most states are east of the mississippi river. western territories are already populated by the...
TRANSCRIPT
Most states are east of the Mississippi River.
Western Territories are already populated by the Native Americans.
Westward Expansion 1860-1900
Boundary between settled and the unsettled lands.
Indians already living on the Frontier.
Closed in 1890.
Frontier
Push and Pull factors: Events or conditions that force or attract people to move.
Push = forcePull = attract
Westward Expansion 1860-1900
Civil War displaces many people.
Prices on goods are high.
Lack of Freedom.
Push Factors
Freedom from the Law.
Second chance financially.
Free/Cheap land.
Pull factors
Historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)
Frontier was essential and central in the development of the United States.
The true point of view of this nation is not the Atlantic Coast, it is the Great West.
Frontier Thesis
Signed by Lincoln.Could have 160 acres of land for small fee◦21 years old◦Citizens or becoming citizens.
◦Live there five years first.
Homestead Act of 1862
Gave ten square miles of land on each side of the track for each mile of track laid.
175,000,000 acres of public land.
Pacific Railway Acts 1862-1864
Railroads sold land at a profit.
Railroads were a new way to move west.
Less tax money needed to support the railroads.
Pacific Railway Acts 1862-1864
1884 27 nations make an agreement
24 time zones createdUsed to this day.Adopted by the railroads.Trains moved fast enough to create a problem setting a schedule.
Time Zones
Gave states millions of acres of land that they could sell to raise money.
Money went to the founding of colleges specializing on agriculture.
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
Old Immigration: Prior to 1880:◦Protestants from Northern and Western Europe.
◦Skilled tradesmen, not poor.New Immigration: After 1880:
◦Southern and Eastern Europe◦Poor and unskilled.
Immigration
Henry Bessemer 1850’s EnglandAdopted by US factoriesMethod of steel productionCreated high grade, light weight steel production.
1890’s US was out producing England
Bessemer Process
Steel allows for ◦Skyscrapers◦Suspension Bridges◦Improved rail lines
Changes due to Steel
Adam Smith 1776Wealth of NationsHands offPhilosophy from 1776-1890???
Laissez-Faire
◦Workers negotiating for wages and better working conditions.
◦ Thousands of strikes 1880s 1890s
Collective Bargaining
Labor Unions begin to formStrikes become more and more common◦AFL◦Knights of Labor
Labor Relations
Socialism: Favoring public ownership of the property and wealth of a nation rather than private ownership.
Communist Manifesto:◦1848 Karl Marx, Friederich Engels
Economic Philosphies
Most Americans reject socialism and communism because they threaten:◦Free enterprise◦Private property◦Individual liberty
Labor Relations
New political party that demanded radical changes in federal and social policies. Strength of the party lay in the American Farmer.
Populists
1) Increased circulation of money.2) Free silver.3) A progressive income tax.4) Govt. ownership of
communication and transportation system.
5) Eight hour work day.
Populists
The nation changed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation, and the silver movement died along with Populism. Many populist ideas were revived in the Progressive Movement.
Populist Legacy
Empire building: having colonies.
US started after 1890.◦Had been doing it all along, but not in foreign areas.
Imperialism
Alfred Thayer MahanModern, steel hulled, steam powered navy.
Coaling stations around the world.
Canal through Panama.
Influence of Sea Power Upon History
1898United States v. SpainSpanish American WarCuban revolt sparked US interest.
De Lome Letter critical of Pres. McKinley.
Splendid Little War
Yellow Journalism helped Cause the War.◦Large headlines◦Colored comics◦Sensational Stories.
Splendid Little War
William Randolph Hearst: “you furnish the pictures and I will furnish the war.”
Joseph Pulitzer
Rival Editors
◦Resigned as Asst. Sec. of the Navy.
◦Organized the Rough Riders.
◦Yellow press made him the hero of San Juan Hill.
Teddy Roosevelt
Spanish give up Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States.
Cuba is independent.Philippines sold to US $20 million.
America is an Imperial Power.
Treaty of Paris 1898
Attempt to throw the US out.Lasted Three Years.4,000 Us soldiers dead/ 200,000 Filipinos.
Emilo Aguinaldo led Guerillas.
