movement - 59.108.48.1259.108.48.12/lcwm/course/fs/lec/movement.pdf · determined by the base of...
TRANSCRIPT
Movement
Weiwei Sun
Institute of Computer Science and TechnologyPeking University
March 30, 2015
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Quick recap
One level of structure in syntax
I Representing the superficial syntactic structure ofsentences.
I Well-formed structures in a given language will bedetermined by the Base of the grammar.
I Categorial component: category-neutral X-bar ruleschemata
I Lexicon: Lexical items with their categorial status andcontextual restrictions
Weiwei Sun Movement 2/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Outline
Motivation
Head Movement
DP Movement
Wh-movement
Weiwei Sun Movement 3/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Expressivity
Question
Is CFG powerful enough to generate all sentences of a particularlanguage?
Theorem
The copy language {ww|w ∈ {a, b}∗} is not context-free.
Discontinuity
I A given word/phrase is separated from anotherword/phrase that it depends on.
I A direct connection cannot be established between the twowords/phrases.
/ CFG cannot handle discontinuities well.
Weiwei Sun Movement 3/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Cross-serial dependencies
Cross-serial dependencies in Dutch
... dat Wim Jan Marie de kinderen zag helpen leren zwemmen
... that Wim Jan Marie the children saw help teach swim
... that Wim saw Jan help Marie teach the children to swim
dat Wim Jan Marie de kinderen zag helpen leren zwemmen
Weiwei Sun Movement 4/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Expressivity
Cross-serial dependencies in Swiss German
... das mer em Hans es huus halfed aastriiche
... that we HansDat houseAcc helped paint
... that we helped Hans paint the house
... das mer d’chind em Hans es huus lond halfe aastriiche
... that we the childrenAcc HansDat houseAcc let help paint
... that we let the children help Hans paint the house
I Swiss German uses case marking and displays cross-serialdependencies.
I Swiss German is not context free.
⇒ We need extensions of CFG in order to describe all naturallanguage phenomena!
Weiwei Sun Movement 5/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Elegancy
Question
Is CFG elegant enough to describe all natural language phenom-ena? Does it capture regularities in relations between expressionsin a good way?
Coordination
(1) a. The scene of the movie is syntax.
b. The scene of the play is syntax.
c. The scene of the movie and of the play is syntax.
Passivization
(2) a. Noam Chomsky wrote Syntactic Structures.
b. Syntactic Structures was written (by Noam Chomsky).
Weiwei Sun Movement 6/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Elegancy: Sometimes, X-bar rules don’t work well.
Modern Irish Gaelic (VSO)
The subject (a specifier) intervenes between the verb and theobject (complement).
(3)Phog Maire an lucharachan.
Kissed Mary the leprechaun“Mary kissed the leprechaun.”
French
An adjunct souvent intervenes between the verb and the object.
(4)Je mange souvent des pommes.I eat often of.the apples
“I often eat apples.”
X-bar theory undergenerates the possible grammatical sentences.
Weiwei Sun Movement 7/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Elegancy: Sometimes, X-bar rules don’t work well.
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
PP
P′
DP
D′
NP
N′
N
puddle
D
the
P
in
V′
DP
D′
NP
N′
N
books
D
∅
V
find
T
-ed
DP
NP
N′
PP
P′
DP
D′
NP
N′
N
Brazil
D
∅
P
from
N′
N′
N
man
AdjP
Adj′
Adj
ugly
D′
The
C
∅[-Q]
Weiwei Sun Movement 8/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Proposal
Problem
A phrase structure grammar (such as X-bar theory) cannot gen-erate all the sentences of a language.
Proposal
I Chomsky proposed that a set of rules was needed tochange the structure generated by phrase structure rules.
I These rules are called transformational rules.
I Transformations change the output of X-bar rules (andother transformations) into different trees.
I Transformational rules are in very limited ways.
Weiwei Sun Movement 9/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Proposal
The picture
The lexicon → X-bar rules↓
D(eep)-structure↓
Transformational rules↓
S(urface)-structure↓
I Transformational grammars which allow symbols to bereplaced by arbitrary other symbols are of type 0.
I A grammar of type 0 is too complex for natural language.
I Transformational rules provided by GB are highly restricted.
Weiwei Sun Movement 10/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Outline
Motivation
Head Movement
DP Movement
Wh-movement
Weiwei Sun Movement 11/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
T-to-C movement
(5)
A: Honey-buns, there’s something I wanted to ask youB: What, sweetie-pie?A: If you will marry me?B (pretending not to hear): What d’you say, darlin’?A: Will you marry me?
Key observations
Complementizer if is in complementary distribution with auxiliaryinversion.
