mums and their sons; dads and their daughters: panel data evidence of interdependent marginal...
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Mums and their Sons; Dads and their Daughters: Panel Data Evidence of Interdependent Marginal
Utilities across 14 EU Countries
José Alberto Molina*, María Navarro* and Ian Walker**
* University of Zaragoza, Spain
** University of Warwick, UK
EPUNet Conference Barcelona, May 9th 2006
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AIM OF THE PAPER
Estimate the extent of altruism between parents and children
Why?
Literature:
Altonji, J. , F. Hayashi, and L. Kotlikoff (AER 1992, 1995, 1996)
Schwarze (2004), Schwarze and Winkelmann (2005), Winkelmann (2005)
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Simple Theoretical Background
Data
Econometric Models
Results
Conclusions
OUTLINE
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Simple Theoretical Background
cyUcyUW ccpp
cp
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How satisfied are you with your present financial situation?
- child data censored by leaving home
DATA
European Community Household Panel – ECHP (1994-2001)
14 EU countries
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Structure of households in ECHP
Number of
observations Both
natural Only father
Only mother
Step father Step
mother Austria 5908 82.08% 1.74% 12.15% 2.74% 1.29% Belgium 4468 72.36% 3.25% 18.04% 4.34% 2.01% Denmark 2296 73.48% 4.05% 14.59% 5.53% 2.35% Finland 4067 77.13% 4.33% 13.70% 3.52% 1.33% France 9857 75.99% 3.11% 14.08% 5.17% 1.64% Germany 11372 83.97% 3.27% 10.96% 1.51% 0.29% Greece 10229 88.76% 1.15% 9.84% 0.22% 0.02% Ireland 9601 85.25% 3.31% 10.97% 0.45% 0.02% Italy 17917 89.48% 1.45% 8.51% 0.42% 0.15% Luxembourg 4605 75.68% 2.28% 14.88% 4.19% 2.98% The Netherlands 5667 84.12% 2.84% 12.56% 0.07% 0.41% Portugal 12520 81.26% 1.77% 14.67% 1.54% 0.76% Spain 17798 84.57% 2.08% 12.26% 0.83% 0.26% United Kingdom 7327 63.74% 4.93% 21.61% 7.92% 1.82%
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Mean satisfaction levels – samples with any children
33.5
44.5
Fath
er
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Son IncSat
Fathers-Sons Income Satisfaction
33.
54
4.5
Fat
her
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Daughter IncSat
Fathers-Daughters Income Satisfaction
33.
54
4.5
Mot
her
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Son IncSat
Mothers-Sons Income Satisfaction
33.
54
4.5
Mot
her
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Daughter IncSat
Mothers-Daughters Income Satisfaction
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Mean Satisfaction Levels – comparing leavers with stayers before leaving
2.5
33.5
4S
on IncS
at N
ot Leave
s H
om
e
2.5 3 3.5 4Son IncSat Leaves Home
Son Income Satisfaction
2.5
33.5
4D
aughte
r In
cSat N
ot Leave
s H
om
e
2.5 3 3.5 4Daughter IncSat Leaves Home
Daughter Income Satisfaction
2.5
33.
54
Son
IncS
at N
ot L
eave
s H
ome
2.5 3 3.5 4Son IncSat Leaves Home
Son Income Satisfaction
2.5
33.