Philippine Insurrection
Our treatment of the Filipinos departed from American principals. (self govt., majority rule)
McKinley was afraid a European Country might try to colonize the Philippines.
Philippine Insurrection
Supreme Court CaseNew possessions are not fully a part of the US.
People there are not entitled to Constitutional Rights.
Constitution does not follow the flag.
Insular Cases
Ferdinand de Lesseps made the first attempt to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama.(1879)
Had built the Suez Canal in 1869.
Tried to build a sea level canal.
Panama Canal
Canal Zone:◦10 mile wide strip of land.◦$10 million paid.◦$250,000 rent per year.◦51 miles long.
Panama Canal
51 miles long.Saves ships 8,000 miles.10 years to build. (1904-1914)
Cost $400 million to build.
Panama Canal
Elected President in 1896.Reelected in 1900Assassinated September 5,1901◦Leon Czolosz: Anarchist◦Roosevelt becomes President.
William McKinley
RepublicanHero of San Juan HillAsst. Sec of the NavyPolice Commissioner NYC.Gov. of New York
Theodore Roosevelt
Became President at age 42.
Foreign Policy: Big Stick: Wanted to get the US involved in world affairs. Wanted a strong Navy.
Theodore Roosevelt
US will not seek territorial aggression. We seek peace with all nations. We may have to step into countries to protect our rights.
Roosevelt Corollary
Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in helping end the Russo-Japanese War.
TR as peacemaker
A political belief in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the state. In its economic form, it advocates a respect for private property and free markets.
Classical Liberalism
A form of liberalism that stems from progressive ideals. National prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy, to keep unemployment low, inflation in check, and growth high. Government intervention and regulation is necessary to insure equality and public safety.
Modern American liberalism
Goals and Beliefs:1) Govt. Should be more
accountable to the people.
2) Govt. should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests,
Progressive Era 1890-1920
3) Govt. Powers should be expanded so lives of the citizens would be improved.
4) Govt. should become more efficient and less corrupt.
Progressive Era 1890-1920
5)This movement wanted to restore economic opportunities to the common man, and want to end injustice.
6) People should control the govt.
Progressive Era 1890-1920
Progressives were not of one political party.
They were not a completely uniform movement.
Did not believe private charities were enough.
Progressive Era 1890-1920
Muckrakers
Socialists
Women’s Groups
Labor Unions
Groups
Investigative Journalists:◦Looked into problems and corruption and then wrote books, articles and essays about it.
Muckrakers
Name was given to the group by T. Roosevelt. It was meant to discourage, but they wore it like a badge of honor.
Muckrakers
The Jungle: 1906◦Book about the meat packing industry of the United States.
◦Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act.
◦T. Roosevelt found it to be true.
Upton Sinclair
The History of the Standard Oil company.
Told of abuses by this big business.
Help encourage the trust busting of TR.
Ida Tarbell
Ida Tarbell
Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company.
Muckraker
The Shame of the Cities.◦Political corruption
Lincoln Steffens
MuckrakerPhotographerCrowded, dirty, unsafe conditions of tenements in large cities.
Jacob Riis
Settlement House Movement:◦Provided services and aid to the urban poor.
◦Hull House in Chicago.◦Nursery schools, child care, taught English, theater, art, dance, Social services.
Jane Addams
What are they?
How do they work?
Why do they exist?
What is the problem?
Political Machines
17th Amendment: Direct election of senators by the people, rather than by state legislature.
Progressive Reforms
Referendum: proposing a law by popular vote, or overriding a legislative body. Can be done at any level of govt.
Progressive Reforms
Robert < La Follette
Governor of Wisconsin
Used College Professors to help create policies.
Recall: Special election to remove an elected official from public office before his/her terms has expired.
Progressive Reforms
Initiative: Petition by citizens to introduce a new bill.
Progressive Reforms
Nickname for the Domestic Policy of Teddy Roosevelt.
Big Stick was the name of his Foreign Policy.
Square Deal
Coal Strike of 1902:◦TR forces arbitration on both sides.
◦Govt. could intervene in a strike if public welfare was at stake. (national security)
◦Set a precedent.
Square Deal
Enforced Sherman Anti Trust Law of 1890.◦Over forty lawsuits filed.◦Won most of them.◦Actions of a trust more important than size.
