Alternative Instructional Strategies: Part I General Intro on Active Learning and Motivation and Creative Thinking

Dr. Curtis J. Bonk Associate Professor, Indiana University

http://php.indiana.edu/~cjbonk, cjbonk@indiana.edu

Expectations List

Why is Class Important

• For Students:– Variety, variety, variety– Address preferences– Provide challenges and supports– Allows some autonomy– Better prepared for changing times

• For Instructors:– Get to know students better– More reflection on teaching– More confidence

My Intentions: Who Targeted

• Update teaching methods and philosophies• Build collaborative teams• Provide labels for what already do• Create long-range goals• Design usable curricula• Foster interaction and collaboration• Stop being giant yellow highlighters

Preliminary Action Plan…

Test Question #1

• When will active learning meet active teaching?

Charles I. Gragg (1940: Because Wisdom Can’t be Told)

“A student of business with tactAbsorbed many answers he lacked.But acquiring a job,He said with a sob,How does one fit answer to fact?”

Traditional Teachers

• Supposed sage, manager, conveyer• King of the mountain• Sets the agenda• Learner is a sponge• Passive learning & discrete knowledge• Objectively assess, competitive• Text- or teacher-centered• Transmission model• Lack interconnections & inert• Squash student ideas

Anyone? Anyone?

Must Statistics and Math teachers be boring?

The NSSE (nessie) (Kuh, 2003)

““It's an embarrassment that we It's an embarrassment that we can tell people almost anything can tell people almost anything about education except how about education except how well students are learning.”well students are learning.”

Patrick M. Callan, National Center for Public Patrick M. Callan, National Center for Public Policy and Higher EducationPolicy and Higher Education

What Really Matters in College: Student Engagement

“The research is unequivocal: students who are actively involved in both academic and out-of-class activities gain more from the college experience than those who are not so involved.”

Ernest T. Pascarella & Patrick T. Terenzini, Ernest T. Pascarella & Patrick T. Terenzini, How College Affects StudentsHow College Affects Students

Evidence of Student Engagement

(Kuh, 2003)

• To what extent are students engaged in effective educational practices?

• How can we obtain and best use such information?

National Survey of Student Engagement(pronounced “nessie”)

Community College Survey of Student Engagement(pronounced “sessie”)

College student surveys that assess the extent to which students engage in educational practices associated with high levels of learning and development (Kuh, 2003)

NSSE BenchmarksNSSE Benchmarks

Level of Level of Academic Academic ChallengeChallenge

Active & Active & Collaborative Collaborative

LearningLearning

EnrichingEnrichingEducational Educational ExperiencesExperiences

SupportiveSupportiveCampusCampus

EnvironmentEnvironment

StudentStudentFaculty Faculty

InteractionInteraction

Benchmarks of Effective Educational Practice

(Kuh, in press)

Level of Academic Challenge

Challenging intellectual and creative work is central to student learning and collegiate quality. Colleges and universities promote high levels of student achievement by emphasizing the importance of academic effort and setting high expectations for student performance (Kuh, 2003).

Level of Academic Challenge(Kuh, 2003)

Sample of 10 questions:Number of assigned textbooks, books, or book-length packs of course readingsNumber of written papers or reports of 20 pages or moreCoursework emphasizes: Analyzing the basic elements of an idea, experience or theory Coursework emphasizes: Synthesizing and organizing ideas, information, or experiences Coursework emphasizes: Making judgments about the value of information, arguments, or methods

Active and Collaborative Learning(Kuh, 2003)

Students learn more when they are intensely involved in their education and are asked to think about and apply what they are learning in different settings. Collaborating with others in solving problems or mastering difficult material prepares students to deal with the messy, unscripted problems they will encounter daily during and after college.

Active and Collaborative Learning(Kuh, 2003)

7 questions:

Asked questions in class or contributed to class discussions Made a class presentationWorked with other students on projects during classWorked with classmates outside of class to prepare class assignmentsTutored or taught other studentsParticipated in a community-based project as part of a regular courseDiscussed ideas from your reading or classes with others outside of class (students, family members, co-workers, etc.)

Are senior transfer students generally more or less engaged compared with native students?

