motivational attitudes of elt students towards usingcomputers for writing and communication

8/2/2019 MOTIVATIONAL ATTITUDES OF ELT STUDENTS TOWARDS USINGCOMPUTERS FOR WRITING AND COMMUNICATION

1/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h >8

>8

GBUAVMUABLMJ MUUAUTED^ BF DJU ÛTEDLU^ UBXM[E^ TÂLH

NBG_TUD[^ FB[ X[AUALH MLE NBGGTLANMUABL

kq Mja @M[M@M

Gdcgdu Màf D{~bq Tlavd{~auq al Kt{et{*

Ut{`dq

m`m{m`m~ O gdcgdumàf,det,u{

Mk~u{mnu

Uca~ m{uanjd xajj p{bvaed ml bvd{vadx bf xcducd{ ~utedlu~ cmvd pb~auavd gbuavmuablmj

muuauted~ ubxm{e~ ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl, Fa{~ujq* au

~tggm{ayd~ ucd km~an ucdb{ad~ bf gbuavmuabl mle ucdl dspjmal~ ucd {djmuabl~cap kduxddl

jmlhtmhd mle gbuavmuabl* mle ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ mle gbuavmuabl, Ucdl* au mag~ ub dspjb{d

ucd m~pdnu~ bf nbgptud{ t~d ucmu ~utedlu~ fale gbuavmualh mle alvd~uahmud~ ucd eaffd{dlnd~

mgblh ucd~d m~pdnu~ fb{ ~utedlu~ cmvalh eaffd{dlu kmn`h{btle~ al ud{g~ bf nbgptud{ ~àjj~,

54 fa{~u h{med DJU ~utedlu~ bf Gdcgdu Màf D{~bq Tlavd{~auq pm{uanapmude al ucd

~uteq, Ucd emum xm~ nbjjdnude uc{bthc m }td~uabllma{d mempude f{bg Xm{~ncmtd{ #=116!,

Ucd bkumalde emum xd{d mlmjqyde kq ed~n{apuavd ~umua~uan~* u'ud~u~* Gmlbvm mle Mlbvm bl

^_^^, Ucd falealh~ aleanmude ucmu pm{uanapmlu~ gmaljq gmed t~d bf nbgptud{~ fb{

nbggtlanmuabl* jdm{lalh* mncadvdgdlu mle dgpbxd{gdlu, _jt~* ucda{ pd{~blmj m~pdnu~*

dsndpu fb{ nbgptud{ `lbxjdehd* {djmude ub nbgptud{~* eae lbu ~ahlafanmlujq mffdnu ucdpm{uanapmlu~ gbuavmuablmj muuauted~ ubxm{e~ ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~, Ucd{d xd{d lbu dvdl

~ahlafanmlu eaffd{dlnd~ kduxddl gmjd mle fdgmjd pm{uanapmlu~ al ud{g~ bf kdalh gbuavmude ub

t~d nbgptud{~ mle nbgptud{ fmnajauad~ fb{ nbggtlanmuabl mle x{aualh, Falmjjq* cmvalh b{

lbu cmvalh m nbgptud{ mu cbgd xm~ lbu m edna~avd fmnub{ alfjtdlnalh gbuavmuablmj muuauted~

bf pm{uanapmlu~,

Alu{betnuabl

Xcajd jdm{lalh m jmlhtmhd* ucd jdm{ld{ a~ aldvaumkjq dspb~de ub mffdnuavd fmnub{~ xcancm{d d~~dluamj ub m nd{umal dsudlu al fb{dahl"~dnble jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh, Bf ucd~d* ucd gb~u

edkmude bld al ucd jaud{mut{d a~ gbuavmuabl mle au~ dffdnu~ bl ucd jmlhtmhd jdm{ld{~, Al au~

~agpjd ud{g* ucd ~uteq bf gbuavmuabl a~ nblnd{lde xauc ucd dld{hq* ea{dnuabl mle

dspjb{muabl bf ucd jmlhtmhd jdm{ld{~ kdcmvab{* lmgdjq* xcmu e{avd~ ucd jdm{ld{ ub

kdcmvd al uca~ xmq b{ mlbucd{ xmq et{alh ucd jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh p{bnd~~ #Edna & [qml*

=134!, Cbxdvd{* gbuavmuabl a~ ~tnc m nbgpjanmude a~~td ucmu au a~ mjgb~u agpb~~akjd ub

edfald au kq m ~alhjd ucdb{q #_du{aed~* ;??6!, Ucd{dfb{d* m h{dmu ltgkd{ bf ucdb{ad~ bf


2/17


>3

gbuavmuabl cmvd dgd{hde al vm{abt~ ea~napjald~, Ucd ucdb{ad~ mle ucda{ gmal

m~~tgpuabl~ {djmude ub jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh m{dm m{d k{adfjq ~tggde tp al ucd fbjjbxalh

pm{mh{mpc,

=, Jaud{mut{d [dvadx

=,=, Ucdb{ad~ bf gbuavmuabl

Mnnb{ealh ub Kdcmvab{a~uvadx* gbuavmuabl a~ ml dsud{lmj ~uagtja mle {dalfb{ndgdlu, Al

uca~ ucdb{q* ucd dlva{blgdlu ~t{{btlealh ucd ~utedlu~ mle ucd udmncd{ m~ m {bjd gbedj

m{d bf p{agd agpb{umlnd, Cbxdvd{* gbuavmuabl a~ {dhm{ede m~ ml alud{lmj fmnub{ kq

nbhlauava~u~, Ucd{dfb{d* ucb~d gbuavmude alu{al~anmjjq m{d e{avdl ub mnu xaucbtu mlq

dsud{lmj fmnub{~ ja`d dm{lalh gb{d gbldq* kdalh {d~pdnude mle ~agajm{ {dm~bl~, Xcmu

ucdq mag a~ ub hdu ~mua~fmnuabl mle pjdm~t{d btu bf ucd mnuabl~ ucdq eb, Mlbucd{ ucdb{q a~

mncadvdgdlu gbuavmuabl ucdb{q ucmu fbnt~d~ bl ucd {d~tju~ bf ucd pd{fb{gde mnuabl~0 ucmu

a~ ub ~mq* xcducd{ bld kdnbgd~ ~tnnd~~ftj m~ m {d~tju bf ca~ mnuabl b{ lbu, M~ m {d~tju bf

ucd mnuabl um`dl* ucd jdm{ld{ gahcu cmvd m ~dl~d bf mncadvdgdlu b{ edvdjbp m fdm{ bf

fmajt{d, F{bg ucd pd{~pdnuavd~ bfCtgmla~uan Mpp{bmnc* ucd ldde~ bf ucd ~djf m{d ucd

km~an pajjm{~ bf gbuavmuabl, Uca~ ucdb{q m~~tgd~ ucmu xcdl ucd km~an ldde~ m{d lbu gdu*

jdm{ld{~ gahcu lbu kd gbuavmude ub gddu cahcd{ jdvdj ldde~ ja`d ~djf'd~uddg mle ~djf'

mnutmjaymuabl, Falmjjq* ^bnamj nbhlauabl ucdb{q bf gbuavmuabl cmlejd~ ucd a~~td bf

gbuavmuabl f{bg uxb mlhjd~9 ~bnamj mle nbhlauavd ~aed~, Uca~ ucdb{q a~ mkbtu jdm{ld{

kdjadf~ al ucda{ bxl nbgpdudlnad~* ucda{ bxl hbmj ~duualh* gblaub{alh ucdg~djvd~ mle

nblu{bjjalh ucda{ bxl jdm{lalh uc{bthc alud{mnuabl xauc bucd{~, Mjj ucd ucdb{ad~

gdluablde mle ucda{ nbgpbldlu~ ubhducd{ xauc ~tppb{ud{~ m{d ~tggm{ayde kdjbx al

Umkjd =,

Umkjd =9 ^tggm{q bf ucdb{ad~ bf gbuavmuabl #Cml~bl'^gauc* =118!,

Ucdb{q Lmgd Ucdb{a~u"Qdm{ Nbgpbldlu~

M' Kdcmvab{mj

Ucdb{ad~7< dsu{al~an gbuavmuabl

7< dsud{lmj ~uagtja mle

{dalfb{ndgdlu

=' Njm~~anmj nbleauablalh

;' Bpd{mlu nbleauablalh

>' Bk~d{vmuablmj"~bnamj

jdm{lalh

=' _mvjbv

;' ^àlld{

>' Kmlet{m

=' ûagtjt~* {d~pbl~d* m~~bnamuabl

;' ûagtjt~* {d~pbl~d* {dxm{e 7

{dalfb{ndgdlu

>' Gbedjalh #agaumuabl!