Square Deal
Monopoly:
Trust:
Square Deal
Hepburn Act of 1906◦Created first regulatory agency.
◦ICC can set maximum RR rates.
Square Deal
Federal Meat Inspection Act◦A result of The Jungle.◦Required sanitary packing conditions and created a rating system for meat.
Square Deal
Pure Food and Drug Act◦Require accurate labeling of ingredients.
Square Deal
Doubled the number of National Parks.
Many of TR’s reforms are still impacting society and were felt by the majority of Americans.
Square Deal
NurseOpened first birth control clinic in the nation.
Thought families would be better off financially with fewer children.
Margaret Sanger
Activist for Women’s Suffrage.
Founded the National Woman’s Party.
Alice Paul
Creates a split of the Republican Party.
Wilson wins election of 1912 but not with majority of popular vote.
(see page 577)
Bull Moose Party
SouthernerDemocratProfessorSon of a preacherMore freedom for small business
Woodrow Wilson
Domestic Policy = New freedom
Strict Govt. control on corporations.
Similar to New Nationalism of TR
Woodrow Wilson
Clayton Anti-Trust Law of 1914◦Spelled out violations of the trust laws.
◦Made the managers of companies accountable for their coporations.
Woodrow Wilson
Federal Reserve Act of 1913◦Created a new national system of banks.
◦Gold Standard is gone.◦Elastic currency is provided.
Woodrow Wilson
Prohibition on the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
Volstead Act: defined what was an alcoholic beverage. (0.5% or greater)
1920
18th Amendment
1873 OhioWorking for a constitutional amendment against alcohol.
Amendment would mean permanent.
WCTU
1895Ohio“The” single issue organization.
Minority group that leveraged its power well in close elections.
ASL
Result of:◦ Emergency War Measure ◦Progressivism◦Temperance Movement WCTU ASL
18th Amendment
The Great War1914-1918Fought Primarily in FranceA very modern war.Casualities very high.$33 billion in damage.
Causes of the Great WarFranco-Prussian War : 1870◦Between France and Germany.
◦Germany won◦Alsace-Lorraine taken◦Triple Alliance formed by Germany (fear of retaliation)
Causes of the Great WarAlliance SystemCreates a “Balance of Power”Neither side is willing to go to war because they are not sure they can win.
Made a minor war a large one.
Causes of the Great WarImperialism: Empire Building◦Creates competition between nations for land and power.
◦Causes the war to be global because of Colonies participate.
Causes of the Great WarNationalism◦Intense love for one’s country that ignores faults. (Patriotism taken to an extreme)
◦Movement for independence.
Start of the WarFranz Ferdinand shot June 28, 1914.
Sarajevo by a Serb Nationalist.
Start of the War
1) Austria-Hungary prepares to invade Serbia.
2) Russia comes to Serbia’s aid.3) France joins Russia.4) Germany declares war on
France in support of Austria.
Start of the War
5) Great Britain joins the war.
So the Alliance System made a small regional war a larger world war.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
Zimmerman NoteUS Economy dependent on war materials
American Enters the War
John J Pershing Commanding
Segregated troops
North Sea Mine BarrageConvoy System
AEF
Shortage of labor in war industry draws blacks to urban centers in the north.
Urban League:Women:Political Power:
Great Migration
1-5 removed the causes of the war.◦No secret alliances◦Freedom of the seas◦Removal of tariffs and trade barriers
Wilson’s 14 Points
◦Arms reduction◦Reduction of imperialism
Wilson’s 14 Points
6-13 boundary changes consistent with self- determination:
14 League of Nations:
Wilson’s 14 Points
US – Wilson – 14 pointsFrance – Clemenceau – Prevent another German invasion
GB - George – reparationsItaly – Orlando - Land
Big Four
1 Punished Germany2 Germany Blamed for the War
3 Saar Valley given to France4 G. army limited 100,000Rhineland made a DMZ
Treaty of Versailles
No German air forceNo German U-boatsOttoman Empire broken into mandates.
League of Nations formed
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles causes:◦Economic hardship in Germany.◦Desire for revenge by Germany.◦Distaste in Germany for democracy.
◦Germany had not really been defeated.
Stab in the Back Legend