Less engaged (Kuh, 2003)

What We’re Learning About Student Engagement From NSSE

George Kuh (in press). ChangeIndiana University Bloomington

WhoWho’’s more engaged?s more engaged? WomenWomen FullFull--time studentstime students Students Students livingliving on campuson campus Native students (those who start at and Native students (those who start at and

graduate from the same school)graduate from the same school) Learning community studentsLearning community students International studentsInternational students Students with diversity experiencesStudents with diversity experiences

What We’re Learning About Student Engagement From NSSE

George Kuh (in press). ChangeIndiana University Bloomington

Active & Collaborative Learning

• Samford University makes extensive use of problem-based learning (PBL) strategies to induce students to work together to examine complex problems.

Active & Collaborative Learning

• Eckerd College developed Autumn Term, a month during which classes meet from 9 AM to noon, five days a week. Group projects and discussion-oriented pedagogies are coupled with a community service project.

Student-Faculty Interaction

• Elon University added an extra hour of class meeting time for experiential learning. This allows students and faculty to dig deeper and promotes more frequent student-faculty contact.

A Paradigm Shift Happening?

Students are too often…

• Not very interested in ideas• Not respectful of others ideas• Not well organized• Wanting learning to seem easy• Emotionally moody and sleepy• Preoccupied with previous class or hour• Expecting entertainment• Unable to concentrate for too long• Isolated or alienated

Learning Metaphors

• Teacher or text-centered to Student or thinking skill-centered to Student generated or problem-centered

• Transmission to Construction or Design to Discovery or Transformation

• Boring to Active to Love of Learning

• Sponge to Growing Tree to Pilgrim on a Journey

Smart Schools(Perkins, 1992)

• Causes of educational shortfall– Trivial pursuit model– Ability counts most theory– Missing, inert, naïve, ritual knowledge– Poor thinking, rely on knowledge telling, cannot make

inferences and solve problems

• Educational Goals– Retention, understanding, and active use of knowledge

Consultative Teachers

• Co-learner, mentor, tour guide, facilitator• Student and problem-centered• Learner is a growing tree and on a journey• Knowledge is constructed and intertwined• Many resources (including texts & teachers)• Authentic, collaborative, real-world tasks• Subjective, continual, less formal assess• Display student ideas--proud and motivated• Build CT, CR, CL skills

And also a sense of humor!!!

Active Learning Principles:1. Authentic/Raw Data2. Student Autonomy/Inquiry3. Relevant/Meaningful/Interests4. Link to Prior Knowledge5. Choice and Challenge6. Teacher as Facilitator and Co-Learner7. Social Interaction and Dialogue8. Problem-Based & Student Gen Learning9. Multiple Viewpoints/Perspectives10. Collab, Negotiation, & Reflection

7 Fundamental Principles of Learning(Kahn, 1993)

1. Learning is social2. Knowledge is integrated into life of

community3. Learning is an act of membership4. Knowing in engagement in practice5. Engagement & empowerment are linked6. Failure to learn results from exclusion

from practice7. We have a society of lifelong learners

Resources in a Learning Environment:

• Teachers• Peers• Curriculum/Textbooks• Technology/Tools• Experts/Community• Assessment/Testing• Self Reflection• Parents

Sociocultural Ideas• Shared Space and Intersubjectivity• Social Dialogue on Authentic Problems• Mentoring and Teleapprenticeships• Scaffolding and Electronic Assistance• Group Processing and Reflection• Collaboration and Negotiation in ZPD• Choice and Challenge• Community of Learning with Experts and Peers• Portfolio Assessment and Feedback• Assisted Learning (e.g., task structuring)

Connections New Theories• Situated Learning--asserts that

learning is most effective in authentic, or real world, contexts with problems

that allow students to generate their own solution paths (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989).

• Constructivism--concerned withlearner's actual act of creating meaning (Brooks, 1990). The constructivist argues that the child's mind actively constructs relationships and ideas; hence, meaning is derived from negotiating, generating, and linking concepts within a community of peers (Harel & Papert, 1991).

Teacher Self-Assessment for active learning. (Bonk, 1995)

In my classes...___ 1. students have a say in class activities and

tests.___ 2. I help students to explore, build, and connect

their ideas.___ 3. students share their ideas and views with each

other and me.___ 4. students can relate new terms and concepts to

events in their lives___ 5. students work in small groups or teams when

solving problems.___ 6. students use computers to help them organize

and try out their ideas.___ 7. I give hints and clues for solving problems but

do not give away the answers.

