mrsg- · web viewbio 200 review sheet for mid-term. unit . 1: biology the science of life....
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Bio 200 Review Sheet for Mid-TermUnit 1: Biology the Science of Life1. The study of living and once living things is known as ________________.
biology
2. Starting with cell and ending with biosphere, list and define the levels of organization of life.i. Cell: orderly and structured living units that are capable of carrying out specific processes; the
basic building block of life
ii. Tissue = group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
iii. Organ = groups of tissues working together to carry out a specific function
iv. Organ (body) system = organs working together to carry out a specific function
v. Organism= complete living thing carrying out all life processes/having all 7 characteristics of life; Organisms have 1 or more cells
vi. Population = all of the same type of organisms living in the same area
vii. Community – all of the biotic factors (organisms of different species) living in the same location – interacting and depending on one another.
viii. Ecosystem - all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the abiotic (nonliving) components with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight
ix. Biosphere = the portion of earth that supports life (all living things on earth)
3. What are the 7 characteristics of life? Give at least one example of each. (Any order is fine.) RAREHOGa. Living things respond to stimuli: react to changes in their internal or external environment (ex. plant
bends toward the light, you flinch when someone drops a book, etc.)
b. Living things (as individuals) have adaptations & (as populations & species) evolve: (ex. adaptations camouflage of pepper moth; evolution over time average color of pepper moth population shifted b/c those w/ beneficial adaptations survived better, reproduced, & passed on their genes)
c. Living things reproduce: have babies & pass on genetic material & “Like produces like” (ex. fish have baby fish, turtles have baby turtles, etc.) also (Biogenesis theory = “life produces life”)
d. Living things need energy: energy is obtained from cellular respiration (ex. we eat to get energy so we can carry out life processes, plants make their own food so they can carry out life processes)
e. Living things maintain homeostasis: maintain a stable/constant internal environment (ex. stable body temperature of 98.6°F in humans… shiver to warm up, sweat to cool down…. If CO2 level gets too high in your blood, you breathe faster to get rid of more CO2 & lower it to a normal level).
f. Organization : Living things are organized (ex. cell make tissues which make organs, etc.)
g. Living things are grow & develop: grow = get bigger (add more material/gain weight) develop = change in form (ex. butterfly or frog life cycle, you as a fetus baby child teenager adult)
4. Organisms that make their own food are called ___________. Examples are… Autotrophs (producers) ex. plants, algae, cyanobacteria
5. What processes do autotrophs use to make their own food? Where do they get the energy for this process? Photosynthesis for plants, algae, cyanobacteria (or chemosynthesis for organisms like bacteria @
hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor) energy is from the sun
6. Which process releases the energy in the bonds of glucose (as ATP) that (both autotrophic and heterotrophic) organisms use for life processes?
cellular respiration
7. Organisms that cannot make their food and have to eat other organisms are called ______. Examples are…Heterotrophs (consumers) ex. people, fish, dogs, insects, fungi, bacteria, etc.
8. _____________ can only be transferred and transformed (or stored and released). (Not recycled!)energy
9. _____________ can be recycled by decomposers (such as bacteria & fungi) so that they can be returned to the environment and used by other organisms.
nutrients
10. Draw an example of a food chain with at least 3 links from the food web to the right.ex. plants mice hawks & owls
11. Name a primary producer (autotroph) from the food web to the right.
plants
12. Name a primary consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right. (herbivores)
rabbit, squirrel, mice, seed-eating bird, herbivorous insects
13. Name a secondary consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right. (1st carnivores)
spider, predaceous insects, insectivorous bird, fox, hawks & owls, snake
14. Name a tertiary (3rd) consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right. (2nd carnivore)insectivorous birds, toads, spider, predaceous insect, foxes
15. What group of organisms (that break down dead organisms) are missing from the food web to the right?Decomposers (ex. fungi like mushrooms, bacteria)
16. What shape is usually used to represent the flow of energy in an ecosystem (10% Rule of Ecological Efficiency)? Why?
pyramid to show the decreasing energy as you go up.
