MUN LIBRARIES QUICK GUIDE: HOW TO CITE MUSIC (MLA & APA)

CITING MUSIC IN MLA STYLE (7th ed.)

PUBLISHED MUSIC SCORE (PRINT) Composer Lastname, Firstname. Title of Score. Year of Composition. City of Publication: Publisher,

Year of Publication. Medium. Name of Series (if applicable). Verdi, Giuseppe. Rigoletto. 1851. New York: Dover, 1992. Print. MUSIC SCORE FROM AN ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTED WORK Composer Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Score.” Year of Composition. Title of Anthology. Ed(s).

Editor(s) Name(s). Edition #. Vol. #. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Pages. Medium.

Monteverdi, Claudio. “L’Orfeo: Excerpt from Act II.” 1607. Norton Anthology of Western Music. Eds. J. Peter

Burkholder and Claude V. Palisca. 5th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 2006. 397-420. Print. PUBLISHED LIBRETTO Librettist Lastname, Firstname. Title of Libretto. Composed by Firstname Lastname. City of

Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium. Name of Series (if applicable). Bottarelli, Giovan Gualberto. Carattaco. Composed by Johann Christian Bach. New York: Garland, 1982. Print.

Italian Opera, 1640-1770.

SOUND RECORDING Begin with the name of the person or group whose contribution is most relevant to your research, followed by a label identifying the person's role. Common abbreviations for music-related roles include: comp. (Composer), cond. (Conductor), dir. (Director), perf. (Performer). List other contributors after the title, also identifying their roles. Sound recording mediums include: MP3, CD, audiocassette, LP, Digital file.

Lastname, Firstname. “Song Title.” Album Title. Other Artist(s) when distinct from the first-listed person/group. Manufacturer, Year of issue. Medium.

Rattle, Simon, cond. “Andante Comodo.” Symphony No. 9. By Gustav Mahler. Perf. Berliner Philharmoniker.

EMI Classics, 2008. CD. SOUND RECORDING (ONLINE, THROUGH A MUSIC DATABASE) For a recording accessed online through a music database, include all the details for a sound recording, as well as the title of the database or website and the date of access (day, abbreviated month, year). The medium will be "Web". MLA recommends that a URL only be included when the reader cannot likely locate the source without it, or when required by your instructor.

Lastname, Firstname. “Song Title.” Album Title. Other Artist(s) when distinct from the first-listed person/group. Manufacturer, Year. Name of Database. Medium. Date of access.

Greenberg, David. “Togo Farewell.” Tunes Until Dawn: Traditional Fiddle and Piano Music of Cape Breton.

Marquis Records, 1982. Naxos Music Library. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.

LINER NOTES (FROM A RECORDING) If citing the libretto, booklet, liner notes, or other material accompanying a sound recording, give the author’s name, the title of the material (if any), and a description of the material (e.g., Libretto, Booklet, Liner notes). Then provide the details for a sound recording. "Medium" will be the medium of the sound recording (e.g. MP3, CD, audiocassette, LP, Digital file).

Author Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Material (if any).” Description of the material. Title of Recording.

Other Artist(s). Publisher, Year. Medium of recording. Quinton, Gordon. Liner notes. Yellow Sky. Woodnight Records, 2006. CD. LIVE PERFORMANCE Begin with the title of the performance, followed by the names of the composer, director or conductor, and relevant performers and identify their roles: "Cond." (Conductor), "Dir." (Director), "Perf." (Performer). Then include the venue, city and date (day, abbreviated month, year). The medium is "performance."

Title of Performance. Names of composer, director or conductor, and performers. Venue, City. Date.

Medium. Handel's Messiah. By George Frideric Handel. Cond. Marc David. Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's.

12 Dec. 2014. Performance.

PROGRAM NOTES (FROM A LIVE PERFORMANCE) If citing a performance’s program notes, give the author’s name, the title of the material (if any), and a description of the material ("program notes"). Then provide the details for a live performance. The medium is "performance."

Author Lastname, Firstname. “Title of material, if any.” Description. Title of Performance. Names of

composer, director or conductor, and performers. Venue, City. Date. Medium. Ymous, Anon. “I Don’t Know Any Italians Named Johnson.” Program notes. La Fancuilla Del West.

Metropolitan Opera, New York. 9 Dec. 2010. Performance. DVDs Title. Dir. Director's name (If desired, you may include screenwriter and performers or other relevant

contributors). Original release date. Name of Studio/Production Company/Distributor, DVD release year. Medium.

Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Music by Craig Armstrong. 2001. Twentieth Century Fox, 2013. DVD. If you are citing a DVD of a musical performance or opera, begin with the name of the person/group who is most relevant

to your research and their role. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, composer. Le Nozze di Figaro. Dir. David McVicar. Opus Arte, 2008. DVD. YOUTUBE VIDEO Author's Name or Poster’s Username. “Title of Video.” Name of Website. Name of

institution/organization affiliated with site, date of posting. Medium. Date you accessed it. ClassicalMusicGuide. “Mozart's Requiem Mass in D Minor I: Introitus and Kyrie.” YouTube. YouTube, 1 May

2007. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.

CITING MUSIC IN APA STYLE (6th ed.)

PUBLISHED MUSIC SCORE (PRINT) Note: No example is given for a music score in the APA Manual (6th ed.). Cite as a book.

Composer, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of score. City, State/Province of publication: Publisher.

(year original work published). Verdi, G. (1992). Rigoletto. 1851. New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1851). MUSIC SCORE FROM AN ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTED WORK Composer, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of score. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of anthology (xx ed., Vol.

xx, pp. xxx-xxx). City, State/Province of Publication: Publisher. (year original work published). Monteverdi, C. (2006). L’Orfeo: Excerpt from act II. In J. P. Burkholder & C. V. Palisca (Eds.), Norton anthology

of western music (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 397-420). New York, NY: Norton. (Original work published 1607). PUBLISHED LIBRETTO Note: No example is given for a libretto in the APA Manual (6

th ed.).

Librettist, L. L. (Year of Publication). Title of libretto [Composed by Firstname Lastname]. City,

State/Province of Publication: Publisher. Bottarelli, G. G. (1982). Carattaco [Composed by Johann Christian Bach]. New York, NY: Garland. SOUND RECORDING List the primary contributors in the author position and use parentheses to identify their contributions (e.g "Composer", "Conductor", "Performer", etc.).

Contributors. (Copyright Year). Title of song [Recorded by A. A. Artist if different from composer]. On Title of album [Medium: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. City, State/Province of Publication: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date).

Mahler, G. (Composer), & Rattle, S. (Conductor). (2008). Andante comodo [Recorded by Berliner

Philharmoniker]. On Symphony no. 9 [CD]. New York, NY: EMI Classics. SOUND RECORDING (ONLINE THROUGH A MUSIC DATABASE) APA does not give a specific example. As APA generally advises not to include direct URLs in Article Indexes and

databases to avoid nonworking URLs, we recommend providing the name of the database, or the URL of the database's

homepage.

Contributors. (Copyright Year). Title of song [Recorded by A. A. Artist if different from composer]. On

Title of album [Streaming audio]. City, State/Province of Publication: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date). Available from Database name OR Retrieved from URL

Greenberg, D. (Composer and Performer). (1982). Togo farewell. On Tunes until dawn: Traditional fiddle and

piano music of Cape Breton [Streaming audio]. Toronto, ON: Marquis Records. Retrieved from http://www.naxos.com

DVDs If the composer and/or performers or other contributors are relevant to your research, you may include them as well.

Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title [DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio. Armstrong, C. (Music), Luhrmann, B., Baron, F., Brown, M. (Producers), & Luhrmann, B. (Director). (2001).

Moulin Rouge [DVD]. USA: Twentieth Century Fox. Mozart, W. A. (Composer), & McVicar, D. (Director). (2008). Le nozze di Figaro [DVD]. England: Opus Arte. YOUTUBE VIDEO The person who posted the video is placed in the author position. Provide their real name and in square brackets their screen name if both are available.

Author, A. A. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title of video [Video]. Retrieved from http://URL

However, if the user’s real name is not available, include only the screen name, without brackets:

ClassicalMusicGuide. (2007, May 1). Mozart's requiem mass in d minor I: Introitus and Kyrie [Video]. Retrieved

from http://youtu.be/d88xIIRDI9U

Need more help with citing music?

There are many special issues related to writing about music: capitalizing names of stylistic periods, identifying

exact titles of musical works, naming notes and keys, and dealing with foreign terms are some of these.

Richard J. Wingell addresses many of these issues in his books:

Wingell, Richard J., and Silvia Herzog. Introduction to Research in Music. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall,

2001. Print. Available at the QEII Library: MT 1 W56 2001

Wingell, Richard J. Writing About Music: An Introductory Guide. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice

Hall, 2009. Print. Available at the QEII Library & Music Resource Centre: ML 3797 W54 2009