multimodalism and containerisation

8/7/2019 Multimodalism and containerisation

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THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM


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IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

Need for goods

Need for Services

For which

Goods are to be moved

People have to travel

THUS TRANSPORTATION IS REQUIRED.


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WHAT TRANSPORT IS REQUIRED?

Road Transport.

Rail Transport.

Water Transport

Air transport.


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REQUISITES FOR CARGO MOVEMENT

1) LABOUR

2) EQUIPMENT

3) SPACE

4) SERVICES

5) TIME



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LABOUR

ONBOARD DOCK LABOUR

WHARF LABOUR

CRANE DRIVERS

FOREMEN

SUPERVISORS

CARPENTERS

TALLY CLERKS

SHED MANAGERS

LOCKER (LOCKFAST) STAFF



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EQUIPMENT

SLINGS (ROPE,WIRE,NET,SNOTTERS)

HOOKS (PLATE HOOKS, DRUMHOOKS)

PALLETS (WOODEN,METAL, SKID-TYPE)

ANCILLARY (CROWBAR,TACKLES,SPREADER,PADS)



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SPACE

OPEN AREAS

WARE-HOUSE

LOCKERS

SHEDS

OIL TANKS

HAZARDOUS GOODS AREA



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SERVICES

STEVEDORING (LOADING,DISCHARGING,HANDLING)

TALLY (IMPORT,EXPORT,FINAL OUT-TURN)

SURVEYS (CONDITION,DAMAGE etc)

SECURITY (NORMAL,SPECIAL)



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PROBLEMS WITH BREAKBULK CARGO

LABOUR INTENSIVE

TIME-CONSUMING

VARIETY OF EQUIPMENT

SECURITY ISSUES

HANDLING PROBLEMS

NOT INTERMODAL FRIENDLYMORE EXPENSES

PROPENSITY FOR DAMAGE.


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IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE PROBLEMS

ASSOCIATED WITH CARRIAGE OF BREAK-

BULK CARGOES, THERE BEGAN A

TENDENCY TO UNITIZE THE GOODS


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UNITIZATION

Definition:-

It is the assembly into a single load of quantities of

one or many different items of supply, in such a manner that

it can be moved unbroken from source or destination of use,

as far forward as practicable.

- U.S. Army (1967)


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UNITIZATION

Definition:-

A grouping together of two or more items (usually of

a homogeneous nature) and securing them with banding,

glue, shrink-wrap, slings (e.g. clover leaf), to form a unit

which, together with a base (skids, pallets, etc ) or permanentslings, allows mechanical handling equipment (e.g. tynes of a

fork lift truck) to lift and transport the unit.

- Thomas Stowage


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TYPES OF UNITIZATION

LIFT VAN

PRE-SLINGING

JUMBO BAGS

SKIDS

PALLETIZATION

CONTAINERIZATION

LIGHTERS/BARGES


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ADVANTAGES OF UNITIZATION

EASE OF TALLYING

REDUCED BREAKAGES

REDUCED PILFERAGE

FASTER CARGO OPERATIONS

EFFECTIVE USE OF SPACE

REDUCED LABOUR REQUIREMENTS

BETTER SECURITY


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ON THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM, CONTAINERIZATION

WAS THE MOST POPULAR AND WIDELY USED FORM OF

UNITIZATION BECAUSE IT HAD :

ALL ADVANTAGES OF UNITIZATION

STANDARIZED HANDLING EQUIPMENT

EASE OF INTERMODAL TRANSFERS

MULTIMODAL ACCEPTABILITY

REDUCED LABOUR REQUIREMENTS

WEATHER PROTECTION


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CONCEPT OF CONTAINERISATION

A standardized method of transportation of cargo

across the oceans can offer definite economic

gains.

A through transport system ( using seas, rivers,

road and rail) will offer big advantages.

Hence containerization evolved due to the above and

became popular because of its advantages.


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CONTAINERISATION

ADVANTAGES

Cost saving - Freight, Insurance, Packaging

Door to door services

Reduces damages

Reduces pilferages

Better handling efficiency

Easier and safer storage

Frequent & better services


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Definition :-

Through transport envisages a direct and efficient

flow of goods from the exporter to the importing customer

from the point of origin to final point of sale with a minimum

of interruption and delay, whether on the part of the shipper,

agent, haulier, custom officials or any other source .

-National Economic Development office (HMSO,1966).

Ideally, it is an unbroken door-to-door service.

THROUGH TRANSPORT


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THROUGH TRANSPORT

Elements of Through Transport Shippers end

Container sent to shippers factory

Container is stuffed in factory and locked.

Container is moved to rail head and loaded on rail-wagon

Moved by railway to gateway port

Discharged at gateway port and stacked in CY

Transported from CY to shipside

Loaded on board by quay gantry crane on to the ship


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THROUGH TRANSPORT

Elements of Through Transport Consignees end

Discharged at destination port and stacked at CY.

Loaded from CY onto the railway wagon for inland

destination ( ICD)

Discharged at inland destination and stacked in CY

Loaded from CY onto truck

Taken by truck to consignees site

Unlocked and de-stuffed at consignees site.


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THROUGH TRANSPORT

Container Handling Equipment used during

multimodal and through transportation

Top-lifter (or fork-lift for empty container)

RTG (Rubber-tyre gantry cranes)

QGC (Quay Gantry Cranes)

Tractor trailersExtension slings for OOG (out of Gauge) containers


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THROUGH TRANSPORTOperating Environment

The Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993

Multimodal Transport Document (MTD)

Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) License.

Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)

Common User Container Feeder Operator

Combined Transport Document (CTD)

Insurers ( TT Club, OTIM, IFFCO-Tokyo etc)

Ocean freights rates and feeder slot rates

THC, IHC and other expenses


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THANK YOU

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