morphology morphological analysis linguistics 200 spring 2003
TRANSCRIPT
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MorphologyMorphologyMorphological analysisMorphological analysis
Linguistics 200Linguistics 200
Spring 2003Spring 2003
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Ann Landers: linguistic issuesAnn Landers: linguistic issues
• What are the rules for forming words in What are the rules for forming words in English? e.g.English? e.g.• which words can be suffixed with –est?which words can be suffixed with –est?• which words can be prefixed with re-?which words can be prefixed with re-?
• Variation among native speakersVariation among native speakers
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Morphological competenceMorphological competence • What native speakers know about well-formed wordsWhat native speakers know about well-formed words
• Possible vs. impossible wordsPossible vs. impossible words• Prevent Los Angelization Now (PLAN)Prevent Los Angelization Now (PLAN)• ““Kinko’s, the new way to office”Kinko’s, the new way to office”
• Properties of wordsProperties of words• appropriate context for use (part of speech) appropriate context for use (part of speech) • meanings; e.g. meanings; e.g. unfoldableunfoldable
• ‘‘not foldable’ or ‘capable of being unfolded’not foldable’ or ‘capable of being unfolded’
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Defining ‘word’Defining ‘word’
• Problems with white space definitionProblems with white space definition• Inconsistency in languages with writing systemsInconsistency in languages with writing systems
• footnotefootnote• road rageroad rage• time-depthtime-depth
• Languages without writing systemsLanguages without writing systems
• Syntactic testsSyntactic tests• Answer to questions: Answer to questions:
• what is that an example of? road ragewhat is that an example of? road rage
• Phonological testsPhonological tests
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Morphemes (signs)Morphemes (signs)
• Smallest form (sound, sign) associated with a Smallest form (sound, sign) associated with a particular meaningparticular meaning spoken languages, ‘morpheme’ spoken languages, ‘morpheme’
[fl[flwrwr] ] [liv-z] [liv-z]
sign languages, ‘sign’sign languages, ‘sign’
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Examples of morphemesExamples of morphemes
kindkind 1 morpheme: kind1 morpheme: kind
underunder 1 morpheme: under1 morpheme: under
unkindunkind 2 morphemes: kind, un-2 morphemes: kind, un-
reddenredden 2 morphemes: red, -en2 morphemes: red, -en
Los AngelizationLos Angelization 3 morphemes: Los Angeles, -ize, 3 morphemes: Los Angeles, -ize, -ation-ation
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Morpheme Morpheme syllable syllable
# morphemes# morphemes # syllables# syllables
catcat 11 11
cats (cat, -s)cats (cat, -s) 22 11
cartoncarton 11 22
smarten (smart, -en)smarten (smart, -en) 22 22
sycamoresycamore 11 33
hamamelidanthemumhamamelidanthemum 11 77
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Free vs. bound morphemes Free vs. bound morphemes free:free: can stand alone as separate words can stand alone as separate words
certain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamorecertain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamore
bound:bound: cannot stand alone as separate words cannot stand alone as separate words//n/- negative (unkind); reverse (unfold)n/- negative (unkind); reverse (unfold)//n/- negativen/- negative-/-/yz/ ‘to cause to become’yz/ ‘to cause to become’-/z/ plural-/z/ plural
bound morphemes represented with hyphenbound morphemes represented with hyphen
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Affix vs. root morphemesAffix vs. root morphemes
RootsRoots • can be bound or freecan be bound or free
• major (referential) component of word meaning major (referential) component of word meaning • phonology: phonology: typicallytypically have longer, more complex have longer, more complex
shapes than affixesshapes than affixes
stadium, sycamore, hamamelidanthemum stadium, sycamore, hamamelidanthemum • most words contain a root morphememost words contain a root morpheme
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Affix typesAffix types PrefixesPrefixes--added to the left of a root: --added to the left of a root:
//n/- (un) negative n/- (un) negative
SuffixesSuffixes---added to the right of a root:---added to the right of a root:-/ayz/ ‘to cause to become’, -/z/ plural-/ayz/ ‘to cause to become’, -/z/ plural
InfixesInfixes---added within a root---added within a root
Not all words contain affixesNot all words contain affixes Words may contain more than one affixWords may contain more than one affix
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Some common morphological Some common morphological processesprocesses
AffixationAffixation root – suffixroot – suffix prefix – rootprefix – root r- infix -ootr- infix -oot
CompoundingCompounding
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Sahaptin verbsIdentify all morphemes. Long vowels are transcribed here [] (instead of [:]).