Teacher Self-Assessment for active learning. (Bonk, 1995)

In my classes...___ 8. I relate new information or problems to what

students have already learned.___ 9. students prepare answers with a partner or team

b/4 sharing ideas with the class.___ 10. I ask questions that have more than one answer.___ 11. students take sides and debate issues and

viewpoints.___ 12. students develop ideas from a variety of library

and electronic resources.___ 13. students bring in information that extends

across subject areas or links topics.___ 14. students suggest possible problems and tasks.___ 15. I provide diagrams or pictures of main ideas to

make confusing info clearer.

SCALCO (Bonk & Wisher, 2000)

The online forum offered multiple perspectives.I received useful mentoring and feedback from

others.I liked collaborating with others online.I had a voice within the discussion forum.I could count on others to reply to my needs.

Four Key Hats of Instructors:– Technical—do students have basics? Does

their equipment work? Passwords work?– Managerial—Do students understand the

assignments and course structure?– Pedagogical—How are students interacting,

summarizing, debating, thinking?– Social—What is the general tone? Is there

a human side to this course? Joking allowed?

– Other: firefighter, convener, weaver, tutor, conductor, host, mediator, filter, editor, facilitator, negotiator, e-police, concierge, marketer, assistant, etc.

Online Learning Boring?

From Forrester, Michelle Delio (2000), Wired News. (Interviewed 40 training managers and knowledge officers)

1. Motivational Techniques

Motivation Research Highlights (Brophy)

1. Supportive, appropriate challenge, meaningful, moderation/optimal.

2. Teach goal setting and self-reinforcement.3. Offer rewards for good/improved performance.4. Novelty, variety, choice, adaptable to interests.5. Gamelike, fun, fantasy, curiosity, suspense, active.6. Higher levels, divergence, dissonance, interact with

peers.7. Allow to create finished products.8. Provide immediate feedback, advance organizers.9. Show intensity, enthusiasm, interest, minimize anxiety.10. Make content personal, concrete, familiar.

Classroom Motivation Tips (Alexander, class notes, Pintrinch & Schunk, 1996;

Reeve, 1996; Stipek, 1998):

1. Include positive before negative comments.2. Wish students “good effort” not “good luck”.3. Give flexibility in assignments and due dates.4. Communicate respect via tasks select and

control.5. Design interactive and interesting activities.6. Use coop learning, debates, group

discussions.7. Minimize social comparisons and public

evaluations.8. Use relevant, authentic learning tasks.

More Classroom Motivation Tips (Alexander, class notes, Pintrinch & Schunk, 1996; Reeve, 1996;

Stipek, 1998):

9. Use optimal difficulty and novelty.10. Use challenge, curiosity, control, and fantasy.11. Give challenging but achievable tasks.12. Create short term/proximal goals & vary goals.13. Give students diff ways to demo what they know.14. Encourage students to give and get help.15. Attrib failure to low effort or ineffective strategy.(Attrib success to effort or competence)16. Give poor performing student the role of expert.

150 To Motivate Your Lover(Raffini, 1996)

1. Ice Breakers (a. treasured objects—do you have a treasured object, why is it impt? B. who is like me?)

2. Goal Cards, Goal Notebooks, Expectations (BS ST and LT objectives and ideas on how to achieve)

3. Floating A, Escape Clauses, Volunteer Assignments (to be used on any assignment within a day)

4. Self Report Cards, Self Evaluation (make set of tests available on the Web)

150 To Motivate Your Lover(Raffini, 1996)

5. Discussion Questions, Issues, Problems (perhaps answer questions of another team; talking chips)

6. Team Competitions, Challenges, Puzzles7. Success contracts and calendars (Guarantee an

A or B if fulfill contract provisions)8. Positive Statements, Self Reinforcements (Bury

the “I can’ts”; save “I cans”; say “I think I can”)

150 To Motivate Your Lover(Raffini, 1996)

9. Celebrations, Praises, Acknowledgements, Thank Yous, Put-Ups (multicultural days, trips, class awards, helpers, end of term events)

10.Class Community Building (designated class Web Site or Class Forum, Portal, Digitized Web class photo, photo album, class project, teeshirts, field trips)

150 To Motivate Your Lover(Raffini, 1996)

11.Democratic Voting, Student Interest Surveys, Class Opinion Polls

12.Random Acts of Kindness, Service Learning/Teaching, Volunteerism

13.Change Roles or Status (Random roles, assume expert roles, switch roles for a day)

Activities—Motivational Ice Breakers

1. Expectations (flip chart)2. Self-Disclosures3. Talking String4. Visuals5. Index Card6. Treasure Hunt7. Accomplishment Hunt8. Psychic Massage9. Have You Ever Been?10.CR, CT, CL Web

1. (Ice Breaker) Self-Disclosure Introductions...

