Morphology and Lexicon 形态学 词汇学

Chapter 3

Word (p. 74)

Definition

Four characteristics

Word Classes-Word Classes- 按开放性分 按开放性分 (76)(76)

Word

Open class / lexical or

content words

Closed class / grammatical or

functional words

We cannot add new

words

n., notional v.,adj., adv.

prep., conj., conj. adverbs, relatives,

auxiliary verbs, to be,

pronouns, pro-words

We can add new

words

Word Classes-Word Classes- 按词义分按词义分

Conj., prep., Conj., prep., primary primary verbs, modal verbs, modal v., interj., v., interj., particleparticle

n., pronoun, n., pronoun, full v., adj., full v., adj., adv. numeraladv. numeral

Word Classes-Word Classes- 按在句子重要性分按在句子重要性分

Word Classes—Other CategoriesWord Classes—Other Categories

Lesser Categories (p. 78)Numerals: one, second

Interjections: alas, oh my!

Unique function: not, to

Variability (p. 80) Variable words: n., v., adj., ad.

Invariable words: prep., conj….

Morpheme Morpheme （语素）（语素） 8181

DefinitionDefinition: :

-- -- TheThe most basic element of meaning in lanmost basic element of meaning in language that carries grammatical and / or seguage that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaningmantic meaning ，， an element that cannan element that cannot be further divided into smaller units ot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.without altering its meaning.

unacceptableunacceptable

un, accept, ableun, accept, able

1. work

2. chairman

3. boys

4. sleeping

5. disappointment

chair man (two-morpheme word)chair man (two-morpheme word)

boy -sboy -s

sleep -ingsleep -ing

dis- appoint -ment

(three-morpheme word)

dis- appoint -ment

(three-morpheme word)

work (one-morpheme word)work (one-morpheme word)

Types of Morphemes Types of Morphemes (p. 83)(p. 83)Types of Morphemes Types of Morphemes (p. 83)(p. 83)

1. Free morpheme & bound morpheme1. Free morpheme & bound morpheme

2. Root, affix and stem2. Root, affix and stem

3. Inflectional affix & derivational affix3. Inflectional affix & derivational affix

Free morpheme & Bound morpheme Free morpheme & Bound morpheme (83)(83)Free morpheme & Bound morpheme Free morpheme & Bound morpheme (83)(83)

• Free morpheme （自由语素）：• Free morpheme （自由语素）：those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves.

those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves.

e.g.e.g.boy, girl, desk, chairboy, girl, desk, chair

Mono-morphemic words ( 单语素词 )Mono-morphemic words ( 单语素词 )

All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

bookmark, bookworm, sunflower, undertakebookmark, bookworm, sunflower, undertake

Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词）Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词）

CompoundsCompounds ( 复合词 )( 复合词 )

Those words consist of free morphemes only.

Those words consist of free morphemes only.

dislike, friendly, boys, lookeddislike, friendly, boys, looked

Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词）Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词）

Free + bound morphemes( 粘附词素）Free + bound morphemes( 粘附词素）

Bound Morpheme: Root & Affix & StemBound Morpheme: Root & Affix & StemBound Morpheme: Root & Affix & StemBound Morpheme: Root & Affix & Stem

internationalism internationalism

nationalismnationalism

nationnation

unfriendlinessunfriendliness

friendlinessfriendliness

friendfriend

RootRoot

Root Root 词根 词根 (83)(83)

The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning, that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are moved.

Root Root 词根 词根 (83)(83)

The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning, that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are moved.

All words

contain a root

morpheme.

All words

contain a root

morpheme.

The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

AffixAffix

词缀词缀Relationship to root or

stem Example

Prefix

前缀Occurs in the front of a root or stem; generally don’t change the grammatical categories

Unhappy;

disagree

Suffix

后缀Occurs at the end of a root or stem; generally change the grammatical categories

Happiness;

classify

Infix

中缀Occurs inside of a root

or stem teeth;

Women;

Men

A wordA word

rootroot prefixprefix suffixsuffix

determinedetermine

The meaning of

a word

The meaning of

a word

changechange

The meaning of

a word

The meaning of

a word

determinedetermine

The characteristic

of a word

The characteristic

of a word

Stem Stem 词干 词干 (83)(83)

any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

Stem Stem 词干 词干 (83)(83)

any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

friendsfriends friend (root)

friend (root)

friendshipsfriendships friendship

(base)

friendship

(base)

uninterestinguninteresting

un- (prefix)un- (prefix)

interesting (stem, base)interesting (stem, base)

interest (root)interest (root)

-ing (suffix)-ing (suffix)

interest (root, stem)interest (root, stem)

individualisticindividualistic Individualist (?)Individualist (?) Individual (?)Individual (?)

Root or base?

Root or base?

dividual (?)dividual (?)Divide(?)

Divide(?)

undesirablesundesirables Undesirable (?)

Undesirable (?)

Desirable(?)Desirable(?)

Desire(?)Desire(?)

basebase

basebasebasebase

rootroot

basebase basebase

root root

Types of Bound MorphemeTypes of Bound Morpheme

InflectionalInflectional morpheme ( morpheme ( 屈折语素屈折语素 )=inflecti)=inflectional affix(onal affix( 屈折词缀屈折词缀 )) ：： change the gramchange the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tmatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense) ense)

DerivationalDerivational morpheme morpheme （派生语素）（派生语素） =infl=inflectional affix (ectional affix ( 派生词缀）派生词缀） : change the lex: change the lexical meaning ical meaning

girls, father's, talked, higher, happiest, giving, singing, called, likes, speeches,lowest

anti-war, co-exist, entertainment,existence,

essayist,irregular,unlucky,unfavorable, disagreement

inflectional affixesinflectional affixes

derivational affixesderivational affixes

Inflectional affixes include:Inflectional affixes include:

-s/-es noun plural -'s noun possessive -s/-es verb present tense third person singular -ed verb simple past tense -ed verb past perfect participle -ing verb present participle/gerund -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative

-s/-es noun plural -'s noun possessive -s/-es verb present tense third person singular -ed verb simple past tense -ed verb past perfect participle -ing verb present participle/gerund -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative

suffixessuffixes

derivational affixes include:

prefixes & suffixesprefixes & suffixes

Ex.Ex.

exist existence existent

child childhood childish

distinct distinction distinctive

create creativity creation creative

exist existence existent

child childhood childish

distinct distinction distinctive

create creativity creation creative

dis+like+sdis+like+s

derivational free inflectional morpheme derivational free inflectional morpheme

light+en+edlight+en+ed

free derivational inflectional morpfree derivational inflectional morpheme heme

Derivational morpheme(Derivational morpheme( 改变词义改变词义 ): ): 改变词义：改变词义： dis-, un-, multi-, micro-dis-, un-, multi-, micro- 改变词性：改变词性： en-, -full, -menten-, -full, -ment

Inflectional morphemeInflectional morpheme （改变语法含义）（改变语法含义） :: 改变名称的性，数，格：改变名称的性，数，格： -ess, -s,-ess, -s, 改变动词的时改变动词的时 , , 态，体态，体 : -ing, -ed, : -ing, -ed, 改变形容词的级：改变形容词的级： -er, -est-er, -est

classes classmate

learned movement

skiing illogical

experienced highest

depart Jane's

careless smaller

IAIA

IAIA

IAIA

DADA

IA & DAIA & DA

IA & DAIA & DA

DADA

DADA

IAIA

DADA

IA & DAIA & DA

DADA