17. Given the following organisms: grass grasshopper robin snake draw an energy pyramid & label each section with the correct organism label each trophic level label producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer label each level as autotroph or heterotroph label the amount of energy at each level if the bottom level had 2500 J of energy
Unit 2: Bio as a Science18. The _________________ is a process used to answer questions or solve problems.
scientific method
19. The steps of the scientific method are _______________.a. Identify the problem/ask a questionb. conduct background researchc. form a hypothesisd. conduct an experiment (& record data/observations)e. analyze results/draw conclusions
i. Data does/does not support hypothesis (If not, try again/revise hypothesis.)f. report results
20. An educated guess that can be tested as a way of trying to find the answer to a problem is a _________.hypothesis
21. The steps taken to complete an experiment are known as the _______________.procedure
22. The group in an experiment used for comparison (where nothing is changed, including the IV) is the ________.control group
snake,4th trophic
level,tertiary
consumer, heterotroph
, 2.5 Jrobin, 3rd trophic level, secondary consumer, heterotroph, 25 J
grasshopper, 2nd trophic level, primary consumer, heterotroph, 250 J
grass, 1st trophic level, producer, autotroph, 2500 J
23. The group in an experiment used to test the IV is the _______________.experimental group
24. The parts of the experiment that are not being tested and are kept the same are _______________.controlled variables or constants
25. The variable being tested/changed in an experiment is the _______________.independent variable
26. The variable being measured (that changes due to a change in the IV) in an experiment is the ________.dependent variable
27. Recorded measurements or info gathered during experiment are known as_______________.data
28. A ____________ is a hypothesis that has been tested again and again with similar results and has stood the test of time.
theory
29. A ____________ is a statement about phenomenon that occur in nature.law
30. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?multiply the power of the ocular (eyepiece) by the power of the objective
31. How do you prepare a wet mount slide?a. place sample on center of slideb. add a drop (or so) of waterc. place a cover slip over your sample by:
i. touch one edge to slide; also touching the edge of the drop of waterii. angle the coverslip down (from a 45 degree angle) until it lies flat
1. To minimize air bubbles (b/c it will "force" them to the opposite end of the water drop & out from under the coverslip)
2. If there are still air bubbles present, gently tap with an eraser if air bubbles are present to remove the bubbles
32. What can we add to a slide in order to make a specimen more visible?a stain (ex. iodine, methylene blue)
THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPEDescribe the of function of each part of the compound light microscope above
1. body tube connects ocular (eyepiece) to nosepiece/objectives reflects light from light source through objectives
to ocular2. (revolving) nosepiece
Holds (2 or more) objective lenses Can be turned to change power
3. low power object ive smallest lens (on nosepiece/lens nearest to object) used to locate specimen usually 4x magnification used to see a larger portion of the specimen
(however, see less detail)4. medium power object ive
middle sized lens (on revolving nosepiece/lens nearest to object)
usually 10x magnification used to see a larger portion of the specimen
(however, see less detail)5. high power object ive
largest lens (on revolving nosepiece/lens nearest to object)
used for greatest magnification usually 40x magnification used to see most detail (however, see a smallest portion of the specimen)
6. stage clips hold the slide in place on the stage
7. diaphragm adjusts the amount of light passing through the aperture (of the stage) & slide & to the objective
8. mirror/light source used to illuminate (light up) the specimen
9. ocular (eyepiece) lens you look through to view the specimen usually 10x
10. arm holds the body tube & stage (& attaches them to the base) used when carrying (along w/ the base)
11. stage platform where slide is placed (in order to view the specimen)
12. coarse adjustment knob used to start (initial/coarse) focusing NEVER use with medium or high power, ONLY with low power
13. fine adjustment knob used for final/sharp focusing
14. base bottom of the microscope used for support used when carrying (along with the arm)
15. aperture hole in stage that allows light to pass from light source, through slide, & to objective
Unit 3: The Chemistry of Life33.
1. electron2. proton3. nucleus4. neutron5. energy level
34.Subatomic particle Location Charge Symbol
proton____________ Nucleus (center of atom) Positive __p+___
Neutron _______nucleus (center of atom)_________________ __No charge (neutral)
n0
___electron________orbits around nucleus (located in energy levels/shells) negative __ e-__
35. What type of bond is shown here? Why? covalent bond b/c sharing electrons
36. What type of bond is shown here? Why?
ionic b/c gaining or losing (transfer) electrons
37. For phosphorous:
atomic number- __15____
# of protons- __15___
# of electrons- __15___
mass number- __31_____
# of neutrons- _16 (mass # - atomic # or # of protons + # of neutrons)___
How did you figure out the number of neutrons?