K' Nbhlauavd Ucdb{ad~ =' Dspdnumlnq'vmjtd =' V{bbg " =165 =' Dspdnumlnq bf ~tnnd~~


3/17


>1

7< alu{al~an gbuavmuabl

7< bld~ mnuavd ~dm{nc

fb{ gdmlalh mle

~mua~fmnuabl al jafd,

;' Muu{aktuabl ucdb{q

>' Nbhlauavd ea~~blmlnd

;' Cdaed{* =143 "

Xdald{* =185

>' Fd~ualhd{ " =148

;' Muu{aktud ~tnnd~~"fmajt{d ub

fmnub{~

>' Mnu ub {d~bjvd nblfjanu

N' Mncadvdgdlu

Gbuavmuabl Ucdb{ad~

=' Ldde fb{ mncadvdgdlu

;' Fdm{ bf fmajt{d

>' Hbmj ucdb{q9 Gm~ud{q

_d{fb{gmlnd* ^bnamj

hbmj~

=' Muàl~bl &[mqlb{ " =185

;' Jbn`d &

Jmucmg " =115

E' Ctgmla~uan

Ucdb{ad~7< ucd ldde fb{ pd{~blmj

h{bxuc,

7< dgpcm~a~ blf{ddebg* ncband mle

~djf'edud{galmuabl,

=' Cad{m{ncq bf Ldde~

;' Cad{m{ncq bf

Gbuavmuablmj Ldde~

>' ^djf'edud{galmuabl

=' Gm~jbx " =145

;' Mjed{fd{* =18;

>' Edna & [qml*

=134

=' ^djf'mnutmjaymuabl* d~uddg*

kdjblhalhld~~* ~mfduq*

pcq~abjbhanmj,

;' H{bxuc* {djmudeld~~* dsa~udlnd

ldde~,>' Alu{al~an V~, Dsu{al~an

gbuavmuabl

D' ^bnamj Nbhlauabl=' ^djf'dffanmnq

;' ^djf'{dhtjmuabl

='; Kmlet{m "

=136* =118

=' Itehalh bld(~ bxl mkajauq

;' D~umkja~calh hbmj~ mlemuumalalh ucdg

âlnd mjj ucd mfb{dgdluablde ucdb{ad~ edmj xauc pm{uantjm{ fmntjuad~ bf ctgml

kdalh~* ucdq fmaj ub ~dd ucd ctgml kdalh m~ m xcbjd, Ucd{dfb{d* uca~ ~uteq cbje~ ml

dnjdnuan mle cbja~uan vadx bf gbuavmuabl kq {dfd{{alh ub jdm{ld{~ m~ ctgml kdalh~* xcb

cmvd dgkbeade kabjbhanmj* nbhlauavd mle ~bnamj ~u{tnut{d~ al ucda{ lmut{d f{bg ka{uc,

Fbnt~alh gd{djq bl bld nbl~uautdlu gmq jdme t~ ub bvd{jbb` ucd dffdnu~ bf bucd{

~u{tnut{d~ al gbuavmualh jdm{ld{~, Ucd~d dffdnu~ d~pdnamjjq pjmq ml agpb{umlu {bjd al

jmlhtmhd udmncalh ~alnd jdm{ld{~ hb uc{bthc gmlq eavd{~d p{bnd~~d~ et{alh jmlhtmhd

mn}ta~auabl b{ jdm{lalh, Ucdq alud{mnu xauc dmnc bucd{* t~d nbhlauavd ~u{mudhad~ ub nbpd

xauc ucd eaffantjuad~ ucdq fmnd* mle u{q ub ~mua~fq ucda{ jbxd{ mle cahcd{ ldde~, Ucd{dfb{d*

au a~ ldnd~~m{q ub alvd~uahmud ucd {djmuabl~cap kduxddl gbuavmuabl mle jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh

ub cmvd m njdm{ panut{d bf ~tnnd~~ mle fmajt{d al jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh,

=,;, Gbuavmuabl mle Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh

ûm{ualh xauc Hm{eld{ mle Jmgkd{u~ ~uteq #=141!* gbuavmuabl xm~ cdje ub kd

{d~pbl~akjd fb{ ~dnble mle fb{dahl jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh mncadvdgdlu ub m h{dmud{ edh{dd

ucml jmlhtmhd mpuauted, Ucdl* al m ~tk~d}tdlu ~uteq #=18;!* ucd eava~abl bf gbuavmuabl

alub uxb km~an uqpd~ m~ aludh{muavd #m ed~a{d ub aludh{mud xauc um{hdu alub um{hdu

nbggtlauq! mle al~u{tgdlumj #fb{ p{mnuanmj kdldfau~! xm~ p{bpb~de kq Hm{eld{ mle

Jmgkd{u, Fbjjbxalh uca~* mlbucd{ ea~ualnuabl alub alu{al~an #gbuavmuabl ucmu nbgd~ f{bg

al~aed! mle dsu{al~an #gbuavmuabl ucmu nbgd~ f{bg btu~aed fmnub{~! gbuavmuabl xm~ gmed


4/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 5?

5?

kq Edna mle [qml #=134!, âlnd ucdl* ucd agpb{umlnd bf gbuavmuabl fb{ jmlhtmhd

jdm{ld{~ cm~ kddl {dnbhlayde kq udmncd{~ mle {d~dm{ncd{~ al ucda{ njm~~{bbg

agpjdgdlumuabl~, Al ucd jm~u ednmed* ucd{d cmvd kddl gmlq m{uanjd~ mle kbb`~ {d'

dspjb{alh ucd {djmuabl~cap bf gbuavmuabl ub jmlhtmhd udmncalh mle jdm{lalh #Hgjd`~ay*

;??=0 [tbcbuad & Lb`djmaldl* ;??>0 _du{aed~* ;??60 Umhtnca* ;??60 Xmlh* ;??30

Xmlh* ;??10 Jtnm~ du mj,* ;?=?!,

Ucd mkbvd'gdluablde nblvdluablmj f{mgdxb{` mlmjqyalh gbuavmuabl al jmlhtmhd

jdm{lalh cm~ kddl ~tkidnude ub gmlq n{auana~g~ etd ub au~ almed}tmnad~, Ucd gmal pbalu

bf n{auana~g a~ ucmu ucd f{mgdxb{` a~ ubb ~agpjd ub umn`jd ucd nblndpu bf gbuavmuabl

nbl~aed{alh ucd mkbvdgdluablde ucdb{ad~ bf gbuavmuabl, Ucd{dfb{d* ml dspml~abl mle

meit~ugdlu bf ucd u{meauablmj f{mgdxb{` ub njm{afq ucd lmut{d bf jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh

gbuavmuabl a~ m ftlemgdlumj a~~td #N{bb`d~ mle ^ncgaeu* =11=0 E{lqda* =115!, M~ ml

dsmgpjd bf dspml~abl mle meit~ugdlu bf ucd fb{gd{ f{mgdxb{`~* E{lqda~ #=116!

nbgpbldlu~ bf Fb{dahl Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh Gbuavmuabl* xcanc nbl~a~u bf jmlhtmhd jdvdj*

jdm{ld{ jdvdj mle jdm{lalh ~autmuablmj jdvdj gahcu kd havdl,

Al ucd jahcu bf ucd p{dvabt~ ~utead~* uca~ pmpd{* fa{~u mle fb{dgb~u* mag~ ub ~cde

jahcu bl ucd àle~ bf gbuavmuablmj muuauted~ bf ~utedlu~ ubxm{e~ ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ fb{

x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl xauc {d~pdnu ub jdm{lalh ~uqjd~* gbuavmuabl mle pd{~blmjauq,

^dnblejq* ucd eaffd{dlnd~ mgblh ucd gbuavmualh m~pdnu~ bf nbgptud{~ fb{ ~utedlu~ bf

eaffd{dlu kmn`h{btle~ m{d ub kd alvd~uahmude ub ~dd xcducd{ ucdq mffdnu ucd gbuavmuablmj

muuauted~ bf ucd ~utedlu~, Jm~ujq* ucd ~tk'hbmj bf ucd ~uteq a~ ub e{mx pdemhbhanmj mle

p{mnuanmj agpjanmuabl~ btu bf ucd mfb{dgdluablde f{mgdxb{`~ ub dspjb{d ucd nblldnuabl~

kduxddl ucd ~pdnafan m~pdnu~ bf Nbgptud{ M~~a~ude Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh #NMJJ! mle

~utedlu gbuavmuabl al ud{g~ bf x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl al mle btu~aed ucd njm~~{bbg

~duualh~,

=,>, [djmuabl~cap bf Nbgptud{~ mle Gbuavmuabl

Nbgptud{~* xcanc xd{d p{agm{ajq t~de fb{ gmucdgmuanmj nblnd{l~ mu au~ ka{uc* cmvd cme

ucda{ tla}td pjmnd al dvd{q pm{u bf bt{ javd~, ^bbl mfud{xm{e~ ucdq ~um{ude ub kd tuajayde

al hdld{mj detnmuabl d~pdnamjjq al jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh* mle ucd ud{g Nbgptud{'M~~a~ude

Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh #NMJJ!* {dfd{{alh ub ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ al ucd jdm{lalh mle

udmncalh bf Dlhja~c* mppdm{de al ucd jaud{mut{d al dm{jq =18?~, âlnd ucdl* ucd udnclbjbhq


5/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 5=

5=

cm~ tled{hbld m {mpae p{bnd~~ bf agp{bvdgdlu mle nbgptud{~ al eaffd{dlu ~ayd~ mle

ftlnuabl~ cmvd kdnbgd mvmajmkjd ub mjgb~u mlqbld,

NMJJ cm~ pjmqde m fmnajaumualh {bjd fb{ jmlhtmhd udmncd{~ mle ~utedlu~ ~alnd au

cdjp~ ~utedlu~ p{bh{d~~ mu ucda{ bxl pmnd* agp{bvd ucda{ jmlhtmhd ~àjj~* ~uteq bl bld~

bxl xaucbtu kdalh edpdledlu bl mlqbld dj~d* mle havd~ ucdg aggdeamud fddekmn`*

nb{{dnuabl~ mle d{{b{ mlmjq~a~ #Cml~bl'^gauc* =118!, Bucd{ ucml ucd~d kdldfau~*

mffdnuavd ~aed~ bf NMJJ ja`d jdm{lalh ~uqjd* gbuavmuabl* pd{~blmjauq mle bucd{ fmnub{~

cmvd kddl tled{ }td~uabl xauc ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ al jmlhtmhd njm~~d~ #Hdl & Mqel*

;?=?!, Bf ucd~d* ucd dffdnu~ bf gbuavmuabl mle x{aualh vam nbgptud{~ bl jmlhtmhd

jdm{lalh mle udmncalh cmvd kddl ~uteade xaedjq al ucd jaud{mut{d #nf, Xt* =11;0

Xajjamg~* =11>0 Uq~bl* =1150 Xm{~ncmtd{* =1160 Tjt~bq* ;??60 Hdl & Mqel* ;?=?!,

Ucd nbggbl falealh~ bf ucd~d ~utead~ aleanmud ucmu NMJJ cm~ gbuavmuablmj vmjtd al

udmncalh mle jdm{lalh jmlhtmhd mle au~ fbt{ ~àjj~* pm{uantjm{jq x{aualh,

Ed~paud ucd~d kdldfau~* NMJJ mj~b cm~ ~bgd jagaumuabl~ al p{mnuand, âlnd ucd

nbgptud{ a~ m ctgml gmed ubbj xcanc a~ alnmpmkjd bf mnuabl xaucbtu m t~d{ Pudmncd{W au

nmllbu htm{mludd mncadvdgdlu al ucd jmlhtmhd njm~~ #Elem{* ;??49 =16!, Af ucd udmncd{

a~ lbu }tmjafade dlbthc al t~alh nbgptud{~ mle nmllbu ~tppb{u ca~ udmncalh xauc

{djdvmlu gmud{amj~* dspdnualh ucmu ~utedlu~ kd gbuavmude uc{bthc NMJJ a~ lbu gb{d ucml

m ncajea~c e{dmg, Kd~aed~* ucd xmq~ bf gbuavmualh ~utedlu~ uc{bthc nbgptud{~ cmvd

e{mgmuanmjjq ncmlhde etd ub ldx udnclbjbhad~ dgd{halh al ucd jm~u uxb ednmed~,

Mlbucd{ pbalu a~ ucmu jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh nbl~a~u~ bf gmlq ~bnamj* p~qncbjbhanmj* mle

nbhlauavd m~pdnu~ xcanc m{d lbu fbtle al bucd{ uqpd~ bf jdm{lalh* mle ucd gbuavmualh

fmnub{~ bf m jmlhtmhd jdm{ld{ xcb kdldfau~ f{bg m nbgptud{ gahcu kd eaffd{dlu f{bg

ucb~d bf bucd{ jdm{ld{~ ~uteqalh eaffd{dlu ~tkidnu~ #Xm{~ncmtd{* =116!, Ucd{dfb{d* ucd

udmncd{~ gmq cmvd eaffantjuq al mempualh ucdg~djvd~ ub ucd~d udnclbjbhanmj allbvmuabl~mle falealh m gaeejd xmq kduxddl ucb~d m~pdnu~ bf jdm{lalh,

=,5, Kdldfau~ bf Nbgptud{~ al X{aualh mle Nbggtlanmuabl _{bnd~~

Mfud{ ucd alu{betnuabl bf nbgptud{~ al jmlhtmhd udmncalh* ucd udmncalh bf Dlhja~c cm~

kdnbgd gb{d p{mnuanmj mle ftl fb{ ucd jdm{ld{~, Ematud #=134! ~tggm{ayd~ ~bgd bf ucd

kdldfau~ bf nbgptud{~ al ucd x{aualh p{bnd~~ m~ fbjjbx~9

#=! ucdq dlmkjd x{aud{~ ub fbnt~ bl ucd pbalu*


6/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 5;

5;

#;! ucdq cdjp jdm{ld{~ ~dd ucd ~pdjjalh ga~um`d~ kq cahcjahcualh ucd alnb{{dnu xb{e~#>! ucdq p{bvaed ~utedlu~ xauc m nbggtlanmuabl ncmlldj uc{bthc xcanc ucdq

alud{nbggtlanmud xauc ucda{ f{adle~ mle nbjjdmhtd~*

#5! ucdq gm`d jdm{lalh ftl mle ~u{d~~'f{dd,Tjt~bq #;??6! pbalu~ btu ucmu al ucd x{aualh p{bnd~~* nbgptud{ mle nbgptud{

~bfuxm{d nml kd m vmjtmkjd ubbj fb{ gmlq ~utedlu~ #;??69 43!, Bf nbt{~d* jmlhtmhd

jdm{ld{~ nmllbu kd cdje btu~aed uca~ na{njd, Ucdq t~d xb{e'p{bnd~~alh* _bxd{_balu ~jaed

~cbx~ ub p{dpm{d ucda{ m~~ahlgdlu~* cbgdxb{`* p{d~dlumuabl~ mle {d~dm{nc pmpd{~, Fb{

mu jdm~u uc{dd ednmed~* xb{e'p{bnd~~alh cm~ kddl mvmajmkjd ub ~utedlu~* ktu lbx au cm~

kddl dvdl gb{d xaed~p{dme etd ub ucd aln{dm~alh ltgkd{ bf nbgptud{~* ldukbb`~* dvdl

a_be~ mu ~utedlu~ ea~pb~mj, Au a~ hduualh gb{d mle gb{d pbptjm{ al ~bgd nbtlu{ad~ ja`d

Hd{gmlq ub um`d ldukbb`~ alub ucd njm~~d~ mle ibu ebxl lbud~ et{alh ucd jdnut{d~,

^bgd kdldfau~ bf t~alh xb{e'p{bnd~~alh al x{aualh gahcu kd ~tggde tp m~

fbjjbx~9 #=! ~utedlu gbuavmuabl aln{dm~d~ ubxm{e~ x{aualh* #;! ~utedlu~ dm~ajq {dva~d ucda{

x{aualh* #>! d{{b{~ m{d cahcjahcude mle ucdl ucda{ x{aualh alnjted~ fdxd{ ~pdjjalh mle

h{mggm{ ga~um`d~* #5! x{aualh bnnt{~ al m ~umlem{e xmq xcanc aln{dm~d~ ucd {dmemkajauq

bf ucd udsu* #4! x{aualh kdnbgd~ gb{d va~tmj mle pjdm~mlu xauc ucd maealh ubbj~ bf xb{e

p{bnd~~alh ja`d meealh umkjd~* e{mxalh h{mpcan~* tled{jalalh mle cahcjahcualh ucd

agpb{umlu pbalu~ al ucd udsu,

Nbgptud{~ cmvd mj~b um`dl tp m {bjd al nbggtlanmuabl, _dbpjd nb{{d~pble xauc

bld mlbucd{ vam d'gmaj~ mle udjdnblfd{dlnalh uc{bthc nbgptud{~ mle ucd Alud{ldu, Au xm~

m {dvbjtuabl fb{ jmlhtmhd jdm{ld{~* mu ucmu uagd* ub nbggtlanmud lbu bljq xauc ucda{

f{adle~ ktu mj~b xauc lmuavd ~pdm`d{~ f{bg mjj pm{u~ bf ucd xb{je, Xauc ucd mevdlu bf

Nbgptud{'Gdeamude Nbggtlanmuabl #NGN!* au cm~ kdnbgd pb~~akjd ub d~umkja~c

ctgml'ub'ctgml nbggtlanmuabl {mucd{ ucml ctgml'ub'gmncald,Ucd{d m{d gmlq p{mnuanmj mevmlumhd~ bf NGN al ucd jmlhtmhd njm~~{bbg, Fa{~ujq*

au p{d~dlu~ ml alud{mnuavd jdm{lalh dlva{blgdlu ub ~utedlu~ aledpdledlu bf pjmnd mle uagd

jagau, Ucd nb~u a~ }taud jbx nbgpm{de ub fmnd'ub'fmnd ~utedluudmncd{ detnmuabl, ^cq b{

alcakaude ~utedlu~ nml kdldfau f{bg ucd aleavaetmjayde jdm{lalh dlva{blgdlu mle kdnbgd

gb{d bpdl ub nbggtlanmuabl mle ~bnamjaymuabl #Jma & @{au~bl~a~* ;??6!, Ucd{dfb{d* au

gahcu kd m~~tgde ucmu NGN pjmq~ m n{auanmj {bjd al gbuavmualh ~utedlu~* dvdl ~cq bld~*


7/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 5>

5>

ubxm{e~ nbggtlanmuabl kq p{bvaealh jd~~ uc{dmudlalh mle ~mfd{ dlva{blgdlu

#@{bbldlkd{h* =115"=1140 Jma & @{au~bla~* ;??6!,

Ed~paud ucd mjjdhmuabl~ ucmu nbgptud{~ cmvd gbuavmuablmj m~pdnu~ al fb{dahl mle

~dnble jmlhtmhd ~utedlu~ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl* ucd{d m{d lbu gmlq ~utead~

edmjalh xauc uca~ a~~td, Gb{dbvd{* ucb~d umn`jalh ucd a~~td xd{d nbletnude btu~aed ucd

nbludsu bf Ut{`dq, Uca~ a~ xcq* uca~ ~uteq muudgpu~ ub edmj xauc uca~ a~~td kq mee{d~~alh

ucd fbjjbxalh {d~dm{nc }td~uabl~9

=, Xcmu m~pdnu~ bf t~alh m nbgptud{ fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl eb

~dnble"fb{dahl jmlhtmhd ~utedlu~ fale gbuavmualh2

;, Xcmu eaffd{dlnd~ dsa~u mgblh ucd~d gbuavmualh m~pdnu~ fb{ ~utedlu~ bf

eaffd{dlu kmn`h{btle~2

;, Gducbebjbhq

;,=, ^duualh mle ^tkidnu~

Uca~ ~uteq xm~ nbletnude mu ucd Fmntjuq bf Detnmuabl* Tlavd{~auq bf Gdcgdu M`af

D{~bq* Kt{et{, 54 fa{~u h{med ~utedlu~ f{bg Dlhja~c Jmlhtmhd Udmncalh #DJU!

edpm{ugdlu pm{uanapmude al ucd ~uteq, Bf ucdg* =5 #>=,=$! xd{d gmjd mle >= #63,1$!

xd{d fdgmjd,

;,;, Emum Nbjjdnuabl Al~u{tgdlu

Ucd emum nbjjdnuabl ubbj* tuajayde fb{ ucd pt{pb~d bf ucd ~uteq xm~ mempude f{bg

Xm{~ncmtd{ #=116!, Ucd }td~uabllma{d xm~ nbgpb~de bf uxb pm{u~, Ucd fa{~u pm{u xm~

nblnd{lde xauc pm{uanapmlu~ `lbxjdehd bf nbgptud{ mle edgbh{mpcan alfb{gmuabl ja`d

hdled{* cbgd* mhd* ~djf'{mualh bf uqpalh mkajauq* ~djf'{mualh bf nbgptud{ `lbxjdehd*

pb~~d~~abl bf nbgptud{ mu cbgd, Ucd bucd{ pm{u xauc m favd'pbalu Ja`d{u'~nmjd #f{bg~u{blhjq ea~mh{dd ub ~u{blhjq mh{dd! nbl~a~ude bf >? ~umudgdlu~ mkbtu ucd t~d bf

nbgptud{ fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl, Al edumaj* ucd fa{~u favd audg~ xd{d mkbtu ucd

t~d bf nbgptud{~ fb{ xb{e'p{bnd~~alh* ucd ldsu djdvdl }td~uablde ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~

fb{ alud{pd{~blmj nbggtlanmuabl mle ucd {d~u xd{d {djmude ub ucd pm{uanapmlu~ hdld{mj

fddjalh~ mkbtu t~alh nbgptud{~,

;,>, Ed~ahl mle _{bndet{d


8/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 55

55

Ucd pm{uanapmlu~ bf uca~ ~uteq xd{d havdl ucd }td~uabllma{d mle xd{d m~`de ub ml~xd{ ucd

audg~ bl au, Ucd mluanapmude {d~pbl~d~ xd{d km~de bl m 4'pbalu ~nmjd {mlhalh f{bg 4

#~u{blhjq mh{dd! ub = #~u{blhjq ea~mh{dd!, Ucd ~utedlu~ xd{d alfb{gde mkbtu ucd hbmj bf

ucd ~uteq kq ucd {d~dm{ncd{, Kd~aed~* ucdq xd{d mjjbxde ub t~d m eanuablm{q ub jbb` tp

ucd tl`lbxl xb{e~ b{ nbl~tju ucd udmncd{,

^utedlu~ xcb xd{d mk~dlu bl ucd emq bf ucd megala~u{muabl bf ucd }td~uabllma{d~

xd{d dsnjtede f{bg ucd ~uteq, Btu bf fafuq'favd ~utedlu~* fb{uq'favd xd{d mvmajmkjd bl

ucd megala~u{muabl emq, Ucd {d~dm{ncd{ alfb{gde ucd ~utedlu~ ucmu pm{uanapmuabl ub ucd

~uteq xm~ vbjtlum{q mle ucd{d xbtje kd lb dsu{m gm{`~ b{ {dxm{e~, Ucd nbjjdnuabl bf mjj

~t{vdq~ ubb` bld njm~~ cbt{ 54 galtud~, Mfud{ cmvalh nbjjdnude ucd emum* ucd {d~dm{ncd{

nbede mle jbmede mjj ucd audg~ alub ^_^^ =4,? ~umua~uanmj ~bfuxm{d, Ucdl* ucd emum xd{d

mlmjqyde kq tuajayalh ed~n{apuavd ~umua~uan ubbj~ #alnjtealh gdml* gdeaml* ~umlem{e

edvamuabl* {mlhd* galagtg! mvmajmkjd al ^_^^ ub tled{~umle ucd bvd{mjj pmuud{l bf

~utedlu~ {d~pbl~d~, Gb{dbvd{* ub ~dd ucd {djmuabl~cap kduxddl vm{amkjd~* u'ud~u~*

Gmlbvm mle Mlbvm mlmjq~d~ xd{d nbletnude bl ^_^^ =4,?,

;,5, [d~tju~

Btu bf m ubumj ltgkd{ bf 54 {d~pbledlu~* 63,1$ xd{d fdgmjd ~utedlu~ xcd{dm~ >=,1$

xd{d gmjd, Ucd fmnu ucmu ucd ltgkd{ bf fdgmjd {d~pbledlu~ xm~ cahcd{ ucml ucmu bf

gmjd~ a~ ml aleanmuabl bf ucd p{debgalmlnd bf fdgmjd ~utedlu~ al ucd DJU udmncalh

njm~~d~, Ucd mhd {mlhd bf ucd ~tkidnu~ xm~ kduxddl =3 mle ;4* xcanc aleanmude ucmu ucd{d

m{d daucd{ jmud'~um{ud{~ b{ ucb~d xcb mj{dmeq eae m KM al mlbucd{ p{bh{mg ja`d Hd{gml b{

F{dlnc Jmlhtmhd Udmncalh b{ Jaud{mut{d,

Al meeauabl ub uca~ edgbh{mpcan alfb{gmuabl* pm{uanapmlu~ `lbxjdehd bf

nbgptud{~ xm~ gdm~t{de kq ~djf'{mualh ucda{ nbgpdudlnd mle t~d bf nbgptud{ fmnajauad~,Fa{~u* ucd ~utedlu~ xd{d m~`de ub {mud ucda{ uqpalh mkajauq mle `lbxjdehd bf nbgptud{~

uc{bthc m 4'pbalu ~nmjd #f{bg pbb{ ub dsndjjdlu!, Ucdl* ucdq xd{d m~`de af ucdq cmvd m

nbgptud{ mu cbgd, Falmjjq* ucda{ t~d bf nbgptud{ fb{ xb{e p{bnd~~alh* d'gmaj mle Xb{je

Xaed Xdk #xxx! xd{d alvd~uahmude ub fale btu cbx gtnc ucdq t~d ucd~d fmnajauad~ al

ucda{ emajq javd~, Fb{ uca~ {dm~bl* m >'pbalu ~nmjd #m jbu' jauujd' ldvd{! xm~ mppjade, Ucd

bvd{mjj pmuud{l bf ucd {d~tju~ a~ ajjt~u{mude al Umkjd ; mle >,


9/17


54

Umkjd ;, _N `lbxjdehd mle uqpalh mkajauq bf ~utedlu~,

_N @lbxjdehd Uqpalh Mkajauq

Vmjae F{d}tdlnq _d{ndlu F{d}tdlnq _d{ndlu

_bb{ = ;,; ? ?Fma{ 3 =8,3 4 ==,=

Hbbe ;= 56,8 ;8 6?,?

Vd{q hbbe =; ;6,8 1 ;?,?

Dsndjjdlu > 6,8 5 3,1

Ubumj 54 =??,? 54 =??,?

M~ ~ddl al Umkjd ;* gb~u pm{uanapmlu~ cmvd m vd{q hbbe uqpalh nbggmle mle ucda{

nbgptud{ `lbxjdehd a~ nbgpm{muavdjq hbbe, Au gmq kd m~~tgde ucmu ucd ~tkidnu~ xcb

cmvd m hbbe nbggmle bf _N `lbxjdehd cmvd m cahc uqpalh mkajauq, Gb{dbvd{* mjgb~u

mjj ~utedlu~ t~d d'gmaj~ mle ucd Alud{ldu m jbu ub nb{{d~pble xauc bucd{~ al ucda{ emajq

javd~, Ucd pd{ndlumhd bf xb{e'p{bnd~~alh t~d a~ jbxd{ ucml ucb~d bf d'gmaj~ mle XXX,

Ucd {dm~bl gmq kd ucmu x{aualh uc{bthc xb{e'p{bnd~~alh a~ lbu {dhm{ede m~

nbggtlanmuavd m~ d'gmaj~,

Umkjd >, T~d bf xb{e'p{bnd~~alh* d'gmaj mle ucd Alud{ldu

Xb{e'p{bnd~~alh

d'gmaj XXX

l $ l $ l $

Vmjae m jbu =8 >8,3 ;8 6?,? >5 84,6

m jauujd ;6 48,3 =8 >8,3 == ;5,5

ldvd{ = ;,; = ;,; ? ?

Ubumj 55 18,3 54 =??,? 54 =??,?

Ga~~alh = ;,;

Ubumj 54 =??,? 54 =??,? 54 =??,?

[d~dm{nc ]td~uabl =9 Xcmu m~pdnu~ bf t~alh m nbgptud{ fb{ x{aualh mle

nbggtlanmuabl eb ~dnble"fb{dahl jmlhtmhd ~utedlu~ fale gbuavmualh2

Al ucd ~dnble ~dnuabl bf ucd ~t{vdq* ~umudgdlu~ dspjb{alh ~utedlu~ t~d bf xb{e'

p{bnd~~alh* alud{pd{~blmj nbggtlanmuabl vam nbgptud{~ mle ucda{ fddjalh~ mkbtu t~alh

nbgptud{~ xd{d ea{dnude mu ~utedlu~, Mfud{ ucd mlmjq~a~ bf mjj ucd audg~ bl ^_^^* ucd

gdml gbuavmuabl ~nb{d fb{ mjj ~utedlu~ xm~ >,1864* ~ahlafanmlujq cahcd{ ucml m

cqpbucduanmj ldtu{mj ~nb{d, Kd~aed~* gdml ~nb{d~ bl ;6 bf ucd >? }td~uabl~ xd{d cahcd{


10/17


56

ucml ldtu{mj #~dd Mppdleas fb{ m nbgpjdud ja~ualh!, Ucd audg~ ucmu xd{d jbxd{ ucml

ldtu{mj m{d 3* >?* ;= mle ;1 #~dd Umkjd 5!,

Umkjd 5,ûmudgdlu~ xauc ucd jbxd~u gdml ~nb{d~,

^t{vdq ]td~uabl~ Gdml

3! A mg gb{d mf{mae ub nblumnu pdbpjd kq d'gmaj ucml al pd{~bl, ;,?331

>?! Nbgptud{~ gm`d~ pdbpjd xdm` mle pbxd{jd~~ ;,>446

;=! T~alh m nbgptud{ a~ lbu xb{uc ucd uagd mle dffb{u, ;,6=>6;1! Nbgptud{~ m{d t~tmjjq vd{q f{t~u{mualh ub xb{` xauc, ;,3555

Mgblh ucd aleavaetmj }td~uabl~* ucd gb~u pb~auavd {d~pbl~d~* mu m gdml bf

5,4883 mle ~ahlafanmlujq cahcd{ ucml gmlq bucd{ }td~uabl~* xd{d havdl ub ~umudgdlu 6* A

dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc pdbpjd m{btle ucd xb{je, Ucd

fbjjbxalh cahcd~u ~umudgdlu~ xd{d =4* ;5* =;* =6* ;?* ==* 8* =1* ;3 mle =8 #~dd Umkjd 4!,

Umkjd 4, ûmudgdlu~ xauc ucd cahcd~u gdml ~nb{d~,

^t{vdq ]td~uabl~ Gdml

=4, T~alh d'gmaj mle ucd Alud{ldu a~ m hbbe xmq ub jdm{l gb{d mkbtu eaffd{dlu pdbpjd mle

ntjut{d~,

5,5331

;5, Jdm{lalh cbx ub t~d nbgptud{~ a~ agpb{umlu fb{ gq nm{dd{, 5,5555

=;, Ml mevmlumhd bf d'gmaj a~ qbt nml nblumnu pdbpjd mlq uagd qbt xmlu, 5,;144

=6, Nbggtlanmualh kq d'gmaj a~ m hbbe xmq ub agp{bvd gq Dlhja~c, 5,;555;?, A xmlu ub nblualtd t~alh m nbgptud{ al gq Dlhja~c njm~~d~, 5,=883

==, D'gmaj cdjp~ pdbpjd jdm{l f{bg dmnc bucd{ 5,====

8, A dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc gq njm~~gmud~, 5,?331

=1, T~alh m nbgptud{ havd~ gd gb{d ncmlnd~ ub {dme mle t~d mtucdluan Dlhja~c, 5,?668

;3, T~alh m nbgptud{ havd~ gd gb{d ncmlnd~ ub p{mnuand Dlhja~c 5,?555

=8, Jdm{lalh ub t~d m nbgptud{ havd~ gd m fddjalh bf mnnbgpja~cgdlu 5,????

Fbt{ fmnub{~ nml kd dsu{mnude f{bg ucd mkbvd ~umudgdlu~ {djmude ub m~pdnu~ ucmu ~utedlu~

fbtle gbuavmualh xcajd t~alh m nbgptud{ fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl, Ucdq m{d

nbggtlanmuabl P=4* =;* 8W* jdm{lalh P=6* ;?* ==W* mncadvdgdlu P=8* ;5W mle

dgpbxd{gdlu P;3* =1W, ûtedlu~ fmvb{ t~alh ucd nbgptud{ kdm{alh ucd~d nblnd{l~ al

ucda{ gale~,

[d~dm{nc ]td~uabl ;9 Xcmu eaffd{dlnd~ dsa~u mgblh ucd~d gbuavmualh

m~pdnu~ fb{ ~utedlu~ bf eaffd{dlu kmn`h{btle2


11/17


58

Al dvmjtmualh ucd {djmuabl~cap kduxddl ucd pd{~blmj m~pdnu~ #nbgptud{ `lbxjdehd*

dspd{adlnd xauc d'gmaj* dspd{adlnd xauc xb{e'p{bnd~~alh* uqpalh mkajauq! mle gdml

gbuavmuabl ~nb{d* bljq bld fmnub{ xm~ fbtle ub kd nb{{djmude xauc gdml gbuavmuabl mu m

~umua~uanmjjq ~ahlafanmlu jdvdj9 `lbxjdehd bf nbgptud{ #~dd Umkjd 6!, Ucd {d~u bf ucd

pd{~blmj m~pdnu~ eb lbu cmvd m ~ahlafanmlu {bjd al fb~ud{alh ~utedlu~ gbuavmuabl

mnnb{ealh ub ucd mlmjq~a~, Km~de bl uca~ fmnu* au gmq kd m~~tgde ucmu m~ bld~ `lbxjdehd

bf ucd nbgptud{ aln{dm~d~* ~b ebd~ ucd gbuavmuabl ubxm{e~ t~alh nbgptud{~ fb{ x{aualh

mle nbggtlanmuabl,

Umkjd 6, _d{~blmj m~pdnu~ nb{{djmude xauc gbuavmuabl ~nb{d~,

_d{~blmj M~pdnu Nb{{djmuabl xauc Gdml Gbuavmuabl

Uqpalh mkajauq ,;6=

_N @lbxjdehd ,54=)

Xb{e p{bnd~~alh ',?>3

Dspd{adlnd xauc d'gmaj ,=;=

XXX #ucd Alud{ldu! ,==8

)~ahlafanmlu mu p7,?4

Gtjuavm{amud Mlmjq~d~ bf Vm{amlnd #GMLBVM! kduxddl hdled{ mle ucd >?

gbuavmuablmj ~t{vdq ~umudgdlu~* mle kduxddl cmvalh #b{ lbu cmvalh! m nbgptud{ mu cbgd

mle ucd >? gbuavmuablmj ~t{vdq }td~uabl~ eae lbu aleanmud m ~u{blh {djmuabl~cap #~dd

Umkjd 8!,

Umkjd 8, Gdml gbuavmuabl ~nb{d kq hdled{ mle mnnd~~ ub nbgptud{ mu cbgd,

H{btp Ltgkd{) _d{ndlu Gbuavmuabl

Fdgmjd~

Xauc nbgptud{ mu cbgd ;4 3=$ >,8;=

Xaucbtu nbgptud{ mu cbgd 6 =1$ >,443

Ubumj Fdgmjd~ >= =??$ >,6>6

Gmjd~Xauc nbgptud{ mu cbgd == 81$ >,3=5

Xaucbtu nbgptud{ mu cbgd > ;=$ >,>46

Ubumj Gmjd~ =5 =??$ >,43;

Mjucbthc ucd{d a~ lb ~umua~uanmjjq ~ahlafanmlu {djmuabl~cap kduxddl hdled{ mle ucd

>? ~t{vdq }td~uabl~* gmjd~ cmvalh nbgptud{~ mu cbgd ~ddgde ub kd gb{d gbuavmude

ucml fdgmjd~ xauc nbgptud{~ mu cbgd mnnb{ealh ub gdml gbuavmuabl ~nb{d, Cbxdvd{* al

hdld{mj* ucd fdgmjd ~utedlu~ xd{d fbtle ub kd ~jahcujq gb{d gbuavmude ucml gmjd

~utedlu~,


12/17


53

;,4, Ea~nt~~abl

Ucd {d~tju~ bf ucd ~uteq cmvd edgbl~u{mude ucmu mjgb~u mjj pm{uanapmlu~ cmvd pb~auavd

gbuavmuablmj muuauted~ ubxm{e~ t~alh nbgptud{~ fb{ nbggtlanmuabl mle x{aualh al mle

btu~aed ucd njm~~, Cbxdvd{* ucd {djamkajauq bf ucd pm{uanapmlu~ {d~pbl~d~ m{d bpdl ub

ea~nt~~abl al ucmu ucdq gahcu pd{ndavd ucd ~t{vdq }td~uabl~ ub kd pb~auavdjq ml~xd{de m~

dspdnude kq ucd {d~dm{ncd{, Cbxdvd{* {dvd{~d'nbede audg~ Pldhmuavd {d~pbl~d~ ub djanau

pb~auavd muuauted~W xd{d alnjtede mgblh ucd ~t{vdq }td~uabl~ ub galagayd ~tnc

pm{uanapmlu~ ~aede vadx~ bl ucd }td~uabllma{d audg~, M~ m {d~tju bf uca~* {dvd{~d'nbede

audg~ #4* 3* =?* ;=* ;6* ;1 mle >?! xd{d fbtle ub kd bl ml mvd{mhd gdml bf ;,38* ~jahcujq

jd~~ ucml ldtu{mj ktu kduxddl ea~mh{dd mle ldtu{mj,

Ucd ~nb{d~ xauc cahcd~u gdml ~nb{d~ aleanmude ucmu pm{uanapmlu~ xd{d gbuavmude

ubxm{e~ ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ kbuc aludh{muavdjq mle al~u{tgdlumjjq, Ucda{ gmal pt{pb~d

ub t~d nbgptud{~ xm~ p{agm{ajq {djmude ub nbggtlanmuabl, Ucd gmib{auq bf ucd

pm{uanapmlu~ {d~pbl~d ub audg 6 #A dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc

pdbpjd m{btle ucd xb{je! njdm{jq ~ahlmj~ ucmu ucda{ gmib{ nblnd{l xm~ nbggtlanmuabl

mle ucdq cme aludh{muavd gbuavmuabl, Ucd p{bfau~ bf uca~ nbggtlanmuavd alud{d~u mgblh

pm{uanapmlu~ m{d eavd{~d mle gtjuafbje9 nbggtlanmualh xauc f{adle~ mle udmncd{~*

jdm{lalh gb{d mkbtu eaffd{dlu ntjut{d~ mle pdbpjd* mle kdalh m gdgkd{ bf m nbggtlauq,

Ucd bucd{ edna~avd fmnub{~ bf ~utedlu~ gbuavmuabl tpbl nbgptud{~ xd{d jdm{lalh

mle mncadvdgdlu, Ucd~d fmnub{~ m{d gb{d {djdvmlu ub al~u{tgdlumj gbuavmuabl {mucd{ ucml

aludh{muavd bld, Ucd cahcjahcude kdldfau~ nml kd gdluablde m~ jdm{lalh f{bg dmnc bucd{*

cmvalh gb{d ncmlnd~ ub p{mnuand Dlhja~c* mle m fddjalh bf ~tnnd~~, Mu uca~ pbalu* kbuc

al~u{tgdlumj kdldfau~ mle alu{al~an ~mua~fmnuabl gahcu kd njmagde ub kd edud{galmuavd al

pm{uanapmlu~ ncband~,

Ucd jm~u edna~avd fmnub{ mnnb{ealh ub ucd {d~tju~ xm~ m~~tgde ub kddgpbxd{gdlu* xcanc gdml~ havalh pbxd{ ub pm{uanapmlu~ al jdm{lalh Dlhja~c, Au a~

gb~ujq nblnd{lde xauc ucd mffdnuavd vm{amkjd~ bf ucd ~t{vdq }td~uabl~, Ucdq {dvbjvd

m{btle ~tnc a~~td~ m~ gm`alh au jd~~ uc{dmudlalh ub nbggtlanmud xauc f{adle~* udmncd{~

mle bucd{~* kdalh gb{d n{dmuavd al x{aualh* {dmncalh mtucdluan jmlhtmhd ubbj~*

nblu{bjjalh ucda{ bxl jdm{lalh mle nbpalh xauc a~bjmuabl,

Mgblh ucd pd{~blmj m~pdnu~* _N `lbxjdehd bf ucd pm{uanapmlu~ xm~ ~ddl ub kd

ucd gb~u agpb{umlu fmnub{ ucmu nb{{djmude xauc ~utedlu~ pb~auavd gbuavmuablmj muuauted~


13/17


51

ubxm{e~ nbgptud{ t~d al nbggtlanmuabl mle jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh, Cbxdvd{* uca~

alfb{gmuabl xm~ km~de bl ucda{ ~djf'{mualh* mle au cm~ ucd {a~` bf ga~jdmealh t~ ub e{mx

x{blh nblnjt~abl~ ~alnd au a~ lbu nd{umal xcducd{ _N `lbxjdehd nmt~de pb~auavd

muuauted~ b{ pb~auavd muuauted~ aln{dm~de _N `lbxjdehd, Uca~ a~ m pbalu xcanc ldde~ ub kd

njm{afade al ft{ucd{ {d~dm{nc,

Ucd agpjanmuabl fb{ ucd udmncd{~ a~ ucmu ~utedlu~ ~cbtje kd p{bvaede xauc gb{d

uagd mle u{malalh al nbgptud{ t~d ~b ucmu ucdq gahcu jdm{l m~ gtnc m~ pb~~akjd mkbtu ucd

ftlnuabl~ mle fmnajauad~ bf nbgptud{~, ^alnd ucd~d udnclbjbhanmj ubbj~ m{d uagd' mle

pjmnd'f{dd* ucd aleavaetmj~ nml hmal m jbu f{bg ucd jdm{lalh dspd{adlnd bf d'gmaj* Xdk

mle xb{e'p{bnd~~alh, M~ m {d~tju* ucdq nml edvdjbp pb~auavd gbuavmuablmj muuauted~

ubxm{e~ jdm{lalh Dlhja~c daucd{ al aludh{muavd b{ al~u{tgdlumj eagdl~abl,

Nblnjt~abl

Ucd alnjt~abl bf nbgptud{ udnclbjbhq mle au~ p{betnu~ al mjj xmj`~ bf jafd cm~ kdnbgd

ml aldvaumkjd dvdlu al ucd p{d~dlu d{m, Lmut{mjjq* ucd dffdnu bf nbgptud{~ cm~ muu{mnude ucd

muudluabl bf detnmuablmja~u~ mle gmlq ldx al~ahcu~ cmvd dgd{hde m~ m {d~tju bf uca~

muu{mnuabl, Ucd fadje bf fb{dahl jmlhtmhd udmncalh mj~b dgk{mnde ucd~d al~ahcu~ mle

gbeafade ucdg fb{ ucd ldde~ bf ucd jmlhtmhd udmncalh fadje, Fb{ dsmgpjd* Nbgptud{'

M~~a~ude Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh #NMJJ! a~ ml bff~p{alh bf ucd~d ldx al~ahcu~, Au a~ kdjadvde

ucmu NMJJ cm~ m fmnajaumuavd mle gbuavmualh {bjd bl ucd pm{u bf ucd ~utedlu~ lbu bljq al

jmlhtmhd njm~~d~ ktu mj~b al mnuavauad~ btu~aed ucd njm~~{bbg, Ucd{dfb{d* uca~ ~uteq magde

mu dspjb{alh ~utedlu~ gbuavmuablmj muuauted~ ubxm{e~ ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ fb{

nbggtlanmuabl mle x{aualh,

A{{d~pdnuavd bf xcducd{ pm{uanapmlu~ cme nbgptud{~ mu cbgd b{ lbu* ucdq

p{dfd{{de ub um`d mevmlumhd bf ucd fmnajauad~ bf nbgptud{~ ub nbggtlanmud xauc ucda{pdd{~* udmncd{~ mle dvdl ucb~d lmuavd ~pdm`d{~ f{bg bvd{~dm~, Ucdq ~ddgde ub kd

gbuavmude kbuc al~u{tgdlumjjq mle aludh{muavdjq edpdlealh bl ucda{ pt{pb~d~ bf

nbgptud{ t~d, Mjucbthc ucda{ pd{~blmj m~pdnu~ {djmude ub nbgptud{~ ja`d uqpalh mkajauq

eae lbu alfjtdlnd ucda{ edh{dd bf gbuavmuabl gtnc* ucd `lbxjdehd bf nbgptud{ t~d xm~

m ~ahlafanmlu fmnub{ ucmu alfjtdlnde ucd pm{uanapmlu~ gbuavmuablmj muuauted~,

Al ucd jahcu bf ucd {d~tju~ bf ucd ~uteq* au a~ ~thhd~ude ucmu ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~

mle au~ vm{aduad~ ~cbtje kd aludh{mude alub ucd udmncalh bf Dlhja~c al bt{ ~ncbbj~ mu mjj


14/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 4?

4?

jdvdj~, _m{uantjm{jq* mu cahcd{ jdvdj~* ~utedlu~ nml kd havdl ucd ncmlnd ub um`d ~bgd bf

ucda{ x{aualh njm~~d~ al nbgptud{ jmk~, M~ m~~tgde* x{aualh a~ ucd ~àjj ucmu jdm{ld{~ fale

ucd gb~u ncmjjdlhalh bf mjj ucd gmal ~àjj~, Nbl~aed{alh ucd jbxd{alh dffdnu mle

fmnajaumualh fdmut{d~ bf nbgptud{~* au kdnbgd~ pb~~akjd ub bvd{nbgd uca~ ncmjjdlhd kq

nbgptud{'km~de jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh um~`~, _jt~* au~ {bjd al dlnbt{mhalh jdm{ld{~ ub

nbggtlanmud ~cbtje lbu kd tled{vmjtde, Dvdl ~cq ~utedlu~ m{d gbuavmude ub

nbggtlanmud uc{bthc nbgptud{~ fb{ ucdq eb lbu fddj p{d~~t{de mle cmvd ucd alcakauabl~

ucdq gahcu fddj al fmnd'ub'fmnd alud{mnuabl,

Ucd t~d bf nbgptud{~ al jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh nml jdme ub ~tnnd~~ mle udmncalh fb{

nbggtlanmuavd pt{pb~d~ mle fb{ ucd agp{bvdgdlu bf x{aualh ~àjj~, Au nml mj~b aln{dm~d

pb~auavd gbuavmuablmj muuauted~ ubxm{e~ jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh, Mj~b* udmncd{~ mxm{dld~~ bf

ucd gbuavmuablmj f{mgdxb{`~ gmq dm~d ucda{ tled{~umlealh bf ucd lmut{d bf jmlhtmhd

jdm{lalh, Al uca~ xmq* ucdq nml ea{dnujq tled{~umle ucd jdm{ld{ ldde~ mle {d~pble ub ucdg

mnnb{ealhjq,

M~ Jma mle @{au~bla~ #;??6! {dpb{u* mjucbthc ucd{d m{d gmlq mevmlumhd~ bf

nbgptud{* ucd mppjanmuabl bf nt{{dlu nbgptud{ udnclbjbhq ~uajj cm~ au~ jagaumuabl~ #p, >!,

Au a~ tp ub ucd udmncd{~ ub um`d p{dnmtuabl~ mhmal~u ucd~d bk~umnjd~ mle alnb{pb{mud

nbgptud{~ alub ucd udmncalh bf Dlhja~c kq umàlh ucd jdm{ld{~ ldde~ alub mnnbtlu,

[DFD[DLND^

N{bb`d~* H,* & ^ncgaeu* [, X, #=11=!, Gbuavmuabl9 [dbpdlalh ucd {d~dm{nc mhdlem, Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh*

5=* 561'4=;,

Ematud* N, #=134!, X{aualh mle Nbgptud{~, [dmealh* GM9 Meea~bl'Xd~jdq,

Edna* D, J,* & [qml* [,G, #=134!,Alu{al~an Gbuavmuabl mle ^djf Edud{galmuabl al Ctgml Kdcmvab{, Ldx

Qb{`9 _jdltg _{d~~,

E{lqda* Y, #=115!, Gbuavmuabl mle gbuavmualh al ucd fb{dahl njm~~{bbg, Gbed{l Jmlhtmhd Ibt{lmj* 83*

;8>';35,

E{lqda* Y, #=116!, Gbvalh jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh gbuavmuabl ub m jm{hd{ pjmufb{g fb{ ucdb{q mle p{mnuand, Al

[, Bsfb{e #De,! Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh Gbuavmuabl9 Ucd Ldx Ndlut{q #pp, 8='3?!, Cblbjtjt9

Tlavd{~auq bf Cmxmaa* ^dnble Jmlhtmhd Udmncalh mle Nt{{antjtg Ndlud{,

Elem{* L, #;??4!, Nbgptud{ M~~a~ude Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh,Ibt{lmj bf Jmlhtmhd mle Jalhta~uan ûtead~*

= #;!9 =1>';=5,

Hm{eld{* [,N,* & Jmgkd{u* X, #=141!, Gbuavmuablmj vm{amkjd~ al ~dnble jmlhtmhd mn}ta~auabl, Nmlmeaml

Ibt{lmj bf _~qncbjbhq* =>* ;66';8;,


15/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 4=

4=

Hm{eld{* [, & Jmgkd{u* X, #=18;!, Muuauted~ mle Gbuavmuabl al ^dnble Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh, [bxjdq*

Gm~~mnct~~du~9 Ldxkt{q Cbt~d _tkja~cd{~,

Hdl* H, & Mqel* ^, #;?=?!, ûtedlu~ gbuavmuabl ubxm{e~ nbgptud{ t~d al DFJ jdm{lalh, ADUN* =>68'

=>61,

Hgjd`~ay* G, L, #;??=!, Ucd dffdnu~ bf mhd mle gbuavmuabl fmnub{~ bl ^dnble Jmlhtmhd Mn}ta~auabl,

F{mu Tlavd{~auq Ibt{lmj bf ^bnamj ^nadlnd* ==#;!9 ;=1;;5,

Cml~bl'^gauc* D, #=118!, Udnclbjbhq al ucd njm~~{bbg9 _{mnuand mle p{bga~d al ucd ;=~u ndlut{q, UD^BJ

_{bfd~~ablmj _mpd{~ .5, [du{advde Gmq =4 * ;?==* f{bg

cuup9""xxx,ud~bj,b{h"ptk~"nmumjbh"ebxljbmemkjd"cml~bl'~gauc';,cugj

@{bbldlkd{h* L, #=115'=114!, Edvdjbpalh nbggtlanmuavd mle ucalàlh ~àjj~ vam djdnu{blan gmaj, UD^BJ

Ibt{lmj* 5#;!* ;5';8,

Jma* N, N, & @{aulb~a~* X, M, #;??6!, Ucd mevmlumhd~ mle ea~mevmlumhd~ bf nbgptud{ udnclbjbhq al

^dnble Jmlhtmhd Mn}ta~auabl, Ebnub{mj Fb{tg Fb{ _tkja~calh mle Gdlub{alh Ebnub{mj ûtedlu

[d~dm{nc* > #=!9 ='6,

Jtnm~* [, A,* _tjaeb* E,* Ga{mfjb{d~* D,* Ahlmnab* M,* Umnmq* G,* & Jmb* I, #;?=?!, M ~uteq bl ucd alu{al~an

gbuavmuabl fmnub{~ al ~dnble jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh mgblh ~djdnude f{d~cgml ~utedlu~, _cajappald

D^J Ibt{lmj* 59 >';>,

_du{aed~* I, [, #;??6!, Muuauted~ mle Gbuavmuabl mle ucda{ agpmnu bl ucd pd{fb{gmlnd bf qbtlh Dlhja~c m~

m Fb{dahl Jmlhtmhd jdm{ld{~,Ibt{lmj bf Jmlhtmhd mle Jdm{lalh* 4 #=!9 =';?,

[tbcbuad* _,* & Lb`djmaldl* _, #;??>!, _{mnuanmj nbl~aed{muabl~ bf gbuavmuabl mle nbgptud{'~tppb{ude

nbjjmkb{muavd jdm{lalh, Al U,Vm{a~* U,Tu~tga* mle X,[, @jdgg #De~,!* Hjbkmj _dmnd Uc{bthc

Ucd Hjbkmj Tlavd{~auq ^q~udg #pp, ;;6';>6!, Umgpd{d9 Tlavd{~auq bf Umgpd{d,

Umhtnca* @, #;??6!, A~ gbuavmuabl m p{deanub{ bf fb{dahl jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh2, Alud{lmuablmj Detnmuabl

Ibt{lmj* 8 #5!9 46?'461,

Uq~bl* [, D, #=115!, Gbuavmuabl mle nbgptud{ m~~a~ude jmlhtmhd jdm{lalh, ûtead~ bl Dm~u'Xd~u Ntjut{d~*

