municipal solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste Generation Waste generation is often expressed in term of a waste generation rate, (Kg/Per.day). House hold waste generation increases with income.E.g. Kandy and Jaffna to be 0.85 kg/per.day and 0.92 kg/per.day respectively.The average waste generation rate in several study town to be 0.98kg/per.day, ranging from 0.88kg/per.day in Jaffna to 1.18 kg/per.day in Kandy.

Waste Generation Cont…….

Study obtained the following waste generation rate for Kandy.Low income 0.37 kg/Person.dayMiddle income 0.47kg/person.dayHigh income 0.67 kg/person.day

Municipal waste generation is also closely related to the state of the town/City economy,Developing countries 0.3 – 1.0 kg/per.dayDeveloped countries 1.0 – 2.5 kg/per.day

Waste Generation Cont…….Waste generation is also affected by a number of other factors, including.The floating population, Season, Festivals and other special occasions.The waste generation rate may be also be used for SWM planning purpose, such asTo estimate the total amount of waste generated in different areas of the town/city by multiplying the generation rate by the population in these areas.To predict future waste generation based on expressed population and economic growth rates.

After waste is generated, people may dispose of it in a number of ways

On-site disposal – burning and /or burial On-site composting Recycling, generally involving individual

collectors visiting peoples’ Premises Discharge for LA collection Illegal dumping LAs are most interested in the amount of

waste discharged for collection. This may be expressed in terms of the waste discharged rate - the quantity of waste discharged for collection per person per day.

Waste Discharge

WASTE DISCHARGE CONT…..

Current Situation (Determine by Survey - 2001)

2001 population = 110,000 MSW 2001 waste generation rate = 1.18kg/per.day MSW 2001 waste discharge rate = 0.85kg/per.day Current MSW discharge = 110,000 X 0.85 = 92,441kg/day = 92.4 Tons/day

This is shown in the following example for Jaffna.

Estimate population growth rate = 0.97%Estimate increase in waste discharge rate = 0.85 of economic growth rate = 2.2%Expected population in 2012 = 110,000 x 1.009710 = 121,202Expected MSW discharge rate in 2012 = 0.85 x 1.02210 = 1.04 kg/person.dayExpected MSW discharge in 2012 = 121,202 x 1.04 = 126,050 kg/day = 126

Tons/day Increased MSW discharge for collection = 36% in 10 years

Future Situation (2012)

WASTE COMPOSITIONThe following composition data is also

useful in SWM. Waste bulk density : Used for selecting and

sizing storage containers, public bins and collection vehicles and for converting vehicle trips data to tons.

Moisture: Used for looking at treatment options, especially compositing and incineration.

Carbon to Nitrogen ratio : Useful for composting.

PHYSICAL COMPOSITION Waste composition for developing and developed

countriesCompostable SriLanka NewZeland Japan Food/Kitchener Grass/Wood Total

69.911.7

81.6

38.315.754.0

26.69.0

35.1RecycalblesPaperPlasticGlassMetalTextileTotal

6.95.11.11.01.1

15.2

22.08.54.13.95.1

43.6

52.56.90.20.44.0

64.0

Hazardous --- ---- 0.5

Others 3.2 2.4 0.4

SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SRI LANKA

Comparative waste generation and composition Data. The physical composition of solid waste also varies

between different societies and with incomeItem Developing

CountriesDeveloped Countries

Waste generation (kg/person.day)

0.3 – 1.0 1.5 – 2.5

Waste CompositionCompostableRecyclablesOthers

40 – 857 – 451 – 40

20 -5025 – 801 – 20

Bulk density (Kg/m3 wet wt) 250 – 500 100 – 170

Moisture content (wt%) 40 - 80 20 - 30

Sri Lankan MSW is:Highly organic and moderately wet. Hence, it is suitable for composting.

Investment of Windrow compost plant processing 4Tons/day of garbage are 3.6M.Rs, while operation and maintenance costs are around 500Rs/Tons of waste composted.

There are many failed composting plants around Sri Lanka.

Physical Composition

OBJECTIVE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SWM may be broadly considered to have two main objectives:

Sanitation Environmental Sanitation

Good SWM is essential for protecting people’s health and the sustainable development of the town/city.

SANITATIONLA and/or contractor must provide an effective/efficient garbage collection and disposal service for the minimum acceptable cost. It involves the following.Protection Human Health Protecting public places/private property from nuisance /danger (E.g. Obtruction, odour, vermin and fire) Keeping the town / city clean

The main health/environmental risks associated with poor SWM are listed below:Organic waste rots quickly and smells. They spread disease such as typhoid, cholera, and can also cause diarrhoea, eye problems, skin disease, etc.Waste thrown into drains blocks them, causing them to fill up with water. This will cause floods during heavy rains.Insects especially mosquitoes, breed in the stagnant water. These cause diseases especially malaria, filarial and dengue.Water gets trapped in tins, plastics bags and tyres that have been thrown away – mosquitoes, even more disease.

