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PRESENTED BY: ZEELAF NAQVIDATED: 5THJAN 2011

COURSE CODE: MSJ-126


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Anam

Nazar

Humera

Shah

Salemah

shah

SanaLasani

Urooj

Khan

Zeelaf

Naqvi


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Outline of the Report1. The Mediainthe United States: Introduction

1.1 Freedom of the Press

1.2 Media Ethics

1.3 History ofFreedom of the press, newspapers, radio,and television:

1.3-1 NEWSPAPERS: PIONEERING PRESSFREEDOM

1.3-2 MAGAZINES' NICHE

1.3-3 THE ROLE OF RADIO

1.3-4 TELEVISION: BEYOND THE BIG THREE

1.4 CURRENT ISSUES:

1.4-1 Media Effects

1.4-2 Media Biases

2. Role of US Media: Today

2.1 Thepress

2.2 A) THE MEDIA'S ROLE INCHANGING THE FACE OF U.S.COURTS

B) MASS MEDIA ROLE IN U.S.ELECTIONS

2.3 Mediaasanprofit-centered buisness

2.3-1 Revenue Generation of US MediaIndustry:

2.3-2 Television Industry

2.3-3 Radio Industry

2.3-4 Film Industry

2.3-5 Print Media Industry

2.3-6 INTERNETy Conclusion &y

References


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INTRODUCTION& HISTORY

y MEDIA- Fourth Estate:

y The role is guaranteed by the First Amendment to theU.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789, stipulating thatCongress not enact any laws abridging freedom of the

press.y first newspaper was published in Boston, Massachusetts

in 1690

y Within 50 years by 1740 approx., magazines beganappearing in American cities

y Early 20th century : commercial radio+ LIVE audioprogrammes+ larger audience+ prints monopoly

y Television: after WW-II


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Contd...y

End of the 20th

and the beginning of the 21st

centuries: Interactive media

(advance digital technology + convergence of thecomputer, telephone and cable television)

y Media- a pervasive element in American society

y Economics plays a major role in shaping theinformation served up to the U.S. public innewspapers, radio television and Internet.

- Media and communications revenues $242 billion+

largest business groups.- Advertisers spent an additional $215 billion.

- The US media are a great engine in American society...


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BASIC DATA

y Language(s): English, Spanish

y Number of Daily Newspapers: 1,476

y Total Circulation: 55,945,000

y Circulation per 1,000: 264

y Total Newspaper Ad Receipts: 48,700 (US$ millions)

y As % of All Ad Expenditures: 33.10

y Number of Television Stations: 1,500

y Number of Television Sets: 219,000,000

y Number of Cable Subscribers: 70,991,360

y Number of Satellite Subscribers: 16,000,000

y Number of Radio Stations: 10,322

y Number of Radio Receivers: 575,000,000

y Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 95,354,000


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Thepress

y USA Today - national dailyy Wall Street Journal- business daily

y Christian, Science Monitor - church-owned dailyy Los Angeles Times dailyy Washington Post dailyy Boston Globe dailyy New York Post dailyy New York Times dailyy Philadelphia Inquirer dailyy

Baltimore Sun dailyy Chicago Tribune dailyy Newsweek - news weeklyy Time- news weeklyy U.S.News & World Report - news weekly.Televisiony ABC - major commercial networky CBS - major commercial networky NBC - major commercial networky Fox - major commercial networky CNN - pioneer of 24-hour rolling TV news, operates domestic and international streamsy MTV - pioneer of music televisiony HBO (Home Box Office) - pay TV network; originator of some of American TV's most

critically-acclaimed programmes,y PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) - public TV, serves some 350 non-commercial member

stations.


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Radio

y NPR (National Public Radio) - non-commercial network of member stations; news,information and cultural programmes

y Clear Channel - America's largest commercial radio operator, owns more than 1,200stations

y CBS Radio- major commercial operator with nearly 180 stations in major markets

y ABC Radio Networks - operates flagship stations coast-to-coast.

External broadcasting

y Voice of America - government-funded, programmes for global audiences in manylanguages

y Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - government-funded, targets eastern Europe,former Soviet Union and the Caucasus in local languages

y Radio Free Asia - government funded, targets China, North Korea and southeast Asia

y Al-Hurra - government-funded, satellite TV for Middle East

y Radio Sawa - government-funded, Arabic-language radio for Middle East

y Radio Farda - government-funded, Persian-language radio

y Radio and TV Marti - government-funded services for Cuba.

Newsagencies

y Associated Press, Bloomberg Business News, UPI


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Role of mediainchangingA)

U

.S

.C

ourtsy "The hand that rules the press, the radio, the screen, andthe far-spread magazine, rules the country." Judge Hand1942

y One of the positive ways the media have affected the

judicial system is to help spur a greater sense ofopenness by the courts so the public can see for itselfhow the court serves the people. At the same time,the media have begun to focus on the activities ofindividual judges as well, sometimes to the judge'sdetriment.

y The result is that when media coverage of a trial isespecially heavy, the courts often have to consideralternative and more expensive means of

guaranteeing a fair trial.


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Contd...

y These alternatives include:

y Transferring the entire trial to another city where the

news coverage has not been as strong;y Directing the jury not to read newspapers or watch

TV newscasts;

y Issuing "gag orders" that direct the prosecutor,defense attorney, and other court personnel not totalk to the media about the case; or,

y In rare cases, keeping the jury sequestered in a hotelwhere they are monitored and prevented fromaccessing the media.


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y This was not to be sufficient to cope with moderndemands. These media liaisons serve threepurposes:y They are a resource for reporters to check their facts

and help ensure accurate reporting of the court's work;

y They provide a court spokesperson who can answermedia questions, thus protecting the judge frominadvertently making a comment to the press thatviolates ethical rules; and

y They provide the court with a specialist who knowshow to promote the good news of the courts' work tothe media in a newsworthy manner.


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B)ImportantRole in U.S. Elections

yA. Campaign Coverage

y B. The Conventions

y C. The Presidential Debates


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Revenue Generation of US Media Industry

y U.S. Magazine Advertising Revenues, PIB MeasuredMagazines 23.7 Bil. US$ 2008

y Annual Newspaper & Internet Advertising Revenue 37.8

Bil. US$ 2008

y Album Sales, U.S (music) 373.9 Mil. Units 2009

y U.S. Box Office Revenues (films) 9.87 Bil. US$ 2009

y Annual U.S. Advertising Revenues (National Outlets)162.4 Bil. US$ 2009

y Annual Global Advertising Revenues 443.7 Bil. US$ 2009


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y References:y http://usa.usembassy.de/media.htmly The media role in changing US courts By Gary A.

Hengstlery http://www.America.govy http://www.economywatch.com/sector-watch/us-

media.htmly http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/Entertain

mentMedia/EntertainmentMediaStatistics/tabid/227/Default.aspx

y http://www.america.gov/st/washfileenglish/2007/August/2007

y http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_burns_govbrief_5/11/3009/770542.cw/index.html


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yTHANKYOUALL.....

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