54
Dau
ghte
r In
cSat
Not
Lea
ves
Hom
e
2.5 3 3.5 4Daughter IncSat Leaves Home
Daughter Income Satisfaction
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SiblingsAustria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Number of
siblings households % households % households % households % households % households % households %
1 754 34.79 818 37.80 676 38.19 990 37.49 1,663 38.08 2,855 43.44 1,279 33.19
2 790 36.46 859 39.70 722 40.79 987 37.37 1,684 38.56 2,596 39.49 1,695 43.99
3 397 18.32 355 16.40 271 15.31 461 17.46 694 15.89 789 12.00 607 15.75
4 144 6.65 96 4.44 70 3.95 142 5.38 222 5.08 216 3.29 211 5.48
5 48 2.22 17 0.79 27 1.53 39 1.48 58 1.33 76 1.16 47 1.22
6 20 0.92 13 0.60 4 0.23 13 0.49 29 0.66 21 0.32 10 0.26
7 6 0.28 3 0.14 9 0.21 12 0.18 4 0.10
8 2 0.09 3 0.14 2 0.08 5 0.11 3 0.05 9 4 0.18 3 0.11 1 0.02 3 0.05 10 2 0.09 1 0.02 1 0.02 11 2 0.08 1 0.02 12 1 0.04 13 1 0.04 14 15 1 0.02
Ireland Italy Luxembourg The Netherlands Portugal Spain United Kingdom Number of siblings households % households % households % households % households % households % households %
1 725 23.56 2,298 38.43 858 35.71 1,100 30.80 1,496 38.70 1,874 32.88 2,137 37.64
2 871 28.31 2,400 40.14 879 36.58 1,679 47.02 1,395 36.08 2,185 38.33 2,221 39.12
3 702 22.81 906 15.15 447 18.60 605 16.94 536 13.86 1,050 18.42 925 16.29
4 412 13.39 275 4.60 154 6.41 145 4.06 244 6.31 378 6.63 249 4.39
5 190 6.17 62 1.04 43 1.79 32 0.90 105 2.72 112 1.96 89 1.57
6 104 3.38 22 0.37 19 0.79 7 0.20 43 1.11 61 1.07 27 0.48
7 30 0.97 12 0.20 1 0.04 18 0.47 23 0.40 18 0.32
8 20 0.65 2 0.03 2 0.08 1 0.03 13 0.34 10 0.18 8 0.14
9 16 0.52 2 0.06 7 0.18 3 0.05 2 0.04
10 4 0.13 1 0.02 5 0.13 2 0.04 1 0.02
11 1 0.03 3 0.08 1 0.02 12 1 0.03 1 0.03 13 1 0.03 1 0.02 14 1 0.02
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% of Households with number of siblings
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of siblings
Ireland
U K
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Mean satisfaction levels – samples with 2+ children
33.5
44.5
Fath
er
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Child IncSat
Fathers Income Satisfaction
33.5
44.5
Moth
er
IncS
at
2.5 3 3.5 4Child IncSat
Mothers Income Satisfaction
2.5
33.
54
Chi
ld In
cSat
Not
Lea
ves
Hom
e
2.5 3 3.5 4Child IncSat Leaves Home
Child-Fathers Sample
2.5
33.
54
Chi
ld In
cSat
Not
Lea
ves
Hom
e
2.5 3 3.5 4Child IncSat Leaves Home
Child-Mothers Sample
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Random Effects Ordered Probit Model
Parametric Ordered Probit Model with Multiple Random Effects
1 21 2 3* *it it it it it
p p p c ci ity x x x y e
1 21 2 3* *ijht ijht ijht ijht ijht
p p p c ch jh ijh ijhty x x x y a b c e
ECONOMETRIC MODELS
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Altruism parameter for FathersFather’s Economic Satisfaction (Boy) Father’s Economic Satisfaction (Girl)
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0.1412 0.1295 0.1230 0.1519 0.1493 0.1636 0.1500 0.1371 0.1654 0.1655 Austria (0.0208) (0.0208) (0.0208) (0.0223) (0.0225) (0.0249) (0.0248) (0.0244) (0.0254) (0.0253) 0.1198 0.1071 0.1116 0.1123 0.1097 0.1022 0.0997 0.0945 0.0975 0.0975
Belgium (0.0320) (0.0312) (0.0305) (0.0311) (0.0307) (0.0332) (0.0331) (0.0329) (0.0339) (0.0335) 0.1038 0.0891 0.1013 0.1007 0.1003 0.2017 0.2081 0.2137 0.2342 0.2283
Denmark (0.0386) (0.0382) (0.0377) (0.0387) (0.0388) (0.0515) (0.0516) (0.0523) (0.0541) (0.0545) 0.2503 0.2210 0.2102 0.2244 0.2115 0.3224 0.2968 0.2811 0.2987 0.2865
Finland (0.0414) (0.0398) (0.0400) (0.0430) (0.0431) (0.0468) (0.0454) (0.0455) (0.0467) (0.0469) 0.1983 0.1765 0.1748 0.1727 0.1766 0.1936 0.1761 0.1698 0.1699 0.1698
France (0.0190) (0.0183) (0.0183) (0.0191) (0.0191) (0.0213) (0.0207) (0.0206) (0.0210) (0.0211) 0.2739 0.2327 0.2329 0.2540 0.2558 0.1583 0.1334 0.1205 0.1183 0.1139
Germany (0.0424) (0.0419) (0.0413) (0.0419) (0.0422) (0.0474) (0.0462) (0.0457) (0.0458) (0.0463) 0.5478 0.5016 0.4817 0.5135 0.5045 0.5743 0.5381 0.5008 0.5480 0.5251
Greece (0.0215) (0.0211) (0.0212) (0.0220) (0.0221) (0.0222) (0.0218) (0.0219) (0.0227) (0.0227) 0.2263 0.2109 0.2036 0.2191 0.2210 0.2134 0.1914 0.1886 0.1966 0.2005
Ireland (0.0214) (0.0211) (0.0205) (0.0215) (0.0214) (0.0230) (0.0225) (0.0223) (0.0233) (0.0233) 0.3787 0.3546 0.3456 0.3607 0.3586 0.3999 0.3828 0.3663 0.3798 0.3727
Italy (0.0132) (0.0130) (0.0129) (0.0136) (0.0136) (0.0142) (0.0140) (0.0139) (0.0142) (0.0142) 0.4447 0.4645 0.4363 0.4677 0.4936 0.3766 0.3697 0.2893 0.3878 0.3016
Luxembourg (0.0967) (0.1007) (0.0927) (0.0995) (0.1019) (0.0864) (0.0839) (0.0795) (0.0802) (0.0808) 0.1560 0.1525 0.1374 0.1494 0.1375 0.1277 0.1264 0.1249 0.1194 0.1177
Netherlands (0.0266) (0.0268) (0.0265) (0.0271) (0.0270) (0.0292) (0.0288) (0.0284) (0.0291) (0.0290) 0.4803 0.4661 0.4552 0.4700 0.4745 0.5105 0.4889 0.4873 0.5206 0.5249
Portugal (0.0212) (0.0209) (0.0208) (0.0216) (0.0217) (0.0233) (0.0232) (0.0232) (0.0238) (0.0239) 0.2291 0.2187 0.2103 0.2122 0.2101 0.2295 0.2217 0.2122 0.2236 0.2187
Spain (0.0117) (0.0115) (0.0114) (0.0118) (0.0118) (0.0124) (0.0122) (0.0120) (0.0125) (0.0124) 0.1594 0.1329 0.1382 0.1335 0.1431 0.2295 0.2076 0.2152 0.2079 0.2106
UK (0.0370) (0.0360) (0.0362) (0.0370) (0.0366) (0.0401) (0.0391) (0.0402) (0.0402) (0.0408)
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Altruism parameter for MothersMother’s Economic Satisfaction (Boy) Mother’s Economic Satisfaction (Girl)
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0.2009 0.1914 0.1869 0.2213 0.2217 0.2060 0.1997 0.1911 0.2200 0.2185 Austria (0.0196) (0.0195) (0.0194) (0.0210) (0.0211) (0.0238) (0.0236) (0.0231) (0.0239) (0.0240) 0.1187 0.1024 0.0995 0.1061 0.1040 0.1747 0.1709 0.1557 0.1547 0.1500
Belgium (0.0270) (0.0261) (0.0255) (0.0259) (0.0259) (0.0291) (0.0283) (0.0286) (0.0287) (0.0289) 0.1320 0.1130 0.1143 0.1163 0.1176 0.1034 0.1112 0.1066 0.1108 0.0999