• Round I: Self-disclosure introductions

–Who are you–Job–Interests–Hobbies

2. Self-Disclosure Introductions... Round II. Self-disclosure introductions... a. Treasured Objects--Take out two

items out of your wallet and describe how they best represent you (e.g., family pictures, credit cards, rabbits' feet) and share.

b. Describe themselves (e.g., "I am a tightwad," "I am superstitious")

c. State name with an adjective starting with 1st letter of 1st name (e.g., Marvelous Mary.

2. Self-Disclosure Introductions... Round II. Self-disclosure introductions... d. Now intro self & also by a nickname

current, past, or potential nickname.e. Brainstorm a list of questions you

would like to ask the others...(e.g., My person I most admire is? The best book I ever read?)

F. Middle name game (state what middle name is and how you got it).

3. Expectations Charts

• What do you expect from this workshop, what are your goals, what could you contribute?

a. Write short and long terms goals down on goal cards that can be referenced later on.

b. Write 4-5 expectations for this workshop/retreat

c. Expectations Flip Chart: share of 1-2 of these...

4. Treasure Hunt (Index Cards)

a. Favorite Sports/hobbies/past times (upper left)

b. Birthplace and Favorite cities to visit (upper right)

c. Current Job and Classes Taught (lower left)d. 2 comments, things, or traits about yourself

(e.g., team player, personable, talkative,opinionated, hate Purdue, like movies, move a

lot, hate sports) (lower right)e. Teaching strategies you are proud of (in the

middle)

4. Treasure Hunts

After completing card with interests, where born, would like to live, strengths, job role, hobbies, etc. and find a match (find one thing in common and one thing different with everyone)

5. Accomplishment Hunt

a. Turn in 2-3 accomplishments (e.g., past summer, during college, during life);

b. Workshop leader lists 1-2 of those for each student on a sheet without names.

c. Participants have to ask "Is this you?" If yes, get a signature.

6. Issues and Discussion Questions

a. Make a list of issues people would like to discuss.

b. Perhaps everyone brings 2-3 questions or issues to the meeting.

c. Partner off and create a list and then collect question cards, and,

d. Then distribute and your group must answer questions of the other groups.

7. Team Brainteasers

• IQ tests• Scrambled cities• Crossword puzzles• Competitions• Dilemmas or Situations• Unscrambled sayings.

8. Coat of Arms--fill in.

#1: a recent Peak Performance;#2: something very few people

know;#3: draw a symbol of how you spend

your free time;#4: fill in something you are really

good at;#5: write in something that

epitomizes your personal motto.

9. It’ll Never Fly Wilbur

a. Introduce a new idea or concept or plan.b. Everyone writes 4-5 problems they see in it.c. Divide into groups of 3-4 and discuss

concerns.d. Each group writes down 3 roadblocks on a 3

X 5 card.e. Facilitator redistributes so each group gets a

different card.f. Subgroups think creatively of how to solve

those problems and share with group.

10. Demographic Groupings

Birthday Grouping—Nonverbally line up by date of the year born and partner off with person closest to you and then do…

Auto Grouping—Group by location one’s vehicle was manufactured (US, Asia, Europe) and then divide into truck and car people, color of vehicle, etc.

High School Sweethearts—Group by location where they graduated from high school (Midwest, South, East, West, Asia, Europe, etc.)

11. Talking String

• state what hope to gain from retreat (or discuss some other issue) as wrap string around finger; next ones state names of previous people and then state their reasons.

12. Disclosure Interviews

• Divide into small groups of about six people and then hand out prepared list of 5 questions in increasing order of disclosure for participants to ask each other and then have someone stand and their group must describe him or her.

13. Psychic Massage (a closer activity)

a. Divide in teams of 3-5.b. In alphabetical order of first

names have someone turn his or back to the group

c. Team members must make positive, uplifting statements about that person behind his or her back but loud enough for others to hear them.

d. One minute per person.

