“multiple-stable states” changes in: species diversity opportunistic species incidence of...
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“Multiple-Stable States”
Changes in:
Species diversity
Opportunistic species
Incidence of disease
Tightness of nutrient cycling
Net Primary Production
Natural Range of Stable States
Degraded/ Loss of integrity
Degraded/ Loss of integrity
0
0.5
1
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Year
Prop
ortio
n of
Lan
dsca
pe in
Old
-gro
wth
HRV
Historical Range of Variability
Figure from Aplet and Keeton (1999)
Multiple Pathways of Succession:
f (Timing, Type, and Intensity of Disturbances + Masting and Seed Availability)
From Hemstrom and Logan (1986), in Spies (1997)
IUCN Cat. 2:
National Park
IUCN Cat. I:
Nature preserve
IUCN Cat. 3:
Natural Monument
IUCN Cat. 4:
Habitat/ Species Mgt. Area
IUCN Cat. 5:
Protected Landscape
IUCN Cat. 6:
Managed Resource Area
Low Vegetation Management Intensity
Protected Areas Unprotected Areas
Matrix Management
Intermediate Vegetation Management Intensity
High Vegetation Management Intensity
Certified Non-Industrial Private Forests
Certified Industrial Forests
Uncertified Non-Industrial Private Forests
Uncertified Industrial Forests
The Forest Management Spectrum
Climate
Direct Indirect
Effects on Organisms(Physiological, etc.)
Effects on DisturbanceRegimes
Ecosystem Composition and Function
Multiple stressors produce a vulnerable landscape*
*Text and figure reprinted with permission
from D.L. Peterson et al. 1999.
300
0
Bio
mas
s (M
g/ha
)
Stand Age (years)
0 100 200 400300
?
Empirical Data from Keeton et al. (2007) and others
Empirical Data from Bormann and Likens (1979)
Theoretical Projections from Bormann and Likens (1979)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Years
Ab
ov
eg
rou
nd
Tre
e B
iom
as
s (
Mg
/ha
)
SCE Units (No Treatment)
Uneven-Aged Units (No Treatment)
SCE (With Treatment)
Uneven-Aged (With Treatment)
SCE (Multiple Entries)
Uneven-Aged (Multiple Entries)
304.5 Mg/ha
216.6 Mg/ha
292.3 Mg/ha
178.9 Mg/ha
251.6 Mg/ha
223.8 Mg/ha
55.9 Mg/ha
80.7 Mg/ha