Denmark (0.0370) (0.0367) (0.0369) (0.0377) (0.0378) (0.0456) (0.0450) (0.0456) (0.0459) (0.0465) 0.2515 0.2010 0.1993 0.1920 0.1836 0.3461 0.3198 0.2978 0.3131 0.3106
Finland (0.0418) (0.0407) (0.0413) (0.0436) (0.0442) (0.0418) (0.0410) (0.0406) (0.0409) (0.0414) 0.1962 0.1793 0.1734 0.1835 0.1808 0.2161 0.1939 0.1791 0.1868 0.1803
France (0.0175) (0.0173) (0.0170) (0.0179) (0.0179) (0.0197) (0.0190) (0.0191) (0.0196) (0.0197) 0.2463 0.1977 0.1985 0.2149 0.2087 0.2503 0.2184 0.2033 0.1907 0.1849
Germany (0.0375) (0.0357) (0.0353) (0.0362) (0.0366) (0.0493) (0.0474) (0.0468) (0.0467) (0.0471) 0.6548 0.6105 0.5947 0.6381 0.6250 0.6290 0.5906 0.5713 0.6191 0.6102
Greece (0.0209) (0.0207) (0.0210) (0.0218) (0.0219) (0.0211) (0.0207) (0.0209) (0.0216) (0.0218) 0.2071 0.1912 0.1836 0.2044 0.2027 0.1936 0.1783 0.1790 0.1856 0.1879
Ireland (0.0193) (0.0192) (0.0189) (0.0197) (0.0197) (0.0200) (0.0196) (0.0193) (0.0202) (0.0202) 0.4107 0.3870 0.3760 0.3990 0.3938 0.4647 0.4476 0.4310 0.4497 0.4435
Italy (0.0125) (0.0124) (0.0122) (0.0129) (0.0129) (0.0135) (0.0133) (0.0132) (0.0136) (0.0135) 0.3180 0.3149 0.2656 0.3326 0.2810 0.2221 0.2343 0.1842 0.2795 0.2279
Luxembourg (0.0759) (0.0739) (0.0699) (0.0730) (0.0702) (0.0759) (0.0769) (0.0707) (0.0767) (0.0730) 0.1554 0.1424 0.1388 0.1396 0.1422 0.1945 0.1846 0.1664 0.1674 0.1586
Netherlands (0.0251) (0.0242) (0.0241) (0.0247) (0.0246) (0.0287) (0.0277) (0.0276) (0.0285) (0.0281) 0.5031 0.4860 0.4743 0.5029 0.5000 0.5841 0.5665 0.5551 0.5828 0.5821
Portugal (0.0191) (0.0190) (0.0189) (0.0196) (0.0196) (0.0213) (0.0212) (0.0211) (0.0215) (0.0216) 0.2718 0.2610 0.2532 0.2594 0.2552 0.2762 0.2676 0.2607 0.2709 0.2657
Spain (0.0110) (0.0109) (0.0108) (0.0112) (0.0112) (0.0117) (0.0114) (0.0114) (0.0117) (0.0117) 0.1995 0.1708 0.1606 0.1675 0.1636 0.2444 0.2297 0.2249 0.2272 0.2235
UK (0.0312) (0.0300) (0.0303) (0.0306) (0.0306) (0.0343) (0.0337) (0.0334) (0.0342) (0.0338)
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AuBe Dk
Fi
Fr
Ge
Gr
Ir
It
Lu
Ne
Po
Sp
UK
.1.2
.3.4
.5.6
Fath
ers-S
ons A
ltruis
m
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6Fathers-Daughters Altruism
Fathers-Sons & Fathers-Daughters
Au
BeDk
Fi
Fr
Ge
Gr
Ir
It
Lu
Ne
Po
Sp
UK
0.2
.4.6
.8
Moth
ers-S
ons A
ltruis
m
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6Mothers-Daughters Altruism
Mothers-Sons & Mothers-Daughters
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OTHER RESULTS
Fathers less altruistic towards step children than natural - but not significant
Mothers much sensitive than fathers to income shocks
Married or cohabiting Mothers more income satisfied
Negative effect of Family Size in income satisfaction on both
Highly significantly positive effect of the household owning the house
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GLLAMMFather’s Economic Satisfaction Mother’s Economic Satisfaction