14. Positive Strokes

a. 2-3 times during the session, each person fills out a 3 x 5 card about other participants.

b. They must complete sentences like: “the thing I like best about (name) is” and “the biggest improvement I saw in (name) is.”

c. At the end of the day, the folded cards are passed out and read aloud and then given to the named person.

15. Community Building

• Create common t-shirts, take photo of group, have online interest groups, etc., and perhaps put up on the Web.

• Put announcement of retreat on Web or newsletter.

16. Communication/Learning Visuals

• Draw one or more of the following:– Gun, – cannon, – noose, – high fives, – thumbs up, – watch, – toilet, – smiley face, – etc.

16. Personalizing (e.g., asking “how” and “what” questions)

• Ask how feel, what has happened, how might such and such help in the workforce, ask “what-if” things were different at work, and what’s next???

• How might they do things differently???

18. Have you ever questions: • Performed the Heimlich maneuver• Tried on a straight jacket• Laid down inside a casket, • Drunk more than 25 imported beers during your life, • Ditched a blind date (or any date), • Been a Boy Scout or Girl Scout• Shaved your head, • Flown a plane, • Sky dived, bungee jumped, or whitewater rafted a dangerous

river, • Been in a play, • Milked a goat or a cow, • Done back-to-back all-nighters, • Completed a marathon, • Made an obscene gesture at someone when driving your car, • Cheated on your income tax, • Run a toll booth, • Been above the Arctic circle or below the Antarctic Circle.

The 3 C’s:1. Critical

2. Creative3. Cooperative

Creative Critical

Cooperative

What is an idea city? Where want to live? What makes it cool?

• Culture, parks, night spots, scenery, outdoor recreation, music scene, all-night cafes, extreme sports, outdoor recreation

• Lots of job opportunities• Diversity within the community

What is an idea city? Where want to live? What makes it cool?

• Convenience for amenities• Fun; high energy—bike lanes,

ultimate frisbee, climbing walls, urban parks, bistros and cafes not chains

The Creative Class• Values creativity, value tolerance,

promote individuality, embrace diversity and differences, open to immigration, and merit

• Are active & participate, not watch sports

• Want: relax dress codes, use flexible schedules, and new work rules

The Creative Class• Engage in work to create

meaningful new forms (scientists, engineers, professors, poets, novelists, actors, entertainers, architects, analysts, think-tank researchers, artists, editors, cultural figures)

Pedagogical Strategies:A. Creative Thinking

1. Brainstorm, Reverse BS: Top Ten Lists2. Simulations, Creativity License Cards, Six Hats3. Wet Inking, Freewriting, or Diaries4. Role Plays & Assigning Thinking Roles5. Forced Wrap Arounds6. Semantic Webbing or Mapping7. Idea-Spurring Questions, Think Sheets8. Metaphors, What Ifs, Analogies9. Checkerboarding, Attribute Listing10. Exploration and Web Link Suggestions

Activities—Creativity Tasks

1. Metaphorical Thinking2. New Perspectives3. Webbing4. Just Suppose5. Creativity Awareness6. Creative Dramatics7. Creative Writing and Story Telling8. Wet Ink or Freewriting9. Brainstorming10.Reverse Brainstorming

1. Metaphorical thinking

• how is my school like:–a prison, a beehive, an

orchestra, ghetto, –expedition, garden, family, herd,

artist's palette, –machine, military camp,

Olympic games, hospital, theater, etc.

1. Metaphorical thinking, Analogies, …

1. Creativity is like ____. 2. Being Creative is like ____. 3. Creativity is to ___ as...

1. Synectics

Combining 2 dissimilar ideas. The joining together of unrelated elements (William J. J. Gordon). One brings strange concepts into familiar areas.

Putting yourself in a situation.Thinking of how others might solve

the problem.

2. Breaking Mental Set and Shifting Perspectives

• The process of creation frequently involves a dramatic and usually instantaneous change in perception. Sometimes we all need a whack in the side of the head!

• Have students assume roles of other people, cultures, economies, genders, etc.

2. Breaking Mental Set and Shifting Perspectives

•Word games; Which one is different; Nine dot problem; Flying Pig; Concealed colors.

•Analogies, Synectics, Breaking Set, Imagery, Aesthetics, etc.

3. Webbing

Directions: write the topic in the center and link closely related ideas or questions in the first ring of ideas. As new ideas are suggested, they are connected by a line to the related item or items.

3. WebbingWebbing can be used to determine:(1)all the possible directions and activities

a student or class can explore as a result of interest in a specific topic or subject

(2)all that is presently known, and(3)knowledge interrelationships.This technique expands awareness for

relating, integrating, and organizing brainstormed ideas.

3. Webbing

a. Part I: What is creativity, critical thinking, cooperative learning?

b. Part II: What is active learning (i.e., students:)

(discover, drawn upon, break free from, use, take ownership, talk, write, relate)

4. Just Suppose or What If

• Imagine a situation or scenario and reflect on the consequences.

• “Just suppose you have six weeks of paid professional development each summer for workshops or classes like this, what would teaching be like? What would learning be like?”

5. Creativity Awareness: Creativity Scales

• Self-awareness of creative traits is important in promoting creativity.

• Rate yourself for creativity. What is creativity here? How did you do?

5. Creativity Awareness: Creativity Models

von Oech's•Explorer•Artist•Judge•Warrior

6. Creative Dramatics

• Biggest/smallest thing; Holding up the roof; Favorite animal; Mirror effect; Imagine taste/smell...

More Creative Dramatics (Davis book)• Imagine taste/smell... Ice Cubes, Puppets,

Mirror effect, Ridiculous Poses, Favorite animal, People Machines, Invisible Balls.

• Imagine hear, touch, smell, tastes, stiffest/most rubbery, Angriest/happiest.

7. Creative Writing or Story Telling

Tell a Tall Tale:• One person starts a story and everyone adds something

to it. You might throw a ball to the person who is to add to it or the instructor might decide or the next person could just jump in. Could be done via e-mail.

Forced Wrap Arounds:• One person tells a story and it is repeated until it gets

through a group or classroom (teaches generative and constructive psychology principles)

Object Obituary:• Write a fictional obituary for some object that you own or

were close to.

8. Wet Ink or Freewriting

Writing without reflecting or lifting your pen for a set period of time.

• Just imagine: imagine you have created a highly active teaching situation...What do you see? Can students wonder, question, speculate, take risks, active listening, respect for ideas, withhold judgment, seek justification??? How is creativity fostered here? Describe environment. Physically, mentally, emotionally, etc...

9. Brainstorming

• Generating ideas to solve a particular problem, issue, situation, or concern. Here more is better and the wilder the better. The hitchhiking or piggybacking as well as combination of ideas is encouraged. However, there is no evaluation of ideas allowed.

• For example, How can we increase the use of active learning ideas in college settings?

10. Reverse Brainstorming

• Generating ideas to solve the reverse of a particular problem, issue, situation, or concern. Once again, more is better and the wilder the better. The hitchhiking or piggybacking as well as combination of ideas is encouraged. However, there is no evaluation of ideas allowed.

• For example, How can we decrease the use of active learning ideas in college settings?

11. Attribute Listing, Modification, and Transformation

a. Attribute Webbing/Listing: "XYZ" shapes, colors, sizes, purpose, numbering.

b. Attribute Modification: "XYZ"--after listing attributes, think of ways to improve each.

c. Alternative Uses: Uses for "XYZ" for this class or for teaching in general.

(find the second best or third best suggestion)

11. Attribute Listing, Modification, and Transformation

d. Attribute Transferring: "XYZ"--transfer ideas from one context to the next.

(with idea spurring questions: What else is this like? What have others done? What else is this like? What could we copy? What has worked before?)

(What can we borrow from a carnival, funeral parlor, track meet, wild west)

12. Idea Spurring Questions

•how can we:–MAXimize, –MAGnify, –arrangeRE, –combine-adapt, –subtutesti,–EEEXXXAAGGGERRRRATTEE

13. Future Problem Solving

•Pose futuristic problem.•Have students solve in teams.•Present to class.

14. Checkerboarding (done in Lone Ranger series)

• Analyze problems with 2 key variables or components.

• Write features of one item down the horizontal column (plots).

• Write features of another item down the vertical (characters).

• Randomly check off items and a new create story.

15. Morphological Synthesis

• Write features of one item down the horizontal column.

• Write features of another item down the vertical.

• Look at intersection for new item or concept.