m.p pillai aswathy viswanath
TRANSCRIPT
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MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS, ORGANIC ACIDS , BIO ETHANOL
By,Pillai Aswathy viswanathPG 1 BotanySt. Thomas college kozhencherry
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INTRODUCTION The term microbe was coined to refer
collectively to the microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
Micro organism produced a wide variety of substance in the culture during their growth
The production of such substances is due to the fermentation of food substance found in the feed-stock
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Fermentation :- is an anaerobic breakdown of complex organic material by the action of anaerobic micro organism
it also denotes some other process in which the break down of organic substance take place in the presence of oxygen
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In industries, large culture vessels are designed to carry out fermentation in large scale. these culture vessels are called fermenters or bioreactors
The bioreactors provide the controlled environment necessary to bring about the better growth of the microbes
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The fermentation process result in the production of a wide class of organic compounds
The important fermentation products antibiotics organic acid amino acid enzymes bioethanol
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MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are substances produced by the micro organism that inhibits the growth of microorganism or kill another micro organism
They are used in the treatment of many pathogenic diseases in man and other organism
A wide class of fungi and bacteria produced antibiotics in the culture
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Most antibiotics are industrially produced by microbial fermentation
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Production of penicillin:- Penicillin is commercially produced in
the industry by culturing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum or Penicillium notatum
The fungus can be cultured in two methods:-
surface culture method submerged culture method
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SURFACE CULTURE METHOD In surface culture
method ,the fungus is cultured on the surface of a liquid medium with out agitation
After an appropriate incubation period the pencillin is extracted from the medium
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SUBMERGED CULTURE METHOD
The fungus is grown in a liquid medium which is vigorously aerated and agitated
After an appropriate incubation period ,the penicillin is separated from the medium
Today penicillin is produced by this method.
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The fungus grows as pellets In the seven days,the fermentation
process is completed and penicillin is produced in the medium
The mass of the fungus is seperated from the culture medium by centrifugation
Penicillin is extracted from the clear fluid
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Production of streptomycin:- Streptomycin is an antibiotic It is produced by the fungus,
Streptomyces grises Streptomycin is produced by
fermentation. The medium for streptomycin
production contains soybean meal,glucose and sodium chloride
The pH of the medium is adjusted to 7.8-8.0
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During the first phase there is a rapid growth of microbe with the production of mycelial biomass
The medium needs to be constantly aerated to achieve maximal production of streptomycin
The fermentation process takes about 10 days to complete
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After completion of the fermentation , streptomycin is recovered from the culture medium
The recovery and purification consists of adsorbing streptomycin on to the charcoal
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MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACID
An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties
Different groups of organism produced organic acid in the culture during their growth
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Production of citric acid :- Citric acid is one of the organic
acids found in many fruits especially in citrus fruits
It has been extracted from citrus fruits
But in recent years, citric acid has been manufactured from microbial cultures
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The following microbes accumulate large proportion of citric acid in their cell:-
Bacillus subtilis Penicillium restrictum Aspergillus niger Aspergillus wentii
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The citric acid production requires aerobic fermentation
The fungus can be cultured in two methods:-
Liquid surface culture Submerged culture
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LIQUID SURFACE CULTURE In this method ,sterilized medium
is filled in a tank fermenter and A.niger is inoculated in to the tank
Fermentation is effected at 27-33°c temperature
The spores germinate in 24 hours and form a mycelial cover that float on the surface of the culture
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Fungal mycelium is allowed to grow for 5-14 days for maximum citric acid production
Air is bubbled in to the tank for growth of Aspergillus
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SUBMERGED CULTURE Here ,A .niger is cultured
in the liquid medium in small tank fermenters
Air is pumped in to the fermenter from it base to supply enough oxygen for fungal growth
This method produced only a small amount of citric acid
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Production of lattic acid :- Lattic acid is another important
organic acid extracted from fermented carbohydrates
It is used in food industries,plastic industry etc
It is prepared by fermenting carbohydrates by certain microbes
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The bacteria that produces lactic acid is known as lactic acid bacteria
Eg: lactobacillus bulgaricus lactobacillus pentosus lactobacillus casei lactobacillus lactis
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Carbohydrate materials like milk whey,corn starch and potato starch are commonly used as feed stock in the manufacture of of lattic acid
The microbes are then cutured in the fermenters for producing lattic acid
The pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 in the medium favours the growth of lattic acid bacteria
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MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOEHANOL
Ethanol is also known as grain alcohol,spirit etc
It can be used as a fuel for lamps and stoves
Ethanol is prepared from bioresources is called bioethenol
In biotechnology based industries ,ethanol is produced from wastes by the fermentative action of microbes
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Any waste rich in carbohydrates can be used as the substrate to produced ethanol
Bioethanol can be prepared from :- grains of maize, corn cane juice etc In the first generation in ethanol
fermentation process corn and other grain are used.it provides nearly 50% of ethanol
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Carbohydrates are found locked in wastes
The complex polysaccharides are converted in to simple sugar.It carried out by clostridum thermocellum
The simple sugar are converted in to ethanol by zymomonas mobilis etc
Some microbes produced ethanol directly from carbohydrate wastes
eg: monilia , fusarium
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REFERENCE Vyas S.P, Dixit V.K
(2003),Pharmaceutical biotechnology, CBS Publication and distributors
Sullia S.B and shantharam,(2006) ,General microbiology, Oxford and IBH publication
Kumaresan V,(2014) ,Biotechnology,saras publication
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