Atomic mass – atomic number = # of neutrons
38. In the box to the right, draw an atom of phosphorous.
39. What are the six most abundant elements in living organisms?carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur (CHNOPS)
40. What is a monomer?a small repeating molecule (that makes up a polymer)
41. What is a polymer?a large molecule (made up of repeating monomers)
42. What are the four major types of biological (organic) macromolecules/polymers? What are the monomers (building blocks) that make up each?
monomer/building block → macromolecule/polymer monosaccharides (sugars) → carbohydratesamino acids → proteinsfatty acids & glycerol → lipidsnucleotides → nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Unit 4: The Cell & Its Environment43. Name the 3 parts of the cell theory.
a. All organisms are made of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)b. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. (Schleiden & Schwann)c. Cells are produced from other cells (Virchow)
44. Draw & label a diagram of (a cross-section of) a cell membrane.
45. A cell's membrane lets certain things in/out, but does not let other things in/out... This cell's membrane is said to be __________________.
selectively permeable (semi-permeable)
46. __________ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.diffusion
47. ___________ transport does NOT require energy.passive
48. _____________ is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
active transport
49. Active transport _______________ require energy.does
50. Osmosis is _____________.the special name for the diffusion of water (b/c it is so common)
A B CFor each picture above:
51. What is the percentage of water inside & outside of the cell in each "beaker"?a. inside: 90% outside: 80%b. inside: 75% outside: 85%c. inside: 80% outside: 80%
52. Draw arrows to show which way the water will move.a. from inside to outsideb. from outside to insidec. equally in and out (no net movement)
53. Explain why the water will move that way.a. from inside to outside b/c higher concentration of water inside than outside (movement is from high
concentration to low concentration)b. from outside to inside b/c higher concentration of water outside than inside (movement is from high
concentration to low concentration)c. equally in and out (no net movement) b/c equal concentration of water inside and outside
54. What will happen to the size/shape of the cell?a. cell will shrivel/shrink (plasmolysis)b. cell will swell & possibly burst (cytolysis)c. cell will stay the same size
56. Compare plant & animals cells in the table below:
57. Describe the functions(s)/job(s) of each organelle:ORGANELLE FUNCTION
cell (plasma) membrane *controls movement of materials in/out of cell*barrier between cell and its environment
cytoplasm *organelle "float" in it (supports /protects cell organelles)*some chemical reactions occur here
Nucleus(include chromatin & chromosomes)
*controls cell activities*Contains the hereditary material of the cell
nuclear membrane (envelope) *Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus
Nucleolus *Makes ribosomes
ribosome *site of synthesis (production) of proteins from amino acids
endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) *carries materials (mostly proteins) through cell
Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus) *sort & modify proteins (enzymes, hormones, poisons) made by the cells *Package & export proteins (within or outside of cell)
Mitochondria (mighty mitochondria) *power-house of the cell; breaks down sugar (glucose) & other organic molecules to release energy (by cellular respiration)
vacuole *store food, water, waste
lysosome *contains digestive enzymes (can break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules & digest old, worn-out cell parts/unwanted molecules)
chloroplast * photosynthesis ( trap light energy, which is used to make food (glucose) for the plant)
cell wall *support (grow tall) & protection
Cilia *short, hair-like; motion enables unicellular organism to move
flagella *whip-like; motion enables unicellular organism to move
Centrioles *play important role in cell reproduction (help organize microtubules & separate chromosome pairs during mitosis); only in animal cells
Unit 6: DNA & Protein Synthesis58. “DNA” is an abbreviation for _________________________________.
deoxyribonucleic acid
59. Draw and label a nucleotide.
60. What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
61. What are the nitrogen base pair rules in DNA? (Which bases always pair up?)A always pairs with T. (A w/ U in RNA)G always pairs with C.
62. Draw and label an untwisted (straight ladder) DNA molecule. What makes up the “backbone” (sides)? phosphate (group) and (deoxyribose) sugar What makes up the “rungs” (steps)? nitrogen bases (either adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine).
“rungs”
“backbone”
63. Who described the shape of DNA as a "double helix"?a. Watson & Crick
64. Compare DNA & RNA:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
deoxyribose
• sugar = deoxyribose • sugar = ribose
• double stranded • single stranded
• CANNOT leave nucleus • Can move between nucleus & cytoplasm
• N bases = adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine • N bases = adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
65. What is replication?when DNA copies itself (before the cell divides)
66. What is transcription?the making of mRNA (codons) using the cell's DNA code (in the nucleus)
67. What is translation?the mRNA code is used to build proteins (in the cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes and tRNA)
68. Why do cells need to copy their DNA?Cells need to copy their DNA so that when the cell divides (during mitosis), each new “daughter” cell gets an exact copy of the original DNA.
69. Construct the complementary strand from the following parent strand:
DNA parent strand: T - A - C - A - A - G - T - G - A - C - A - T - A - T – CDNA complementary strand: A - T - G - T - T - C - A - C - T - G - T - A - T - A – G
70. What are the nitrogen base pair rules in RNA? (Which bases always pair up?)A always pairs with U. (A pairs w/ T in DNA)G always pairs with C.
71. DNA holds the instructions to tell cells how to make _____________.proteins.
72. _______ mRNA____________ can leave the nucleus, but _____ DNA___________ cannot.
73. What is a codon?A codon is a set of 3 consecutive nucleotides (bases) on the mRNA that carries the code for a specific protein.
74. Using the given DNA sequence, write the corresponding mRNA sequence & amino acids that would be formed during transcription and translation.
DNA TAC TTC TGA ACG
mRNA ______AUG AAG ACU UGC_____________
amino acids __met/start___lys____thr___cys______________
methionine lysine threonine cystine
75. What determines the amino acid that is coded for? order of the bases (nucleotides)
76. _____ Amino acids ______ are the monomers that are bonded together to form proteins (which are polymers).
77. Sketch a:a. DNA molecule b. mRNA molecule c. tRNA molecule
78. Put the terms below in the order in which they occur:
DNA, protein synthesis, transcription, translationDNA transcription translation protein synthesis
79. What is a mutation?A mutation is a mistake in the replication of DNA.
80. What is a deletion mutation?A deletion mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is left out.
81. What is an insertion mutation?An insertion mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is added in.
82. What is a point mutation?A point mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is “switched out” for another.
Unit 7: Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis)Use the word bank below to answer questions 83-85.
Interphase Metaphase Cytokinesis
Anaphase Telophase Prophase
83. What is the order of these stages in the cell cycle?a. _________interphase____________________b. _________prophase_____________________c. _________metaphase____________________d. _________anaphase_____________________e. _________telophase_____________________f. _________cytokinesis____________________
84. Which stages of the cell cycle make up the four parts of mitosis?a. _________prophase_____________________b. _________metaphase____________________c. _________anaphase_____________________d. _________telophase_____________________
85. Draw (in order) what each phase of cell division (from # 83) looks like and write a description of what happens at each stage.
Interphase: The normal "resting" phase of the cell BEFORE mitosis. The cell is carrying out its life functions. Each chromosome replicates producing a second set.
Prophase: The 1st stage of mitosis where the nucleoli breaks down and the chromatin shortens and thickens into double-stranded chromosomes, which are clearly visible. The nucleoli and the nuclear membrane disintegrate.
Metaphase: The 2nd stage of mitosis in which chromosomes gather at the middle (equator) of the spindle and become aligned.
Anaphase: The 3rd stage of mitosis where the two sister chromatids separate and are pulled apart to opposite poles, and
only one set of chromosomes is seen at each end of the cell.
Telophase: The 4th stage of mitosis during which two cells begin to form from one and the nucleoli and the nuclear membrane reappear.
Cytokinesis: AFTER mitosis is completed, the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles) divide up to form two different cells.
86. What are two reasons that cells divide by mitosis?growth, repair, replacement
87. In which type of cells does mitosis occur?body (somatic) cells (ex. toes, skin, bone, etc.)
88. In which type of cells does meiosis occur?certain (germ) cells of reproductive organs (ex. ovaries & testes)
89. There are _____ divisions during meiosis.two
90. Sketch & describe what is happening at during interphase, at each stage of meiosis, and after the completion of meiosis.
A. Interphase (Before Meiosis)• DNA replicates forming duplicate chromosomes
– cell is diploid (2n)• chromosomes are double-stranded
homologous chromosomes join ( synapsis ) forming tetrads (tetrad = 4 chromatids)
Genes may swap = crossing over
Cell membrane pinches in, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosome number reduced to 1/2 (haploid) for first time
91. What is fertilization?the fusion of sperm & eggs to form a zygote
92. Why do sperm and eggs need to be haploid (have 1/2 the # of chromosomes are somatic/body cells)?If not, offspring would have 2x as many chromosomes…. So sperm must have ½ & egg must have ½ so that fertilization restores the diploid # in the newly formed zygote
sister
O̭individual
cytokinesis 2
cytokinesis 1