mpob lect 1 mineral elements reqin plant nut basic
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERAL ELEMENTS
REQUIRED IN PLANT
NUTRITION
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
Certain elements necessary for normal plant
growth
Present in forms usable by plantsOptimum concentration required for plant
growth
Proper balance in concentration with various
nutrients
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ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT
ELEMENTS
Essential Elements Used in
Relatively Large
Essential Elements Used in
Relatively Small Amounts
Air and Water Soil Solids Soil Solids
C N Fe CuH P Mn Zn
O K B Cl
Ca Mo CoMg
S
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Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Low availability of micronutrient
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NITROGEN
Functions
Associated with vigorous vegetative growth and deep green colorControl metabolic processes in plants
An integral part of chlorophyll molecule
Protein synthesis from manufactured carbohydrates
Deficiency symptoms
Yellowing or chlorosis, first appear on the lower leavesSevere deficiency, leaves turn brown and die
Plants become stunted in growth
Excess
Weakening of fibre in cotton
Cause lodging in grain crops
Reduce sugar content in sugar beets
More susceptible to disease or pest attack
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PHOSPHORUS
FunctionsEssential in primordia establishment and its reproductive
parts
A constituent of nucleic acid, phytin, adphospholipids and
essential for photosynthesis
Associated with increased root and plant growth
Associated with early maturity of crops
Deficiency symptoms
Retarded over-all plant growth
Excess
May induce micronutrient deficiencies such as Cu and Zn
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POTASSIUM
Functions
Carbohydrate, metabolism and breakdown and translocationof starch
Nitrogen metabolism and proteins synthesis
Activation of various enzymes
Control and regulation activities of essential elements
Neutralization of physiologically important organic acidsAdjustment of stomatal movement and water relations
Deficiency symptom
Affect development of leaf characteristics
Greatly reduce crop yield
Weakening of straw (grain crops) and stalk breakage (cornand sorghum)
Decrease in resistance to certain plant diseases
Affect plant growth and quality
Decrease photosynthesis and increase respiration
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CALCIUM
Functions
Constituent of middle lamellae of cells
Formation and increases, protein content of mitochondria
Associated with activity of certain enzymes
Deficiency symptoms
Failure of terminal buds and apical tips of roots to developPrevents the emergence and unfolding of new leaveswhere tips are almost colourless
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MAGNESIUM
Functions
Mineral constituent of the chlorophyll moleculeSpecific activation of a number of plant enzyme systems
Related to phosphorus metabolism
Activation of enzymes related with carbohydrate
metabolismRelated to the synthesis of oil
Deficiency symptoms
Interveinal chlorosis of the leaf (only the veins remaingreen)
Symptoms first on the lower leavesLeaf tissue becomes uniformly pale yellow, then brown andnecrotic
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SULFUR
Functions
Synthesis of amino acids, cystine, cysteine, andmethionine and protein synthesis
Activates certain proteolytic enzymes such as papainases
Constituent of certain vitamins, of coenzymes A, andglutathione
Oil synthesis in oilseed crops, soybeans, canola andpeanuts
Deficiency symptoms
Uniformly chlorotic plants, stunted and spindly
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BORON
FunctionsTranslocation of sugars across membranes
Regulatory effects on oxidation by polyphenolase activity
Influence cell development in plants
Protein synthesisnitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency symptoms
Cessation of growth of terminal bud followed by death of
young leavesYoungest leaves become pale green, and losing more