Variables (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0.1183 0.1120 0.1056 0.1309 0.1294 0.1602 0.1561 0.1529 0.1734 0.1720 Austria
(0.0227) (0.0226) (0.0225) (0.0231) (0.0231) (0.0215) (0.0215) (0.0215) (0.0220) (0.0220)
0.0691 0.0785 0.0569 0.0615 0.0714 0.1109 0.1136 0.1072 0.1093
0.1040
Belgium
(0.0293) (0.0294) (0.0294) (0.0294) (0.0303) (0.0263) (0.0266) (0.0262) (0.0265) (0.0265)
0.1537 0.1651 0.1646 0.1682 0.1690 0.0951 0.1003 0.0955 0.0979 0.0938 Denmark
(0.0461) (0.0440) (0.0452) (0.0445) (0.0468) (0.0442) (0.0438) (0.0440) (0.0438) (0.0440)
0.2433 0.2269 0.2161 0.2285 0.2186 0.3100 0.3000 0.2916 0.2936 0.2910 Finland
(0.0433) (0.0420) (0.0419) (0.0424) (0.0425) (0.0436) (0.0432) (0.0433) (0.0437) (0.0439)
0.1453 0.1358 0.1363 0.1316 0.1333 0.1582 0.1462 0.1445 0.1453 0.1451 France
(0.0192) (0.0191) (0.0190) (0.0193) (0.0193) (0.0181) (0.0179) (0.0180) (0.0180) (0.0182)
0.1387 0.1165 0.1148 0.1072 0.1082 0.2036 0.1791 0.1714 0.1585 0.1568 Germany
(0.0493) (0.0486) (0.0483) (0.0487) (0.0487) (0.0470) (0.0458) (0.0452) (0.0457) (0.0456)
0.5276 0.5086 0.4838 0.5313 0.5140 0.5804 0.5591 0.5457 0.5956 0.5890 Greece
(0.0208) (0.0205) (0.0207) (0.0211) (0.0212) (0.0197) (0.0195) (0.0195) (0.0201) (0.0201)
0.1546 0.1473 0.1506 0.1576 0.1630 0.1507 0.1439 0.1449 0.1554 .1573168 Ireland
(0.0207) (0.0206) (0.0207) (0.0211) (0.0212) (0.0199) (0.0198) (0.0197) (0.0202) .0202206
0.3422 0.3341 0.3246 0.3397 0.3346 0.3933 0.3940
Italy
(0.0133) (0.0132) (0.0131) (0.0133) (0.0133) (0.0137) (0.0137)
0.4138 0.3849 0.3794 0.3889 0.3750 Luxembourg
(0.0922) (0.0866) (0.0922) (0.0872) (0.0957)
0.4539 0.4385 0.4390 0.4589 0.4642 0.4828 0.4729 0.4717 0.4961 0.4968 Portugal
(0.0215) (0.0214) (0.0214) (0.0218) (0.0218) (0.0212) (0.0211) (0.0211) (0.0214)
(0.0214)
.1928914 .1897875 .1861097 0.1894
0.2360
0.2331 0.2310 0.2360
0.2341
Spain
.0118585 .0117857 .0117239
(0.0119) (0.0113)
(0.0112) (0.0112) (0.0113)
(0.0113)
0.1961 0.1812 0.1874 0.1852 0.1869 0.2376 0.2293 0.2258 0.2318 0.2266 United Kingdom
(0.0367) (0.0364) (0.0361) (0.0361) (0.0363) (0.0321) (0.0317) (0.0313) (0.0314) (0.0315)
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Au
Be
Dk
Fi
Fr Ge
Gr
Ir
It
Po
SpUK
.1.2
.3.4
.5
Fath
ers
Altru
ism
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6Mothers Altruism
Fathers & Mothers
Estimated altruism parameters – all children
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Fathers money metric, Oswald (2002, 2004)
Father’s Economic Satisfaction (Son) Father’s Economic Satisfaction (Daughter) Variables
(2) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Austria 16% 11% 13% 13% 14% 11% 11% 13% Belgium 13% 29% 14% 28% 18% 25% 18% 27% Denmark 6% 8% 7% 8% 16% 20% 21% 22% Finland 12% 12% 12% 13% 15% 16% 15% 17% France 14% 15% 14% 15% 13% 15% 13% 15% Germany 23% 23% 23% 24% 9% 9% 8% 9% Greece 78% 83% 76% 84% 91% 94% 86% 97% Ireland 23% 25% 20% 25% 14% 18% 14% 18% Italy 64% 71% 61% 70% 79% 91% 76% 90% Luxembourg 85% 61% 38% 49% 42% 38% 35% 45% Netherlands 19% 20% 20% 20% 13% 14% 13% 14% Portugal 97% 104% 94% 104% 130% 150% 116% 139% Spain 50% 56% 46% 55% 37% 42% 37% 42% UK 11% 13% 12% 14% 15% 19% 16% 18%