Sanitation Cont.......

Good sanitation should be provide many people within the town/city: clean neighbourhoods - reduced disease – health life – beautiful environment.

Open dumpingThis creates serious hardship for people living near the disposal site. dumping at one place, usually in the open with no soil cover being applied or any other environmental protection measures being taken

Environmental Protection

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CONT….. Discontinuing open dumping.

Implementing controlled tipping , which at the very least involves applying soil cover to the waste daily.

Progressing to sanitary land filling over a number of years, involving site security works, leachate treatment, land fill gas management, storm water/ground water management, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CONT…..

Environmental protection also involves taking a broader perspective – looking at how we can minimise waste by:

Reducing the amount of waste generated.Reusing the waste materials as much as possible.Recycling waste materials into new useful items.Recovering energy from waste materials.Waste Minimising

BETTER SWM

Better SWM for environmental protection requires public, LA, voluntary/non-governmental organisation and private sector cooperation in order to be successful

LA should encourage Public participations in SWM. Reducing their SWM costs, while raising public awareness at the same time..

MANY OF THESE TASKS ARE INTER-RELATED. THEY REQUIRE THE SAME OR NEW SKILL NEW SWM SKILLS INCLUDES:REDUCING WASTE SCATTERINGIMPROVING GARBAGE COLLECTION EFFICIENCYIMPROVING FINAL DISPOSAL (SANITARY LAND FILLING)IMPROVED HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENTREDUCING SWM COSTSINCREASING PUBLIC PARTICIPATIONPUBLIC EDUCATION/AWARENESS RAISINGIMPROVED RECORD KEEPING (PERFORMANCE MONITORING)

NEW SWM TASKS

Establishment of new waste discharge systemCauses of waste scatteringHow to prevent waste scatteringNew waste discharge RuleDischarge Rules for difficult wastesNew Garbage collection methodsVehicle Bell CollectionKerbside collectionHand-card collectionDoor to door collectionPublic bin collectionStationary trailer system

REDUCING WASTE SCATTERING STRATEGY

REDUCING WASTE SCATTERING STRATEGYPublic Litter basket/binsFixed litter basket in busy streetFixed litter bins for parks, bus station, etcMovable litter bins for festival, events, etc

Improving Garbage collection efficiencyResidential waste, commercial, institutional and industrial wasteMarket wasteStreet sweeping and drain cleaningHand cardsHow to load waste into trailers

IMPROVING FINAL DISPOSAL

Introduction to Good Land-fillingLandfilling impacts – Leachate and Landfill gasDisposal methodsClosure and aftercareMonitoring committeeProcedure for developing new land fill sites

Improving Healthcare waste managementIntroducion to National Policy for healthcare waste managementActual healthcare waste management

Reducing SWM costsSWM operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs, collection and transportation costsKeeping cost down.

Increasing Public ParticipationGet the support of Council membersInform and Educate the PublicEstablish effective communication channelsFollow –up and resolve complaintsProvide reminder and feedback to the PublicTypical problems for Discussion

SWM Components DescriptionGeneration Production of all waste by different sourcesStorage And Discharge Storage: Generated waste is stored within

the property of the people producing it for some time before discharge

Part or all of the waste generated is put out for collection either within the property of the source itself (e.g. local hotels, some institutions) or outside the property.

Storage may also some times be used to refer to waste discharged into public bins or stationary trailers for subsequent collection.

SWM – A Changing Field

Collection and Transportation Discharged waste is collected by the LA and /or their contractor for transportation to processing/treatment and final disposal.

Processing and treatment Some (often none) of the discharged waste may be transported for processing and treatments. e.g. material separation and recovery, centralised composting and bio-gas generation

Disposal Most (often all) of the collected waste is discharged at the final disposal site.

SWM Components Description

STRATEGY FOR REDUCING WASTE SCATTERING

Type of Wsate Prevention Measures1. Residential, commercial,

market, institutional and industrial wastes

Establishment of new waste discharge systemBell collectionKerbside collectionDoor to door collectionPublic waste bin CollectionHandcart bell/horn collection

1. Littering by Pedestrians Fixed public litter basket for busy street

1. Waste at parks, bus station etc

Fixed public litter bins

1. Festival, special events, etc Movable public litter bins

REDUCING WASTE SCATTERING

Bell Collection: Container handed directly to LA labourers. Permanent containers are return to owners after emptying.

Kerbside collection: Closed container placed on road side for collection. Permanent containers are returned to puckup point after emptying.

Door to door collection: Labourers collect garbage from inside premises. Permanents bins are returned to premises after emptying.

Public bin collections: Closed disposable container placed in public places not permanent structures.

Stationary trail collection: Garbage emptied into trailer by people. No permanent containers should be placed in the trailer.


Establishment of new waste discharge System Causes of waste Scattering How to Prevent waste Scattering New waste discharge rule Discharge Rules for difficult waste New Garbage Collection methods – Sanitary

Trailer System

REDUCING WASTE SCATTERINGPublic Litter Bins These bins for Litter: e.g. Lunch packet, leftover,

food packaging, lottery tickets, etc. The bin should be small/medium in size The both size of the bins and distance between

them depends on how busy the location. The bins must also be emptied often The final number, size and location of bins must

take all these factors into account. Fixing the bins in the ground/concrete flat form Putting holes in the bottom of the bins Marking a nearby resident/shop owner responsible

for the bins.


Improving Garbage collection efficiency Poor Garbage storage / discharge Inappropriate waste transfer from

Handcart to two wheel tractors Inappropriate waste transfer from two

wheel tractor to four wheel tractor

POTENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF LAND-FILLING

Landfilling stage

Indicative Requirements

Controlled Tipping

Application of daily soil cover (100 – 150 mm) Fill using the cell method to minimise the active filling

area and reduced leachate generation. Chemical spraying to control pests and possibly odour. Band on burning waste. Installation of movable net fence. Establishment of temporary access road. Full-time site supervisor. Vehicle trips recording system. Organization of scavenging activities at site (if relevant). Application of final cover soil (300 – 600mm) to

completely filled areas.

Landfilling stage


Sanitary land filling(level 1)

As for controlled tipping plus the following:Site clearing, prior to land filling.Establishment of all weather access and on-site roading.Full-time tractor wheel loader for waste placement and compaction.Development of basic Site Management Plan.Enclosure of the active working area with a bund to divert storm water from it, as appropriate.Diversion of stormwater from surrounding areas away from the site and provision of on-site storm water drainage, as appropriate.

Landfilling stage


Sanitary landfilling(level 2)

Basic facilities and activites as per controlled tipping and level 1 sanitary landfilling with the following changes/additions:Preparation of comprehensive landfill management plan.Provision of tarmac access road.Excavation to maximize the available filling areas within site constraints and to facilitate landfill liner construction. Installation of a low permeability clay landfill linear, overlain by a Leachate collection/drainage layer and protective soil cover.Bulldozer for waste placement and compaction.

Landfilling stage



Provision of more advanced Leachate treatment facilities capable of meeting stricter environmental discharge standards.

Turfing and benching finished slopes and restoration of the landfill on completion of filling.

Provision of passive landfill gas vents. Staff amenities. Environmental monitoring (e.g. Down

gradient groundwater well)

Landfilling stage



As for previous levels with the following additions:Advanced operational practices, including a weighbridge, water truck for dust suppression and Leachate/groundwater /air monitoring.Compactor for waste placement and compaction.Creation of a more impermeable bottom liner by addition of a 1.5 mm membrane liner above the clay liner.Stormwater treatment for sediment management

Landfilling stage Indicative RequirementsSanitary landfilling + energy recovery (level 4)

As for previous levels plus a landfill gas reticulation and power generation system.

PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING NEW LANDFILL SITE

Identification of new landfill site (3 – 6 month) Topographic and geological survey (3 months

plus) Design of sanitary ladfill facilities (6 month) Initial environmental examination (IEE) or

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (6 months +)

Land acquisition (3 -12 months) Agreement from neighbours (3 – 18 months) Construction of sanitary landfill site (6 month)

MONITORING COMMITTEE

Once before any construction or upgrading works are started in order to understand and record the original condition.

Every month during the first six months of operation.

After this time, if the monitoring committee judges that performance is good, the monitoring frequency may be reduced. However, monitoring should be done at least every three months.

RECOMMENDED MONITORING FREQUENCIES

Once before any construction or upgrading works are started in order to understand and record the original conditions

Every month during the first six months of operations

After this time If the monitoring committee judges that performance is good, the monitoring frequency may be reduced. However monitoring should be done at least every three months.

CLOSURE AND AFTERCARE Appling final cover of at least 600 mm soil over

the whole landfill. Landscaping of the entire landfill, according to the

final land use, including benching and turfing or vegetating finished slopes.

Regular inspections and maintenance, particularly of the Leachate collection and treatment system, gas vents, stormwater drainage and landfill settlement. Remedial actions should be taken to address any problems, as required.

Monitoring committee inspections at say yearly intervals, decreasing to 2-5 years over time.

Ongoing environmental monitoring.

municipal solid waste

Documents