(6) a. If you will marry me?
b. Will you marry me?
c. *If will you marry me?
Weiwei Sun Movement 11/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
T-to-C movement
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
me
V
marry
T
will
DP
you
C
If
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
me
V
marry
T
will
DP
you
C
∅[+Q]
Weiwei Sun Movement 12/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
T-to-C movement
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
me
V
marry
T
will
DP
you
C
If
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
me
V
marry
T
will
DP
you
C
∅[+Q]
Weiwei Sun Movement 12/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix lowering or V-to-I movement
T′
VP
V′
PP
in the puddle
V′
DP
books
V
find
T
-ed
(7) I often found books in the puddle.
Weiwei Sun Movement 13/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix lowering or V-to-I movement
T′
VP
V′
PP
in the puddle
V′
DP
books
V
find
T
-ed
(8) I often found books in the puddle.
Weiwei Sun Movement 13/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
V-to-T movement
Elizabethan English
The English used during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, whenShakespeare was writing around 400 years ago.
(9) a. She shall not see me
b. I will not think it
c. Thou hast not left the value of a cord
(10) a. Have I not heard the sea rage like an angry boar?
b. Didst thou not hear somebody?
c. Will you not dance?
(11) a. I care not for her
b. He heard not that
c. My master seeks not me
d. I know not where to hide my head
Weiwei Sun Movement 14/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix lowering or V-to-I movement
TP
T′
VP
V′
V′
DP
apples
V
eat
AdvP
often
T
DP
I
TP
T′
VP
V′
V′
DP
des pommes
V
mange
AdvP
souvent
T
DP
Je
Verb movement/raising
I V⇒T movement: Move the head V to the head T.
I Verb raising parameter: Verbs raise to T or T lowers to V.
Weiwei Sun Movement 15/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
VSO structure
This is the Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) order of Irish.
(12)Phog Maire an lucharachan.Kissed Mary the leprechaun“Mary kissed the leprechaun.”
A flat structure
S
DPDPV
I There is no VP constituent.
I The subject and the object have thesame mother.
I The subject and the object mutuallyc-command one another.
Weiwei Sun Movement 16/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
VSO structure
Is there a VP constituent?
(13)Ta Maire [ag-pogail an lucharachan].Is Mary ing-kiss the leprechaun“Mary is kissing the leprechaun.”
Coordination:
(14)Ta Maire [ag-pogail an lucharachan] agus [ag-goidu a or].Is Mary [ing-kiss the leprechaun] and [ing-steal his gold]“Mary is kissing the leprechaun and stealing his gold.”
Clefting:
(15)Is [ag-pogail an lucharachan] ata Maire.It-is [ing-kiss the leprechaun] that.be Mary“It’s kissing the leprechaun that Mary is.”
Weiwei Sun Movement 17/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
VSO structure
Should the subject and the object mutually c-command eachanother?
(16)Chonaic Sılei ı-feini.Saw Sheila herself“Sheila saw herself.”
(17) *Chonaic ı-feini Sılei.Saw herself Sheila“Sheila saw herself.”
Weiwei Sun Movement 18/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
SVO⇒VSO (Koopman&Sportiche, 1991)
VP-internal subject hypothesis
Subjects are not generated in the specifier of TP; they are un-derlyingly generated in the specifier of VP.
The locality constraint on theta role assignment
Theta roles are assigned within the projection of the head thatassigns them (i.e., the VP or other predicate).
T′
VP
V′
DP
au lucharachan
V
tV
DP
Maire
T
Phog
Weiwei Sun Movement 19/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Belfast English
Standard English:
(18) a. Some students should get distinctions
b. Lots of students have missed the classes
Belfast English also has expletive structures below:
(19) a. There should some students get distinctions
b. There have lots of students missed the classes
T-to-C movement
(20) a. Should there some students get distinctions?
b. Have there lots of students missed the classes?
Weiwei Sun Movement 20/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Belfast English
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
distinctions
V
get
DP
some students
T
should
DP
there
C
∅
Weiwei Sun Movement 21/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Multiple auxiliaries
(21) Shannon should have been being fed at the table.
(22) a. Shannon should not have been being fed at the table.
b. Shannon should never have been being fed at the table.
(23) a. *Shannon not should have been being fed at the table.
b. *Shannon did not should have been being fed at thetable.
Weiwei Sun Movement 22/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Multiple auxiliaries
Proposal: to treat some auxiliaries as Vs
TP
T′
VP
V′
VP
V′
VP
V′
VP
fed at the table
V
being
V
been
V
have
T
should
DP
Shannon
Weiwei Sun Movement 23/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Multiple auxiliaries
Verb Movement Parameter
Option 1 All tensed verbs raise to T.