nnwišwiššš 'I'm hungry''I'm hungry'
nnwišwišmm 'you're hungry''you're hungry'
iinnwišwiš 'he/she is hungry''he/she is hungry'
nnwišwišttšš 'we are hungry''we are hungry'
nnwišwišppmm 'you (folks) are hungry''you (folks) are hungry'
ppnnwišwiš 'they're hungry''they're hungry'
ppyúwišyúwišmm ‘‘you’re sick, hurt’you’re sick, hurt’
ppyúwišyúwiššš ‘‘I’m sick, hurt’I’m sick, hurt’
ppppyúwišyúwiš ‘‘they’re sick, hurt’they’re sick, hurt’
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Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
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More Sahaptin verbsMore Sahaptin verbsipnúšipnúš ‘‘he/she is sleeping’he/she is sleeping’
ipnúnipnún ‘‘he/she usually sleeps’he/she usually sleeps’
ipnútipnút ‘‘he/she will sleep’he/she will sleep’
ipnúnipnún ‘‘he/she slept’he/she slept’
pnúnpnúnmm ‘‘you slept’you slept’
pnut’pnut’wwss ‘‘bed’bed’
pnupnu ‘‘sleeper, one who sleeps’sleeper, one who sleeps’
pnunpnun ‘‘insomniac’insomniac’
wwššnn ‘‘wild horse’wild horse’
túptúpn pn pwwšššš?? ‘‘what are they riding on?’what are they riding on?’
wwššt’t’wwss ‘‘saddle’saddle’
[] = voiceless uvular fricative
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Revised morphological analysisRevised morphological analysis
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CompoundingCompounding • [root][root] [root][root]
nounnoun verbverb adjectiveadjective
nounnoun ground crewground crew gift wrapgift wrap skin-deepskin-deep
verbverb thinktankthinktank stirfrystirfry ??
adjectiveadjective high schoolhigh school dry-cleandry-clean red-hotred-hot
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Compounds in SahaptinCompounds in Sahaptin
k'tk'tt pt pššww ‘‘shale’shale’ k’tk’tt ‘solid, t ‘solid, hard’hard’
ppššww ‘rock’ ‘rock’
k'k'nk pcnk pcšš ‘‘gate’gate’ k’k’nk nk ‘barricading’‘barricading’
pcpcšš ‘door’ ‘door’
tin siiltin siil ‘‘flannel’flannel’ tiin ‘diaper tiin ‘diaper cloth’cloth’
siil ‘fabric’siil ‘fabric’
ppp p ttmnmn
‘‘palm of palm of hand’hand’
ppp ‘hand, p ‘hand, arm’arm’
ttmnmn ‘heart’‘heart’
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Allomorphs of a morpheme Allomorphs of a morpheme
A morpheme may have more than one A morpheme may have more than one phonological shape. English plural suffix:phonological shape. English plural suffix:
-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]
[f[fncnczz]] [k[kæættss]] [d[dggzz]]
[pr[prsszz]] [s[skkss]] [[ššuuzz]]
[[zz]] [d[dffndndntntss]] [loyr[loyrzz]]
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AllomorphsAllomorphs
sibilant___sibilant___ voiceless___voiceless___ voiced___voiced___
-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]
English sibilants = [s z š ž c ]
Distribution of allomorphs of English plural suffix:
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Underlying representationUnderlying representation
The forms of the English plural suffix are The forms of the English plural suffix are predictable from context.predictable from context.
The plural suffix has a basic representation: The plural suffix has a basic representation: -/z/-/z/
Phonology
• /z/ [s] / voiceless___ (assimilation)
• Ø [] / sibilant ___ sibilant (epenthesis)
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AllomorphsAllomorphs
• Phonological rules can also convert one phoneme into another (morphophonemics)
• /z/ [s] / voiceless___
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Sahaptin perfect suffixSahaptin perfect suffiximperfectiveimperfective perfectperfect
iiyyííkkš ‘‘he/she is he/she is sitting’sitting’
iiyyííkkš ‘‘he/she has he/she has sat’sat’
iwiwnpnpš ‘‘he/she is he/she is receiving’receiving’
iwiwnpnpš ‘‘he/she has he/she has received’received’
iq’iq’wwš ‘‘he/she is he/she is burping’burping’
iq’iq’wwš ‘‘he/she has he/she has burped’burped’
iwiwš ‘‘he/she is he/she is rejecting’rejecting’
iwiwyy ‘‘he/she has he/she has rejected’rejected’
ipnipnúúš ‘‘he/she is he/she is sleeping’sleeping’
ipnipnúúww ‘‘he/she has he/she has slept’slept’
ipipwwííš ‘‘he/she is he/she is thinking’thinking’
ipipwwííyy ‘‘he/she has he/she has thought’thought’
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Allomorphs of perfect suffixAllomorphs of perfect suffix
allomorphallomorph contextcontext
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/// / [ [šš] /] /šš/ / [ []]
Underlying representation of Underlying representation of perfect suffixperfect suffix
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Underlying representations of Underlying representations of perfect suffixperfect suffix
-/-/šš/ is added to consonant final roots/ is added to consonant final roots -/ya/ is added to vowel final roots-/ya/ is added to vowel final roots
/y/ /y/ [w] / u ___ (assimilation) [w] / u ___ (assimilation)
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Summary of morphology (so far)Summary of morphology (so far)
New terminology: morpheme, root, affix, New terminology: morpheme, root, affix, bound, freebound, free
Morphological processes: affixation, Morphological processes: affixation, compoundingcompounding
Morphological analysisMorphological analysis Allomorphs of morphemesAllomorphs of morphemes