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Mothers money metricMother’s Economic Satisfaction (Son) Mother’s Economic Satisfaction (Daughter) Variables
(2) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Austria 34% 23% 26% 25% 27% 19% 20% 20% Belgium 11% 15% 13% 15% 15% 18% 15% 17% Denmark 6% 6% 6% 6% 9% 14% 12% 12% Finland 8% 9% 8% 8% 21% 27% 22% 30% France 16% 18% 16% 18% 15% 17% 15% 17% Germany 18% 18% 17% 18% 17% 18% 15% 17% Greece 106% 113% 107% 116% 106% 114% 104% 118% Ireland 26% 29% 26% 30% 17% 21% 17% 21% Italy 85% 99% 81% 97% 99% 119% 95% 116% Luxembourg 25% 20% 32% 21% 16% 18% 17% 19% Netherlands 13% 17% 14% 18% 19% 22% 20% 22% Portugal 125% 142% 122% 139% 161% 172% 142% 160% Spain 57% 65% 56% 65% 42% 48% 43% 49% UK 18% 23% 20% 23% 20% 25% 22% 25%
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Fathers money metric of child well-being
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Den
mar
k
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Gre
ece
Irel
and
Ital
y
Luxe
mbo
urg
Net
herla
nds
Por
tuga
l
Spa
in
UK
Mothers money metric of child well-being
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
Austria
Belg
ium
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Germ
any
Gre
ece
Irela
nd
Italy
Luxem
bourg
Neth
erlands
Portugal
Spain
UK
Estimated money measures (as % of parent income ) of the value of a 1 std dev change in child satisfaction
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Fathers and Mothers money (%) metric (GLLAMM)
Father’s Economic Satisfaction Mother’s Economic Satisfaction Variables
(2) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (5) Austria 14% 11% 13% 13% 28% 22% 22% 23% Belgium 21% 29% 14% 35% 16% 17% 15% 16% Denmark 13% 17% 13% 16% 7% 8% 7% 8% Finland 11% 12% 11% 12% 15% 16% 15% 16% France 12% 14% 12% 13% 15% 16% 14% 16% Germany 9% 10% 8% 9% 16% 16% 13% 14% Greece 93% 98% 91% 101% 112% 117% 110% 122% Ireland 16% 21% 16% 21% 21% 26% 22% 26% Italy 83% 93% 79% 92% 134% Portugal 111% 124% 106% 123% 147% 165% 135% 155% Spain 50% 55% 47% 55% 60% 54% 61% UK 15% 18% 16% 18% 28% 31% 30% 31%
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Fathers and Mothers money metric of child well-being (GLLAMM)
0%20%40%60%80%
100%120%140%160%
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Gre
ece
Irela
nd Italy
Por
tuga
l
Spa
in UK
Fathers and Mothers money (%) metric (GLLAMM)
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CONCLUSIONS
Strong parental altruism
More so in Southern Europe
Not religion – Ireland also low
Mothers seem more altruistic than fathers
Fathers seem more altruistic towards their daughters than sons
Mothers seem more altruistic towards their sons in some countries but the pattern is less clear
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