movies. novelty stage novelty stage how do you make images move??? flip book eadweard muybridge:...
TRANSCRIPT
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Movies
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Novelty stage
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Novelty Stage
How do you make images MOVE???
• Flip book
• Eadweard Muybridge: pioneer– 12 cameras/trotting horse
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Novelty Stage
How do you make images MOVE???
• Flip book
• Eadweard Muybridge: pioneer– 700 cameras/trotting horse
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Novelty Stage
Muybridge’s Zoopraxiscope
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Early Technology
Hannibal Goodwin - celluloid, 1889
(used name Photographic pellicle)
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Early TechnologyInvention Timeline
• 1840s: telegraph• 1850s: Martinville/sound recording• 1877: Edison’s phonograph• 1889: CELLULOID FILM• 1891: Edison’s kinetoscope/graph• 1894: wireless telegraph (Marconi)
Very exciting era for media technology
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Entrepreneurial stage
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Entrepreneurial Stage
• 1891: Thomas Edison – kinetograph (early film camera)– kinetoscope (single viewer projection)
KINE=movement (e.g. kinetic energy)
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Entrepreneurial Stage
Kinetograph, 1891 Edison + Eastman, 1928
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Kinoscope Kinparlors
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Kinoscope
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Entrepreneurial Stage
• Lumiere brothers in Paris/cafes
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Entrepreneurial Stage
1896, Lumières demonstrated their cinematograph--the first successful machine that could show moving photographs--to an audience,
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Entrepreneurial Stage
Edison: vitascope– Made viewing by larger audiences possible– Sandow-1894– Bike-1899– Kiss-1900– Eggs-1902– School-1904
Vita=lifeScope=view“lifeViewer”
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Mass medium stage
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Mass Medium StageNarratives engage
the audience’s imagination
• George Melies – Opened first theater
in France, 1896– The conjurer, 1899– Trip to the Moon, part 1 – Trip to the moon, part 2 (1902)
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Mass Medium Stage• Edwin Porter in U.S.
– Shot America’s first narrative film, Life of an American Fireman (1902).
– Shot scenes out of order -- later edit in sequence.
– Shot first close-up….
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Mass Medium Stage• Edwin Porter in U.S.
– Shot America’s first narrative film, Life of an American Fireman (1902).
– Shot scenes out of order -- later edit in sequence.
– Shot first close-up (fire alarm)
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Mass Medium StageNickelodeons:
storefront theatres in early 1900s.
Nickel + Odeon=
Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon in Toronto, 1910
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Mass Medium StageNickelodeons:
storefront theatres in early 1900s.
Nickel + Odeon=
Nickelodeon
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Mass Medium Stage
• The rise of the Studio SystemBy late 1910s, studios controlled:– Production– Distribution– Exhibition
=Vertical integration
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Studio Systemcontrolling production
1. Motion picture Patents Company• Made up of Edison’s Film Manufacturing
company; biograph company, other members• pooled patents, 1908• “The edison Trust”• If filmmakers wanted to produce
a film, they had to use the trust’s equipment, their film stock, their theaters
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Studio Systemcontrolling production
2. Studio system of STARS under exclusive contract
Independents defied trust,moved to Hollywood; Created star system
Mary Pickford, early star. (One of founders of United Artists)
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Mary Pickford, 1910Mary Pickford, 1920
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Studio Systemcontrolling production
• Adolph Zukor• Lured Pickford
to work for him
• Paramount
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Studio SystemCONTROLLING DISTRIBUTION
Zukor
Controlling Distribution by Block booking
+ =
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Studio SystemControlling exhibition
• Building and buyingMOVIE PALACES
(first-run theatres in downtowns)--PARAMOUNT THEATER CHAIN
Zukor + PARAMOUNTZukor
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Studio SystemUnited Artists broke away from studio system:
Mary douglas Charlie D.W.Pickford Fairbanks Chaplin Griffiths
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Mass Medium StageThe rise of movie palaces
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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage
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Let’s go to the Movies
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– Mid-town theatres(near major intersections in neighborhoods.)
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Studio System
BIG FIVE• Paramount• MGM• RKO• Warner Bros.• Twentieth
Century Fox
LITTLE THREE• Columbia• Universal• United Artists
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
• Storytelling enhanced by sound
• Al Jolson – Jazz Singer, 1927– Singing fool, 1928
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
• Hollywood Narrative:– Story: What happens to whom– Discourse: The way the story is told
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
• Hollywood Genresby making films that fall into genres, Hollywood provides familiar models that can be imitated. (romance, horror, etc)
– Product standardization– Product differentiation
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
• Hollywood “authors”
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
Alternatives to HollywoodForeign Films
BollywoodChina Hong KongJapanS. Korea
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Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling
Alternatives to HollywoodIndependent CinemaDocumentary
Errol Morris; Michael Moore; Ken Burns
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Transformation of Hollywood System
• 1946: peak attendance: 90 million/week
FOUR KEY EVENTS
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Transformation of Hollywood System
1. The Hollywood Ten: 1947, House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) TEN went to Prison
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Transformation of Hollywood System
1. The Hollywood Ten: 1947, House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)
2. Paramount Decision, 1948. Ends vertical integration
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Transformation of Hollywood System
1. The Hollywood Ten: 1947, House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)
2. Paramount Decision, 1948. Ends vertical integration
3. Moving to the suburbs
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Transformation of Hollywood System
1. The Hollywood Ten: 1947, House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)
2. Paramount Decision, 1948. Ends vertical integration
3. Moving to the suburbs4. Television changes Hollywood
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• Movies begin to tackle more controversial topics
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Economics of the Movie Business
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Economics of Movie Business
• Total average cost in 2007 was $106.6 million.
– $70.8 M to produce– $35.9 M to Market
• To recover these costs, studios receive money from at least 6 sources:
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Economics of Movie Business
1. Box office revenues (20%)(Studios only get part of take…split on sliding scale)
2. DVD sales and rentals (50%) 3. PPV and premium cable4. Distribution in foreign markets5. Distribution of independent films6. Product placements and marketing
“synergy” (Behind the Screens)
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1940s Studios
BIG FIVE• Paramount• MGM• RKO• Warner Bros.• Twentieth
Century Fox
LITTLE THREE• Columbia• Universal• United Artists
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TODAY: BIG SIXin order of hugeness
• 20th Century Fox• Disney• Sony• GE/ NBC Universal• Time warner• Viacom/Paramount• The Weinstein Co.• Lion’s gate
$1,048,000,000$997,000,000$988,000,000$741,000,000$712,000,000$554,800,000$189,500,000$176,100,000
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Blockbusters
• Star Wars (1977)• Empire Strikes Back (1980)• The Return of the Jedi (1983)
The three films earned $1.3 Billion in Box Office, and $4 Billion in merchandising.
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Blockbuster mentality
Big-budget summer/holiday releases (expensive promotion)
Merchandising tie-insYoung target audienceTendency toward franchise
films/sequels
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Shift from Film to Digital Format
• Digital production -- shoot with digital, not film cameras.
• Digital distribution -- can save $millions in making prints and sending out reels.
• Digital exhibition -- digital projectors.• Online exhibition
– The Princess of Nebraska
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• Popular Movies and Implications for Democracy
• Commercial U.S. films function as consensus narratives by providing shared cultural experiences.
• With the rise of international media conglomerates, however, movie diversity and a public debate over America’s domination of the global film business falls by the wayside.