colour at the base than at the tip
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COPPER
FunctionsMetal activator of several enzymesCarbohydrate and protein metabolism
One of the metal concerned with light reaction in plants
Chlorophyll synthesis
Deficiency symptomsYoungest leaves become yellow and stunted
Advanced stages, dead tissue appears along the tips andedges of the leaves
Affect flower production
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IRON
Functions
Activation of several enzyme systemsAssociated with synthesis of chloroplastic protein
Deficiency symptoms
Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis and progresses
rapidly over entire leafSevere cases, leaves turn completely white
MOLYBDENUMFunctions
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Protein synthesis
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Form of macronutrients in soil
Exist in various formsImportance of soil pH
Influence nutrient absorption and plant growth
Affect availability of several essential nutrients
Several essential nutrients become less availableas pH is raised from 5 to 7.5 or 8.0
pH 6.0 6.5, P is more readily available
Organic combinations
N, P and S
Inorganic combinations
K, Ca, and Mg
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Form of elements used by plants
Elements Ion form Elements Ion form
N NH4+, NO2
-, NO3- B BO3
3-
P HPO4-, H2PO4
- Cu Cu+,Cu2+
K K+ Fe Fe2+, Fe3+
Ca Ca2+ Mn Mn2+
Mg Mg2+
Zn Zn2+
S SO32+, SO4
2- Mo MoO42-
Cl Cl-
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OIL PALM NUTRITION
3 components;
Nutrients removed with harvested crop (FFB)
Nutrients immobilized in plant tissues
Nutrients recycled (prunes fronds, male-flowers
and leaf wash)
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NUTRIENT DEMAND IN OIL PALM (kg/palm/yr)
Nutrient demandcomponent
Malaysia (Yield 24 t
FFB/ha)
Nigeria (Yield 9.7 t
FFB/ha)
N P K Mg N P K Mg
Removal with harvested
crop0.49 0.088 0.63 0.14 0.20 0.04 0.23 0.03
Immobilized in planttissue
0.27 0.022 0.47 0.07 0.18 0.024 0.11 0.104
Nutrient recycled 0.53 0.076 0.69 0.19 0.63 0.073 0.38 0.25
Total nutrient uptake 1.29 0.18 1.79 0.40 1.01 0.14 0.72 0.38
Removal in % of total
uptake 38 44 35 35 20 29 31 8
Total uptake/ha (148
palm/ha)191 27 265 59 149 21 107 56
Uptake per tons of FFB,
kg
90 1.1 11.0 2.5 15.5 22 11.1 5.8
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ROLE OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
IN OIL PALM
N
Fertilizer N application;
P
K
Fertilizer K application;Mg
Fertilizer Mg application;
Ca
S
B
Cu
Zn
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NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION
IN OIL PALM (148 PALMS/HA)
component
N P K Mg Ca
kg % kg % kg % kg % kg %
Net cumulative
vegetative matter 40.9 21.2 3.1 11.9 55.7 22.2 11.5 18.8 13.8 13.9
Pruned fronds67.2 34.9 8.9 34.2 86.2 34.2 22.4 36.5 61.6 61.9
FFB (25t)73.2 38.0 11.6 44.6 93.4 37.1 20.8 33.9 19.5 19.6
Male infl11.2 5.9 2.4 9.3 16.1 6.4 6.6 10.8 4.4 4.6
total195.5 26.0 251.4 61.3 99.3
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NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY PALMS AT DIFFERENT AGES (kg/ha)
Age (total/yr) N P K Mg Ca
0-3 39.8 6.1 55.4 7.4 12-9
3-9 191-267 32-42 287-387 48-67 85-114
0-9 (cumulative) 1231-1720 204-272 1850-2487 314-423 531-721
N P K Mg Ca Mn Fe B Cu Zn
(kg) (g)
2.94 0.44 3.71 0.77 0.81 1.51 2.47 2.15 4.76 4.93
NUTRIENTS CONTENT OF ONE TONNE FEB
CRITICAL VALUE (%) OF MACRONUTRIENTS IN OIL PALM
Front No. N P K Ca Mg S
9 2.75 0.16 1.25 0.60 0.24 -
17 2.50 0.15 1.00 0.60 0.24 0.22
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RANGE OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN
OIL PALM LEAVES
Palm age Element Deficient Optimum Excess
A. Young palms
(below 6 years)
N 3.0
P 0.25
K 1.8Mg 0.7
Ca 1.0
S 0.6
Cl 1.0B 35
Cu 15
Zn 50
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RANGE OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN
OIL PALM LEAVES
Palm age Element Deficient Optimum Excess
B. Old palms
(over 6 years)
N 3.0
P 0.25
K 1.60Mg 0.70
Ca 1.00
S 0.60
Cl 1.00B (ppm) 40
Cu (ppm) 15
Zn (ppm) 80