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Slide 2 Mr. Perry Biochemistry Chapter 3 Slide 3 Mr. Perry Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Section 1 Slide 4 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Do Now WWhy do carbon molecules form the chemical backbone for all living things, such as the organisms shown in this forest floor (page 50). CCarbon exists everywhere, so it must have something to do with its chemical structure. The same carbon in the pizza that you eat ends up forming the carbon in your tissues. Slide 5 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Note taking for PowerPoint AA ny text you see that is any shade of green in color should be written down in your notebook. OO bjectives should be written in your note section of your notebook. MM ake sure you define all vocabulary words in your HW section of your notebook Slide 6 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbon Bonding Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms. Most not associated with life Slide 7 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbon Compounds Carbon: 4 electrons in outer shell Forms 4 covalent bonds Readily bonds with other C molecules forming straight chains, branching chains and rings Slide 8 Mr. Perry Structural Isomers SSame formula, different structure Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 9 Mr. Perry Types of Isomers Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 10 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Isomers Slide 11 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Functional Groups Clusters of atoms that attach to organic compounds and influence their properties We will be looking at 4 of these Slide 12 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Functional Groups OH - Hydroxide / Alcohol NH 4 + Amino group / Amine COOH - Carboxyl group PO 3 + Phosphate group Slide 13 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Did you know Esters An ester is derived when the OH of a carboxyl group is replaced by another functional group. Esters may be colorless, volatile and have pleasant odors. For example, the scents of wintergreen, pineapples, and bananas are attributable to esters. Because of their characteristic odors, esters are used to make perfumes, flavorings, and cosmetics. Slide 14 Mr. Perry Macromolecule Like a train Made up of boxcars All linked together Many different types of trains Each has their own set of boxcars Slide 15 Mr. Perry Macromolecule Made of building blocks. Monomers are the boxcars of our train Slide 16 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbon Molecules Monomer Simple unit used to build large molecules Small simple molecules Think of them like building blocks Slide 17 Mr. Perry Macromolecule Polymer All of the monomers / boxcars chemically bonded together Slide 18 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbon Molecules Polymer 2 or more monomers/ building blocks chemically combined Macromolecule Large polymer Slide 19 Mr. Perry How to make a Macromolecule Link the boxcars together Condensation reaction Remove Water Slide 20 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Condensation / Dehydration Reaction Joins 2 Monomers Water is removed as a by- product Polymer is created Synthesis reaction Building a bigger molecule Slide 21 Mr. Perry enzyme action at functional groups Condensation Slide 22 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 H2OH2O Slide 23 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Hydrolysis Reaction Water is added back to a Polymer Breaking it down back to its monomers Polymer + H 2 O Monomer+ Monomer Slide 24 Mr. Perry enzyme action at functional groups Hydrolysis / Catabolic Slide 25 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Condensation/Hydrolysis Reactions Both involved water In living cells Enzymes are required Slide 26 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy currency of living things Stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function Energy is released through a hydrolysis reaction in which ATP ADP + PO4 - Slide 27 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 ATP Slide 28 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Comparing ADP & ATP Slide 29 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question True or False Organic compounds contain carbon, but inorganic compounds never do. False, CO 2 is inorganic Slide 30 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 8. W hat is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? aamino hydroxyl pphosphate ccarboxyl The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. Slide 31 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question True or False Functional groups influence chemical reactions and chemical properties. True Slide 32 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question True or False Polymers bond to form monomers. False Monomers join to form polymers Slide 33 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 KWL Write short a lists of all the things you K now or think you do about carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids. Write short a lists W ant to know about these compounds. Save your lists for use at the end of the chapter. Slide 34 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 KWL part 2 Pull your KWL list out of things they waned to know more about carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids Place check marks next to questions that you are now able to answer. Making a list of what you have L earned. Identify any unanswered questions. Slide 35 Mr. Perry Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Section 2 Slide 36 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Do Now What do these structures have in common & what is different? Hint: count the number of CHO. Ans:1 Glucose & galactose are six-sided rings, & fructose is a five-sided ring. All have the molecular formulas (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Slide 37 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Molecules of Life 44 types of macromolecules CCarbohydrates PProteins FFats NNucleic Acids Slide 38 Mr. Perry Macromolecule Slide 39 Mr. Perry CARBOHYDRATES Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 40 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates MMade up of C, H, and O (CH 2 O) n CCarbohydrates main function is giving energy to living things. UUsed as structural materials in organisms Slide 41 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates Slide 42 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Monomer Simple sugar Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose Made by condensation reaction Slide 43 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Monosaccharide Slide 44 Mr. Perry How much sugar is there in coke? Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 45 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates DDisaccharide TTwo monosacchrides combined in a condensation reaction EEx. Sucrose = Fructose + Glucose Slide 46 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Disaccharides Slide 47 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates PPolysaccharide 33 or more monosacchrides combined together EEx. Glycogen AAnimals store glucose in this form Slide 48 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Carbohydrates SStarch pplants store glucose CCellulose FFound in Plants FFound in cell walls, GGiving strength and rigidity Slide 49 Mr. Perry Carbohydrates Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 50 Mr. Perry PROTEINS Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 51 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Proteins OOrganic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen MMain function is growth and repair of the body MMonomers/ Building block AAmino acids Slide 52 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Amino Acid Slide 53 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Amino Acid CContain an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R group makes each amino acid different 220 different types of amino acids Slide 54 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Amino Acid Linked by peptide bonds The sequence of amino acids determines a proteins shape and function Slide 55 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Proteins Dipeptide 2 amino acids bonded together Polypeptide 3 or more amino acids bonded together Slide 56 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 H2OH2O Slide 57 Mr. Perry Some uses for proteins Type of proteinExamples EnzymesAmylase StructuralHair, wool, tendons, cartilage ContractileMovement StorageSpleen TransportRBC ImmunityAntibodies ToxinsSnake venom Chemical messengers (Hormones) Insulin Slide 58 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Structure of Proteins Slide 59 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Enzymes Biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactions By lowering activation energy Slide 60 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Enzymes In the lock and key model of enzyme action, the enzyme can attach only to a reactant (substrate) with a specific shape The enzyme then flexes to conform to the reactants shape Slide 61 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Enzymes The enzyme is unchanged by the reaction it participates in and is released to be used again Enzymes only work with one specific substrate Slide 62 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Enzyme Activity Slide 63 Mr. Perry LIPIDS Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 64 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Lipids Long chain molecules Nonpolar Not dissolve in H2O C,H, and O Store energy in H-Carbon bonds An important part of cell membranes Slide 65 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Fats Slide 66 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Lipids Building blocks Fatty acids (up to 3) Long chain carbon molecules Glycerol (Backbone) Slide 67 Mr. Perry Lipids Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 68 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Lipids Slide 69 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Fatty Acids Most lipids contain fatty acids Unbranched carbon molecules. Separate ends: COOH end is hydrophilic H 2 O loving Hydrocarbon end is hydrophobic H 2 O hating Slide 70 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Fatty Acids Slide 71 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Saturated fatty acids All carbons are single bonded to 4 separate atoms no double bonds Ex. Palmitic acid Slide 72 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Unsaturated fatty acids There are some double bonds At least one double bond Example Plant oils - Sunflower oil Linoleic acid Slide 73 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Unsaturated fatty acids Slide 74 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Lipids Saturated Lipids Solids at room temperature Animal Fat Unsaturated Lipids Liquids at room temperature Oils Slide 75 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 4 types of Complex Lipids 1.Triglyceride Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Fatty acids bonded to the OHs of glycerol Slide 76 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 2. Phospholipids Contains: 2 fatty acids Phosphate Glycerol Make up cell membrane Bilayer Stable & effective barrier for a cell Slide 77 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Phospholipids Tail Fatty Acid hydrophobic Head/ Phosphate hydrophilic Slide 78 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 3. Waxes Long fatty acid + long alcohol Highly waterproof Plants Coat leaves and prevents H2O loss Animals Earwax prevents microorganisms from entering your inner ear Slide 79 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 4. Steroids 4 fused carbon rings Most animal hormones Cholesterol nerve cell function Slide 80 Mr. Perry NUCLEIC ACIDS Acd Bio Chpt 3 Slide 81 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information 2 types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Both are made of monomers called nucleotides Slide 82 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids Slide 83 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Nucleic Acids Slide 84 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Nucleic Acids continued Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Stores genetic/hereditary information Passes its information on from one generation to the next Carries information for all cell activities 4 types nucleotides Adenine, Thymidine, Cytosine, Guanine Slide 85 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 DNA Overview Slide 86 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Nucleic Acids continued Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Stores and transfers information for the manufacturing of proteins Draw and label Fig. 3-12 pg. 60 Slide 87 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Slide 88 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. Energy source B. Energy storage C. Structural support D. Storage of genetic information Slide 89 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 2. Which of the following statements is false? A.Wax is a lipid. B.Starch is a lipid. C.Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. D.Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Slide 90 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Slide 91 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? A.Starch B.Protein C.Cellulose D.Glycogen Slide 92 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? waxes steroids fatty acids phospholipids The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. Slide 93 Mr. Perry Acd Bio Chpt 3 Question 6. The tails of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tails movement away from water? polar adhesive hydrophilic hydrophobic The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow.