motivation growing demand for all solar power devices increasingly larger arrays government tax...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SOLAR array MONITOR
(s.a.M)
GROUP 14WILL ADROBEL
MOHAMMED JEBARISTEPHEN R. PARKER
MIKE TELLADIRA
Sponsored by QuickBeam Energy
![Page 2: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation
Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arraysGovernment tax credit
Closer monitoring neededTroubleshooting is laboriousLots of money lost due to bad panels.
Government programs require documentation
![Page 3: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Specifications
Monitoring capacity 6 strings of solar panels
Cost $5 per solar panel. Frequency of reporting <15 minutes
![Page 4: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SPECIFICATIONS (CONT.)
Physical size 5"x 2"x10“
Transmission wireless or direct wire
Power source the solar array.
Lifetime 15 to 20 years.
![Page 5: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
S.A.M, Block Diagram
![Page 6: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CURRENT SENSOR
Mohammed Jebari
![Page 7: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Current sensor spec.
Low power consumption Resist to temperature variation Handle a voltage up to 500V Short response time Easy to install Very cheap
![Page 8: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ComparisonCSLT6B100 CSA-1V Asahi EQ-710L
Supply voltage
4.5V ~ 10.5V 4.5V ~ 5.5V 3V ~ 5.5V
Supply current
9mA 11-16mA 9-12mA
temperature -25 to +100 °C -40 to +125°C -30 to +100°C
Response time
3µs 6µs 3-5µs
price $6.55 $4.95 $3.27
![Page 9: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CSA-1V sentron Basic electrical connection diagram
Pins 4, 6 & 7 are used for factory programming.
Pins 4 & 7 should be terminated to VDD (Pin 2)
Pin 6 should be terminated to GND (Pin 5)
![Page 10: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Single ended output config.
![Page 11: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
differential output config.
Needs differential output configuration for S.A.M
![Page 12: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Current Measurement CSA-1V differential
output voltage for a circular conductor (wire) located on top of the IC can be approximated with the equation:
d = distance (mm) from chip surface to center of wire
I = Current in conductor
)3.0(
*060.0
mmd
Ivoutdiff
![Page 13: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Interface circuits
Differential to single ended, 0-5V swing for DC current.
Output level be no more than 2.5 +/- 2.0 volts to prevent electrical saturation and non-linearity
vv outdiffout*2
![Page 14: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Accuracy considerations
The absolute accuracy of the current measurement depends on several factors which are:
Distance between the conductor and sensor The closest the conductor to the sensor, the highest
the accuracy will be
Stray fields The sensor is an open filed magnetic sensor therefore
it can sense fields from other sources
![Page 15: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Acc. considerations (CONT.) The conductor position should be the same for each part in a production run.
The conductor should form right angle will minimize any pickup from adjacent conductors.
The higher the current and closeness of the conductor to the IC, the more accurate the reading will be.
![Page 16: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acc. considerations (CONT.)
Sensitivity variation The variation in magnetic sensitivity of the
CSA-1V is +/- 3%.
DC Offset voltageSpecified to +/-15mV max
TemperatureTemperature changes affect magnetic
sensitivity and DC offset voltage
![Page 17: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Temp. affects on offset volt.
DC offset voltage changes as temperature varies
Offset drift change is between -0.2 and 0.2 (mV/°C)
Add temp. sensor Off. drift = K*∆T
![Page 18: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Temperature sensor
Analog temperature sensor 3V to 5.5V, 90µA Measure temp. −40° to +230°F±1.0°F accuracy (at +77°F) < ±2.0°F Output of 10mV per degree F Price $ 2.51
LM34 DS18B20
1-Wire digital thermometer 3V to 5.5V, 90µA Measure temp. -67°F to +257°F ±33°F Accuracy 14°F to +185°C Can Be Powered from Data Line Price $4.25
![Page 19: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
LM34 Temp. sensor
LM34 is an analog temperature sensor, its voltage output can be affected by noise.
Add 0.1 µF capacitor between the power and the ground pin. Reduce the effects of noise picked up on
the Signal line. Improve the stability of the measurement.
![Page 20: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Voltage divider Low current
drain
Low power consumption
less than 0.155 mW
Voltage divider ratio 100:1
![Page 21: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Voltage divider (cont.)
![Page 22: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stephen R. Parker
MICROCONTROLLER
![Page 23: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
micro. requirement
Bits of precision in the AD measurements:12 bits yields 212 – 1 = 4095 increments
Max 600 volts / 4095 = .147 volts of discrimination 10 bits yields 210 –1 = 1023600 / 1023 = .59 volts of discrimination
Number of A/D pins:6 input lines x 2 measurements = 12
Desirability of integrating stages into one chip: Nice but $$ Price: Powerful microcontrollers for less than $10
![Page 24: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Micro. requirement (cont.)
Power requirements: drawing from UNLIMITED power source
Operating temperature: Must endure 40°C to 85°C
Connectivity: USART
Software programmable: C language compiler available
Case: DIP (dual inline packaging) for using on a breadboard
![Page 25: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Criteria
PIC18F4458-I/P
Silicon Laboratorie
s C8051F542-
IM
Analog Devices ADUC7026BSTZ6
2
Microchip Technology
PIC24HJ128GP204-E/PT
Temp -40°C ~ 85°C
-40°C ~ 125°C -40°C ~ 125°C -40°C ~ 125°C
#AD inputs
12 18 12 12
#prec. bits
12 12 12 12
Connect. USART USART USART USART
Compiler available
“C compiler optimized architectur
e
C compilers “available”
No mention of C compiler
compatibility
“C compiler optimized
instruction set”
Case 40 pin DIP surface mount
40 pinsurface mount
40 pin surface mount
Dev. kit $60(200) $99 $86 $130
Micro. alternatives
![Page 26: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Processor PIC18 F 4458
Memory 8 bit , 2K x 8 RAM Program memory FLASH Speed 48 MHz Connectivity USART module, USB A/D channels 13 pins A/D bits 12 Power 4.5 - 5.5 volts Power dissipation absolute maximum 1 W Packaging 40 pin DIP Operating temp. -40°C to 85°C
![Page 27: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Micro. circuit connections
![Page 28: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Software Flow Chart
![Page 29: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The AD registers ADCON0
Bit 0 enables the ADC Bit 1 status bit Bits 2-5 selects the AD channel Bits 6,7unused, read as zero
ADCON1 Bits 0-3 configures whether the ports are AD or DA Bit 4 selects AN3 as Vref+*
Bit 5 selects AN2 as Vref- Bits 6,7unused, read as zero
ADCON2 Bits 0-2 selects what to use as the “conversion” clock Bit 3-5 selects data acquisition time Bit 6 unused, read as zero Bits 7selects right or left justification
ADRESH and ADRESL When the A/D conversion is complete the result is stored there, the status
bit of the ADCON0 register is cleared and the A/D Interrupt Flag bit is set
![Page 30: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TRANSMISSION William Adrovel
![Page 31: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Transmission SENSOR DATA COLLECTION
1 A/D Sample from sensor = 12 bits XXXXXXXX XXXX
1 Sample will require 2 Bytes for storage XXXXXXXX XXXX0000
We will sample 10 Channels every second 20 bytes of data/second
Data will be stored on 2KB of RAM until transmission
Actual data available for storage will be determined after all programming is finished.
![Page 32: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Transmission (cont.) Efficiency
Transmitting requires more power from our system.
Transmit as little as possible but still be frequent enough to provide constant up to the minute readings from the solar array.
Use onboard RAM to store data until time to transmit
1.5 KBytes is approximately 75 * 20Bytes Transmission every 75 seconds
UART for Serial Transmission
![Page 33: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Transmission (cont.) What will a S.A.M. Packet look like?
1Packet: Start = 2 Bytes 10 Channels = 20 Bytes Checksum = 1 Byte Total = 23 Bytes
75 Packets*23 = 1725 Bytes /Transmission
Bandwidth needed to transmit our data will be very little.
![Page 34: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Transmission (cont.) METHODS OF TRANSMISSION
WiredDB9 Serial Connection
Simplest and lowest cost Winter Haven will have this solution
Ethernet Controller Pros: Direct connection to QuickBeam
WirelessXBEE 415 MHz RF Transmitter and Receiver
![Page 35: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transmission (cont.) Types of QuickBeam Projects
Commecial Office Building
Winter Haven: DB9 Connection Ethernet
Distributed Solar Arrays Wireless
Residential Wired : DB9 or Ethernet Connection
![Page 36: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Transmission (cont.)DB9 Serial Ethernet XBee RF
-DB9 Connector - 1.95-Max232 - $1.95
ENC28J60 - $34.95 XBee2 x $22.95= $45.90
RF Transmitter - $3.95RF Receiver - $5.95
-57600 baud -10BaseT -LOS Range: 300ft (100m)-250Kbps
-434 MHz Transmitter Operation -LOS Range: 500ft (~150m)-2400 or 4800 bps
Pros:-Simplest-Cheapest
Pros:-Has direct connection to QuickBeam
Pros:-Mesh Network support-Simple to operate
Pros:-Very low cost-Simple to operate-Good Range
Cons: Cons:-Higher Cost-More complicated circuit design
Cons:-Higher Cost
Cons:-No mesh networking support-Need a new Circuit for the Receiver
![Page 37: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mike Telladira
POWER SUPPLY
![Page 38: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Distributed 5V dc Power System
6 Hall effect sensors: 5Vdc at 9mA each = 54mAMicroprocessor: 5Vdc at 90mA = 90mARS 232 chip: 5Vdc < 1mA = 01mA
_____________________________
Total 145mA
![Page 39: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hybrid Power System
3.3Vdc Buck Key Criteria: 90% efficient Has an Enable pin
![Page 40: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Choosing a regulator
![Page 41: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Choosing a regulator
![Page 42: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Choosing the Buck Regulator
LM 22675-5.016V to 40VMore currentBut: 1. Greater support from
Webench 2. Gerber file -Yes 3. Evaluation PCB -Yes
LM 500840V to 100V Less currentBut: 1. Circuit documentation only 2. Gerber file -No 3. Evaluation PCB -No
![Page 43: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
5V dc Buck Regulator Circuit
Inductor
LM22675-5 chip
Diode
![Page 44: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Why use the Evaluation PCB
Inductor
LM22675-5 Cinx Diode
![Page 45: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Step down methods2. Transformer
1. Voltage Divider
3. In Series
.75w / (eff% * 16V) = 58.9mA
Transformer issues:1. Interlacing2. Interweaving
![Page 46: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Possibility of Series Resistor
Resistor In V Supply I Supply V Buck V R In1R 153Ω 44.5V 21mA 41.7V 3.2V2R 309Ω 44.0V 22mA 37.0V 7.0V3R 470Ω 39.3V 74mA 5.93V 34.4V3R 470Ω 53.1V 21mA 43.7V 9.6V1R 153Ω 53.3V 20mA 50.4V 3.0V
Conclusion: it may be possible to put the buck regulator in series with an input resistor
![Page 47: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
PERCENTAGE COMPLETED
910 10
9 9.5
43 2.5
1
2.6
9.5 9 910
9.4
Research and De-sign
Test
Purchase
Overall Percentage 71.5%
![Page 48: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Project Milestones
March 1 All parts acquired March 3
Power supply finishedSensor circuit finishedMicrocontroller circuit finished
March 7
Final assemblySoftware finished
March 15Software loadedFirst test of prototype
April 1Working prototype
![Page 49: Motivation Growing demand for all solar power devices Increasingly larger arrays Government tax credit Closer monitoring needed Troubleshooting](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649e405503460f94b32348/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
QUESTIONS