Option 2 Tensed Auxiliaries raise to T and T lowers totensed main verbs.
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
eat
tsubj
T
should
DP
Shannon
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
eat
tsubj
T
-ed
DP
Shannon
Weiwei Sun Movement 24/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Multiple auxiliaries
Option 2 Tensed Auxiliaries raise to T and T lowers totensed main verbs.
TP
T′
VP
V′
VP
V′
V
eat
tsubj
V
has
T
DP
Shannon
Weiwei Sun Movement 25/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix hopping
Simple Past and Present V+ed/ V+s/ V+∅Modal modal VPerfective have V+enProgressive be V+ingPassive be V+en
Shannon should have been being fed at the table.
have + be + en + be + ing + V + en
VPerf
-enhave
VProg
-ingbe
Vpass
-enbe
Weiwei Sun Movement 26/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix hopping
Option 2 Tensed Auxiliaries raise to T and T lowers totensed main verbs.
TP
T′
VP
V′
VP
V′
V
eat
tsubj
V
-enhas
T
DP
Shannon
Weiwei Sun Movement 27/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Affix hopping
TP
T′
VP
V′
VP
V′
VP
V′
VP
V′
V
beat
tsubj
V
-enbe
V
-ingbe
V
-enhas
T
DP
Shannon
Weiwei Sun Movement 28/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Outline
Motivation
Head Movement
DP Movement
Wh-movement
Weiwei Sun Movement 29/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
DP movement
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
des pommes
V
t
DP
Je
T
mange
DP movement
Move a DP to a specifier position.
I Head-to-head movement is motivated by word orders thatcannot be generated using X-bar theory.
I DP movement is motivated by the fact that certain DPs canappear in bad positions from a thematic view.
Weiwei Sun Movement 29/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Belfast English
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
distinctions
V
get
DP
some students
T
should
DP
there
C
∅
Weiwei Sun Movement 30/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Standard English
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
distinctions
V
get
ti
T
should
DPi
some students
C
∅
Weiwei Sun Movement 31/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Raising
TP
T′
VP
V′
AdjP
Adj′
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
leave
DP
John
T
to
C
∅
Adj
likely
tV
T
is
TP
T′
VP
V′
AdjP
Adj′
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
leave
ti
T
to
ti
C
∅
Adj
likely
tV
T
is
DPi
John
Weiwei Sun Movement 32/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Raising
TP
T′
VP
V′
AdjP
Adj′
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
leave
DP
John
T
to
C
∅
Adj
likely
tV
T
is
TP
T′
VP
V′
AdjP
Adj′
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
V
leave
ti
T
to
ti
C
∅
Adj
likely
tV
T
is
DPi
John
Weiwei Sun Movement 32/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Passives
Different thematic information
In the passive sentence, the agent is represented by an optionalprepositional phrase headed by by.
I This phrase is an adjunct.
I Adjuncts are not included in the basic theta grid and arenot subject to the theta criterion.
(24) a. The policeman kissed the puppy.
b. The puppy was kissed (by the policeman).
Proposal: The -en absorbs the agent role
kiss
Agent Theme
DP DP
kiss+en(→kissed)
Agent Theme
DP DP
-en
Weiwei Sun Movement 33/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Passives
TP
T′
VP
V′
VP
V′
PP
by the policeman
V′
tiV
kiss
V
-enwas
T
DPi
the puppy
Weiwei Sun Movement 34/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Outline
Motivation
Head Movement
DP Movement
Wh-movement
Weiwei Sun Movement 35/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Wh-movement
Wh question
who/whom, what, when, where, why, which, how
(25) a. When did you do your syntax homework?
b. What are you eating?
c. How is Louise feeling?
Key challenge
The wh-phrase appears in a position far away from the positionwhere its theta role is assigned.
(26) a. What did John buy?
b. What did Mary say John bought?
c. Whom did Matt kiss?
Weiwei Sun Movement 35/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Proposal
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
John
V
kiss
ti
T
did
DPi
Matt
C
Weiwei Sun Movement 36/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Proposal
Wh-movement
Move a wh-phrase to the specifier of CP to check a [+WH]feature in C.
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP
whom
V
kissing
ti
T
are
DPi
you
C
Weiwei Sun Movement 37/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Checking features
CP
C′
TP
T′
VP
V′
DP[+WH]
whom
V
kissing
ti
T
are
DPi
you
C[+Q,+WH]
Weiwei Sun Movement 38/40
Motivation Head Movement DP Movement Wh-movement
Reading
* Chap. 9,10,11,12 Syntax: A Generative Introduction.
Weiwei Sun Movement 39/40