobic

- Hybrid

Energy Recovery from Waste

- Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes.

Combustion

• Scrubbers—devices that use a liquid spray to neutralize acid gases

• Filters—remove tiny ash particles

Transfer stations

• Waste transfer stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities.

Hazardous Waste

• Listed Wastes

• Characteristic Wastes

• Universal Wastes

• Mixed Wastes

Listed wastes

• The F-list : wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations.

• The K-list : certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing.

• The P-list and the U-list : specific commercial chemical products in an unused form.

Characteristic wastes

• Ignitability

• Corrosivity

• Reactivity

• Toxicity

Universal wastes

• Batteries

• Pesticides

• Mercury containing equipments

• Bulbs (lamps)

Mixed wastes

- Mixed waste contains both radioactive and hazardous waste components. As a result, both treatment and regulation are complex.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Release and exposure of PCBs

• 1979 ban.

• remain for long periods of time cycling between air, water, and soil.

PCBs have been demonstrated to cause cancer, as well as a variety of other adverse health effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, and endocrine system.

Health effects

What is lechate?- Leachate is formed when water passes through the waste in the landfill cell.

Recycling

Pros Cons

Enhances landfill stabilization because rate of landfill gas production is increased due to increase waste moisture content.

Increase rate of groundwater pollution if used in a landfill with single-composite-lining.

Provides a means of leachate disposal.Increases toxicity of leachate by concentrating it.

Reduce volume of municipal solid waste leachates.

Potential health effectsChemical Source Health effects from acute exposure

Toluene/xylene Glues and paints Euphoria, excitement, tremor

Phenols and cresols

Paint

Burning pain in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, sweating, shock, coma

BenzeneSolvent, starting material in chemical manufacture

Single exposure unlikely to cause problem

NickelManufacture of batteries, coloring ceramics and glass

Skin – irritation and dermatitis

Cadmium compounds Paint and batteries

chest pain وnausea وLarger amounts affect calcium and zinc metabolism, cause facial and pulmonary edema.Skin – irritation

Lead

Lead paint (apply to older landfill sites), pottery, cosmetics and some ethnic remedies

Severe abdominal pain, vomiting,headache, confusion, coma and seizures

MercuryLamps, thermometers

Bloody diarrhea, intestinal mucosal necrosis, dehydration, circulatory collapse

Thanks for your attention!