motor learning best practices: from theory to practice · 2009-03-25 · quickstart tennis. adults...
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Motor Learning Best Practices: From Theory to Practice
Virginia Overdorf, William Paterson University
Jason Jamison, USTA
Carol Wood, Salisbury University
April 3, 2009AAHPERD, Tampa, Florida
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Today’s Presentation
Overview of motor learning principles related to skill complexityBuilding appropriate progression
Equipment modificationsManipulating environmental conditionsAdjusting practice
quickstart tennis
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Adults Games for Children?
Regulation Games are not always age-appropriateMust often adapt and modify regulation gamePractice teachers and students always think that means breaking things apart (that can be problematic if artificial breaks are made)What are other ways to modify, simplify, etc. for the younger learner?
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Consider Tennis
Poulton’s Skill ContinuumCLOSED OPEN
____________________________________________________________
SELF-PACED EXTERNALLY PACED
FIXED ENVIRONMENT CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
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OPEN SKILL
CHARACTERISTICS
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTROL
LOW PREDICTABILITY
MOVING ENVIRONMENT
SKILL LEVEL OF PERFORMER
DEGREE OF MOVEMENT
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Gentile’s TaxonomyMovement Dimensions (Columns)
Movement Dimensions
Body Stability; No Object Manipulation
Body Stability; Object Manipulation
Body Transport; No Object Manipulation
Body Transport; Object Manipulation
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Gentile’s TaxonomyEnvironmental Dimension: (Rows)
Stable Environment; No Inter-trial Variability (ITV)
Stable Environment; ITV
Moving Environment; No ITV
Moving Environment; ITV
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Gentile’s Taxonomy
Body Stability; No Object Manipulation
Body Stability; Object Manipulation
Body Transport; No Object Manipulation
Body Transport; Object Manipulation
Stable Environment; No Inter-trial Variability (ITV)
1Free Throw
2Penalty shot in field hockey to same location each attempt
3Running Long Jump
4“Happy Gilmore” on driving range to no target
Stable Environment;ITV
5Softball Pitcher
6Tennis Serve -Expert
7High Jump
8Pole Vault
Moving Environment; No ITV
9Riding on an escalator
10Hitting a baseball from a pitching machine at 1 speed/location
11Running on a treadmill at variable speeds
12Hitting ground -strokes from a tennis machine while one the move
Moving Environment, ITV
13Catcher guarding the plate and tagging out a baserunner
14Tennis Serve -Novice
15Running a cross country race
16Return of ServeGroundstrokes
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Accuracy and Movement
Speed Accuracy Trade-off
Fitts Law
3 Factors Influence Movement Accuracy
Distance
Target Size
Movement Speed
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Distance
A
B
Increased distance = increase movement time
Reciprocal Tapping Task
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Target Size
A
B
Smaller Targets = Increased Movement Time or Decreased Accuracy
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Improving Accuracy in Tennis
Decrease DistanceMove closer to net
Choke down on racquet
Short handle racquet or paddle
Increase Target sizeLarger Ball
Larger racquet face
Increase the boundaries
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Improving Accuracy in Sport
Slow Speed to Increase Accuracy
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Sports that Require both Accuracy and Speed
How do we teach these?
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TEACHER FACILITATION OF SKILL
DESIGNING APPROPRIATE SKILL PRACTICE
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Variations: Tennis Groundstrokes
Environmental Dimension
Moving Environment
UnpredictableInter-trial VariabilityPosition of object in space
Quite variable Movement Dimension
Body Transport: YesObject Manipulation: Yes
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Other Characteristics of the Tennis
• Fast paced
• A lot of space to cover
• Lots of movement
• Must keep ball within boundaries
on other side
• Lower net in middle of court
• Other?
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Equipment Modifications
Smaller RacquetsLarger BallsLess compression in ballSmaller courtLower net
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Tennis Serve
ObjectiveTo get ball into required court area with sufficient velocity to gain some advantage
Thus, serve presents an accuracy/speed problem for the learner and the facilitator
Since speed and accuracy trade off, and both are important, must emphasize both
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Analyzing and Enhancing Performance
http://www.tennisfuzz.com/tennis_amazingshots.aspx