;* =>8'=56,

Tjt~bq* G, #;??6!, Ucd [bjd bf Nbgptud{~ al X{aualh _{bnd~~, Ucd Ut{à~c Bljald Ibt{lmj bf

Detnmuablmj Udnclbjbhq* 4 #5!9 43'66,

Xmlh* I, @, #;??3!, ûagtjmualh ~utedlu~ gbuavmuabl al fb{dahl jmlhtmhd udmncalh* T^'Ncalm Fb{dahl

Jmlhtmhd* 6 #=!9 >?'>5,Xmlh* K, #;??1!, Gbuavmuabl mle Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh,M~aml ^bnamj ^nadlnd* 4 #=!9 13'=??,

Xm{~ncmtd{* G, #=116!, Gbuavmuablmj m~pdnu~ bf t~alh nbgptud{~ fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl, Al G,

Xm{~ncmtd{ #De,!* Udjdnbjjmkb{muabl al Fb{dahl Jmlhtmhd Jdm{lalh9 _{bnddealh~ bf ucd Cmxma(a

^qgpb~atg, Cblbjtjt* CA9 Tlavd{~auq bf Cmxma(a* ^dnble Jmlhtmhd Udmncalh mle Nt{{antjtg

Ndlud{,

Xajjamg~* G, #=11>* Imltm{q!, M nbgp{dcdl~avd {dvadx bf jdm{ld{ nblu{bj9 Ucd {bjd bf ucd jdm{ld{

ncm{mnud{a~uan~, _mpd{ p{d~dlude mu ucd Nblvdluabl bf ucd M~~bnamuabl fb{ Detnmuablmj

Nbggtlanmuabl~ mle Udnclbjbhq ~pbl~b{de kq ucd [d~dm{nc mle Ucdb{q Eava~abl* Ldx

B{jdml~* JM, #D[AN Ebntgdlu [dp{betnuabl ^d{vand Lb9 DE >6;;==!,


16/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 4;

4;

Xt* Q, N, #=11;* Lbvdgkd{!, Nbgptud{ayde udmncd{~ p{ma~d9 Alnb{pb{mualh udmncd{~ agmhd~ mle vband~,

_mpd{ p{d~dlude mu ucd mlltmj gddualh bf ucd Gae'^btuc Detnmuablmj [d~dm{nc M~~bnamuabl*

@lbsvajjd* UL, #D[AN Ebntgdlu [dp{betnuabl ^d{vand Lb9 DE>4538>!,

M__DLEAS

ÛTEDLU ^T[VDQ

Edm{ ~utedlu*

Uca~ }td~uabllma{d xm~ p{dpm{de ub dsmgald qbt{ muuauted~ ubxm{e~ t~alh nbgptud{ fb{ x{aualh mle

nbggtlanmuabl, Ucd ml~xd{~ ub ucd ~t{vdq xajj kd t~de bljq al mnnb{emlnd xauc {d~dm{nc bkidnuavd~ mle

xajj kd `dpu nblfaedluamj, âlnd{d ml~xd{~ ub ucd }td~uabl~ m{d bf h{dmu ~ahlafanmlnd fb{ ucd ~tnnd~~ mle

{djamkajauq bf ucd ~uteq, Ucml` qbt vd{q gtnc fb{ umàlh qbt{ uagd ub cdjp

gd,RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

^ds9 Gmjd # ! Fdgmjd # ! Mhd9 ,

_jdm~d {mud qbt{ uqpalh mkajauq9

pbb{ # ! fma{ # ! hbbe # ! vd{q hbbe # ! dsndjjdlu # !

_jdm~d {mud qbt{ `lbxjdehd bf nbgptud{~9

pbb{ # ! fma{ # ! hbbe # ! vd{q hbbe # ! dsndjjdlu # !

Eb qbt cmvd m nbgptud{ mu cbgd2

Qd~ # ! Lb # !

Cbx qbt dvd{ t~de m nbgptud{ ub eb ucd fbjjbxalh ucalh~2

Xb{e p{bnd~~alh9 m jbu # ! m jauujd # ! ldvd{ # !

D'gmaj9 m jbu # ! m jauujd # ! ldvd{ # !

Xb{je Xaed Xdk9 m jbu # ! m jauujd # ! ldvd{ # !

Ucd ~umudgdlu~ kdjbx m{d nblnd{lde mkbtu qbt{ bpalabl~ bf t~alh nbgptud{

fb{ x{aualh mle nbggtlanmuabl, Fb{ dmnc bf ucd {dgmalalh ~umudgdlu~*

pjdm~d na{njd m ltgkd{ ucmu kd~u ~umud~ qbt{ bpalabl #=4!,

=7 ~u{blhjq ea~mh{dd* ;7 ea~mh{dd* >7 ldtu{mj* 57 mh{dd* 47 ~u{blhjq mh{dd

Ê E L M ^M

=! A nml x{aud kduud{ d~~mq~ xcdl A eb ucdg bl nbgptud{, = ; > 5 4

;! [dva~alh gq pmpd{~ a~ m jbu dm~ad{ xcdl A x{aud ucdg bl nbgptud{, = ; > 5 4

>! A dlibq x{aualh gq pmpd{~ kq nbgptud{ gb{d ucml kq cmle, = ; > 5 4

5! A dlibq ~ddalh ucd ucalh~ A x{aud p{alude btu, = ; > 5 4

4! X{aualh pmpd{~ kq cmle ~mvd~ uagd nbgpm{de ub kq nbgptud{,) = ; > 5 4

6! A dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc pdbpjd m{btle ucd xb{je, = ; > 5 4

8! A dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc gq njm~~gmud~, = ; > 5 4

3! A mg gb{d mf{mae ub nblumnu pdbpjd kq d'gmaj ucml al pd{~bl,) = ; > 5 4

1! A dlibq t~alh ucd nbgptud{ ub nbggtlanmud xauc gq udmncd{, = ; > 5 4


17/17

Udmncalh Dlhja~c xauc Udnclbjbhq* ==#>!* >8'4>* cuup9""xxx,udxuibt{lmj,b{h 4>

4>

=?! Af A cmvd m }td~uabl b{ nbggdlu* A xbtje {mucd{ nblumnu gq udmncd{ al pd{~bl

ucml kq d'gmaj,)= ; > 5 4

==! D'gmaj cdjp~ pdbpjd jdm{l f{bg dmnc bucd{, = ; > 5 4

=;! Ml mevmlumhd bf d'gmaj a~ qbt nml nblumnu pdbpjd mlq uagd qbt xmlu, = ; > 5 4=>! X{aualh ub bucd{~ kq d'gmaj cdjp~ gd edvdjbp gq ucbthcu~ mle aedm~, = ; > 5 4

=5! T~alh d'gmaj mle ucd Alud{ldu gm`d~ gd fddj pm{u bf m nbggtlauq, = ; > 5 4

=4! T~alh d'gmaj mle ucd Alud{ldu a~ m hbbe xmq ub jdm{l gb{d mkbtu eaffd{dlu

pdbpjd mle ntjut{d~,= ; > 5 4

=6! Nbggtlanmualh kq d'gmaj a~ m hbbe xmq ub agp{bvd gq Dlhja~c, = ; > 5 4

=8! Jdm{lalh ub t~d m nbgptud{ havd~ gd m fddjalh bf mnnbgpja~cgdlu, = ; > 5 4

=3! X{aualh kq nbgptud{ gm`d~ gd gb{d n{dmuavd, = ; > 5 4

=1! T~alh m nbgptud{ havd~ gd gb{d ncmlnd~ ub {dme mle t~d mtucdluan Dlhja~c, = ; > 5 4

;?! A xmlu ub nblualtd t~alh m nbgptud{ al gq Dlhja~c njm~~d~, = ; > 5 4

;=! T~alh m nbgptud{ a~ lbu xb{uc ucd uagd mle dffb{u,) = ; > 5 4

;;! T~alh m nbgptud{ havd~ gd gb{d nblu{bj bvd{ gq jdm{lalh, = ; > 5 4

;>! A dlibq ucd ncmjjdlhd bf t~alh nbgptud{~, = ; > 5 4

;5! Jdm{lalh cbx ub t~d nbgptud{~ a~ agpb{umlu fb{ gq nm{dd{, = ; > 5 4

;4! A nml jdm{l Dlhja~c gb{d aledpdledlujq xcdl A t~d m nbgptud{, = ; > 5 4

;6! Nbgptud{~ `ddp pdbpjd a~bjmude f{bg dmnc bucd{,) = ; > 5 4

;8! A nml jdm{l Dlhja~c fm~ud{ xcdl A t~d m nbgptud{, = ; > 5 4

;3! T~alh m nbgptud{ havd~ gd gb{d ncmlnd~ ub p{mnuand Dlhja~c = ; > 5 4

;1! Nbgptud{~ m{d t~tmjjq vd{q f{t~u{mualh ub xb{` xauc,) = ; > 5 4

>?! Nbgptud{~ gm`d pdbpjd xdm` mle pbxd{jd~~,) = ; > 5 4

)7 {dvd{~d nbede audg~

motivational attitudes of elt students towards usingcomputers for writing and communication

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