morphology the study of word formation. observations boldest = bold + est bold cannot be divided boy...
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MorphologyThe study of word formation
ObservationsObservations Boldest = bold + est bold cannot be
divided
Boy has a meaning in itself
At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship
Serve can be a word, pre- as in preserve cannot
Friendliest works, friendestly does not.
TV and telly are formed from television
Conclusions Conclusions
1. words are made up of meaningful units called morphemes
2. lexical morphemes have meaning
And grammatical morphemes do not
3. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as free morphemes can.
4. There are inflectional and derivational morphemes
5. Languages can create new words freely and systematically.
Morpheme Morpheme A minimal unit having more or less constant meaning
associated with a more or less constant form.
Ex: buyers = {buy} + {er} + {s}
Evidence: buy, buying, farmer, driver, boys, dogs, cats..……
NOTE: morphemes and syllables are different.
See: cats and alligator…..how many syllables? And morphemes?
PracticePracticeWhat does it mean?
{Mc} as in McMuffin, McNuggets
{oholic} as in workoholic, chocoholic, foodoholic
Action and package contain two morphemes. What is the evidence?
{act} + {ion} and {pack} + {age}
Same look different morpheme Same look different morpheme
….. same morpheme …. ….. same morpheme ….
Different look ….Different look …. Buyer and shorter.
{er}
{AG} and {COMP}
Boys = {boy} + {PLU}
Men = ?
Walked = {walk} + {PAST}
Went = ?
PracticePractice HOW MANY MORPHEMES?
Actor
Winter
Forthrightness
Mother-in-law
Undo
Aspirin
Best
Lexical or Lexical or Grammatical?Grammatical?
Restating
Strongest
Actively
Precede
Disentangled
Ran
Women
The
Lexical morphemes have a meaning.
Grammatical morphemes express a relationship between Lexical morphemes.
Free or Bound Free or Bound morphemes?morphemes?
{er} in teachers
{cur} in recur, incur, occur
{at}, {to} and other prepositions
{pel} as in repel, compel, impel
Find five words with the bound lexical m. {mit} as in ‘send, go’. What about mitten….?
{bio-} and {tele-}: lexical/grammatical. Bound/free. Find five words. What is the meaning of each morpheme.
Free morphemes can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical: [serve], [press], [at], [and].
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words. See [clude] as in exclude, include, preclude. They can be grammatical as in [PLU] as in boys, girls, cats.
Inflectional and Inflectional and derivationalderivational
Bound morpheme = affix= prefix/suffix
Ex. Depress= {de} + {press}
helpful= {help} + {ful}
men = {man} + {PLU}
8 English Inflectional 8 English Inflectional morphemesmorphemes
INFLECTIONAL AFFIX
MEANING ROOT EXAMPLE
{PLU} Plural Noun Boys
{POSS} Possessive Noun Boy’s
{COMP} Comparative
Adjective Older
{SUP} Superlative Adjective oldest
{PRES} Present Verb walks
{PAST} Past Verb walked
{PAST PART}
Past participle
Verb Driven
{PRES PART}
Present participle
Verb Driving
Derivational suffixesDerivational suffixes {ize} noun to verb as in:
criticize, rubberize, vulcanize, pasteurize, mesmerize…
Or adjective to verb as in: normalize, finalize, equalize…
{ful} adjective to adverb as in : helpful, careful, careful…..
{ly} adjective to adverb as in: quickly, carefully, swiftly, mightily….o nouns to adjective: manly…
Morpheme
lexical grammatical
free bound free bound nouns prepositionsVerbs articlesAdjectives conjunctions
Inflectional Derivational
Compress Subvert at, the, andDepress invertOppress convertRepresssuppress
Derivational prefixesDerivational prefixes {un} as in unhappy,
unwary, unassuming, unforgettable.
{dis} displeasure, disproportionate, dislike, distrust
{a} asymmetrical, asexual, atheist, atypical
{anti} anti-American, anti-Castro, anti-aircraft…
All inflectional affixes are native to English.
Many derivational affixes are borrowings from other languages. Ex: {ize}, {dis}, {de}, {re}, {a}. {anti}
Spanish morphemes….Spanish morphemes…. Tío
Muchacha
Abuela
Nieto
Hermana
Hermanos
Abuelo
Nieta
Tías
Muchacho
Abrir
Tu abres
Nosotros abrimos
la
Las
Estan Contando
Ellos han contado
Italian morphemesItalian morphemes maestra, maestro, amica, amico
matita, matite, pizza, pizze
cantare, suonare, ballare
io canto, io suono, io ballo
ho cantato, ho suonato, ho ballato
sto cantando, sto suonando, sto ballando.
grandissima, bellissima, piccolissima
Cinzietta, Annetta, Marietta
zietta, casetta, cenetta
List the morphemes and decide what is their type and their function.
Kurdish morphemesKurdish morphemes Aaqil ‘wise’
Diz ‘robber’
Draiž ‘long’
Zaanaa ‘wise’
Garm ‘warm’
What is the type, the form, and the function of the affix…..?
Aaqilii ‘forethought’
Dizii ‘robbery’
Draižii ‘length’
Zaanaaii ‘erudition’
Garmii ‘warmth’
Culturalmente
Candidamente
Attualmente
Realmente
Stupidamente
Intelligentemente
Learning new Learning new vocabularyvocabulary
CulturalmenteCandidamenteAttualmenteRealmenteStupidamenteIntelligentemente
Attivo CostruttivoReattivoSelettivo
InattivoInespressivoIntolleranteInaccurate
Demotivare DestabilizzanteDemistificareDelegittimare
EssenzialeEmozionaleSocialeTendenzialeoperazionale