moving on up the transition to faster, larger more complex aircraft dave fry, atp/cfii/mei/cfig
TRANSCRIPT
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Moving On UPThe Transition to Faster, Larger
More Complex AircraftDave Fry, ATP/CFII/MEI/CFIG
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Topics
• Systems
• Other Differences
• Learning the New Airplane
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Systems
• Constant Speed Prop
• Retractable Gear
• Turbo-Charging
• Pressurization
• De-Ice/Anti-Ice
• Electrical
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Systems (Continued)
• Speed Brakes
• Radar
• Turbine
• Avionics
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Constant Speed Prop
• Automatic Pitch Change for Best Performance
• Takeoff to Landing
• Power Settings and “Over Square”
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Constant Speed PropPitch Change Mechanism
To Prop To PropTo Prop
High RPM Low RPMOn RPM
Oil
Oil
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Takeoff to Landing
• Takeoff - High RPM Setting, Full Power
• Climb - Top of Green X 3
• Cruise - Lowest RPM for Desired Power
• Descent - Reduce Throttle 1 Inch Per Minute
• Landing - Prop High RPM After Throttle Below ≈18 Inches
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Takeoff to LandingMethodology
• Power Increase - Mixture, Prop, Throttle
• Power Decrease - Throttle, Prop Mixture
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Power Settings
• High RPM, Low Power - Hardest on Engine
• High Power, Low RPM - Best if OK by POH
• “Over Square” - Absolute Fiction
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Retractable Gear
• Types
• Operation
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Types of Retractable Gear
• Hydraulic - Aztec, most jets
• Electric - Bonanza, Baron
• Electric Motor, Hydraulic Pump - Arrow, Cutlass, Centurion, Malibu, Saratoga
• Armstrong - Older Mooney
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Gear Operation
• Takeoff - No Useable Runway Left, Tap Brakes, Raise Gear
• Downwind or FAF - Gear Down - Hand on Handle Until Down and Locked
• Base or 500 Feet - Confirm Down and Locked
• Short Final - Final Check, Down and Locked
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Turbocharging
• Structure
• Operation
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Turbocharging Structure
To Intake Manifold
Exhaust
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Turbocharging Structure (Continued)
To Intake Manifold
Exhaust
Waste Gate
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Turbocharging Operations
• Power Increases– Normal Until Boost Range– Very Rapid With Tendency to Over Boost– Real Problem When Cold
• Power Decreases– An Inch a Minute to Avoid Shock Cooling– Plan MUCH Further Ahead
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Pressurization Topics
• Pressurization Operation
• Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist
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Pressurization - Pre Engine Start
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
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Pressurization - Engine Start
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
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Pressurization - Climbout
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
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Pressurization - Climbout 2
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
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Pressurization - Climbout 3
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
P S Pressurization - At Selected Altitude 1
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
P S Pressurization -At Selected Altitude 2
FI
GND
FLT
DEPRESS
PRESS
GI
Ambient
Cabin
Vacuum
Control
Rate Ctl
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Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist
• P.R.A.A.Y.– Pressurization - ON, Set, Zero Differential– Radar - OFF or STANDBY– Autopilot - OFF– Air Conditioner - OFF– Yaw Damper - OFF
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Pressurization Controls• Climb
– Set to Final Altitude Before Takeoff
• Descent– Set to Assigned Altitude as Descent Begins– Turn Altitude Knob Slowly Until Rate
Stabilizes
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems
• Types of Systems
• Operation
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems
• Pneumatic (Boots) - Wings, Stabilizers
• Alcohol/Glycol - Prop, Wings, Stabilizers, Windshields
• Electric - Prop, Windshields, Stall Warning Vanes, Pitot Tubes, Static Ports, AOA Vanes
• Heated Bleed Air - Engine Air Inlets, Wings
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations
• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff
Tailplane Stall
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Electrical
• Typical System Power Up and Load Shedding
P S Before Start
AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ONOFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
+
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ONOFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Battery Master - ON
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ONOFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Starter Relay
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ONOFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Gen 1 On Line
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ONOFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Gen 2 On Line
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ON
OFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Avionics On
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ON
OFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Gen 1 Failure
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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS
GEN 2 BUS
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
GEN 1 BUS
ON
OFF
OVRDON
AUTO
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
ONOFF
AVIONIC 1SWITCH
N ESNTLSWITCH
AVIONIC 2SWITCH
GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE
GEN 2RELAY
GEN 2SWITCH
GEN 2 BATTERY- +
GEN 1SWITCH
STARTER/GEN 1
STARTERRELAY
BATTERY BUS
EXTPOWER
BATTERYSWITCH
EXT POWERSWITCH
Gen 1 and Bus Tie Failure
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Speed Brakes
• Increase Descent Without Increasing Speed
• Not Particularly Effective at Slow Speeds
• Usually Binary - Either On or Off
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Radar
• Indicates Location and Size of Water Drops
• Can Be Masked by Nearby Returns
• Doesn’t Show Where to Fly
• Shows Where NOT to Fly
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Turbine
• Simpler Operations
• More Power
• More Bleed Air
• Longer TBO
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Avionics
• Glass Cockpits
• EGPWS
• IHAS
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Other Differences
• Speed
• Weight (Momentum)
• Number of Seats
• Cargo/Passenger/Fuel Flexibility
• Visibility
• FAA Requirements
• Insurance Requirements
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Speed
• Planning Ahead– Communications– Altitude/Power Changes– Charts
• Larger Turn Radius
• Longer Takeoff/Landing Distances
• Longer Range
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Weight
• Momentum
• Stability
• Landing (Vertical Speed)
• Landing (Crosswinds)
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Number of Seats
• CG Issues
• Multiple Configurations
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FAA Requirements
• Complex Endorsement
• High Performance Endorsement
• High Altitude Endorsement
• MultiEngine Rating
• Type Rating
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Insurance Requirements
• FAA Requirements• Time in Type• Total Time• Complex Time• High Performance Time• Instrument Rating• School• Recurrent Training
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Visibility
• Usually Poor From 3 to 8 O’Clock
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Learning the New Airplane
• POH
• Checklists
• Simulator
• Dual
• Calibrating the Plane
• Regular Practice
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POH
• Section 7 - How Things Work
• Section 9 - How the Other Things Work
• Section 2 - What Can Kill You
• Section 3 - When Things DON’T Work
• Section 4 - Normal Procedures
• Sections 5, 6, and 8
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Checklists
• Read the Manufacturer’s Checklist
• Make Your Own!
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Simulator
• Type Specific, or It’s Not Worthwhile
• Focus is on Emergency/Abnormal Procs
• May Be Required by Insurance
• Great Place to Fine Tune Checklists
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Dual
• Fly With High Time Pro (Current)
• Insist on Lesson Plans and Objectives
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Calibrating the Plane
• Power/Flap/Gear Settings That Give Desired Airspeeds for:– Climb
– Cruise
– Descent
– Downwind
– Base
– Final
– Go Around
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Practice
• Practice Abnormal Procedures Every Other Month
• Review Emergency Procs Monthly
• Fly With a Pro Every 6 Months