morpho-semantic analysis of social media neologisms by akunna onyedum

5/20/2018 MORPHO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA NEOLOGISMS by Akunna Onyedum

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: | Q j e m

_FONJI @MGNJ KMFIFEN_@_< J @FSQHF-

_M@JKWNO JKJI^_N_

C^

FK^MG]@, JD]KKJ

@JWSNO. KF< ::>1:?1?:

J WHM_N_ _]C@NWWMG WF WHM GMQJSW@MKW FB

MKEIN_H, ]KNRMS_NW^ FB IJEF_, JDFDJ, NK QJSWNJI

B]IBNII@MKW FB WHM SMZ]NSM@MKW BFS HM JUJSG

FB J @J_WMS FB JSW_ (@.J.) GMESMM NK MKEIN_H

KFRM@CMS, 31:3


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OMSWNBNOJWNFK

N omrtnby thjt thns stugy wjs ojrrnmg fut cy

FK^MG]@, JD]KKJ

@jtrno. Kf< ::>1:?1?:

Fb thm Gmpjrt`mkt fb Mkeinsh, ]knvmrsnty fb Ijefs, Jdfdj, ukgmr `y supmrvnsnfk, js pjrt fb

thm rmqunrm`mkts bfr thm jwjrg fb thm @jstmr fb Jrts gmermm nk Mkeinsh

------------------------------------------

_upmrvnsfr

GS. _FIJ F_FCJ

Gmpjrt`mkt fb Mkeinsh

]knvmrsnty fb Ijefs


3/108

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GMGNOJWNFK

Whns wfrd ns gmgnojtmg tf `y pjrmkts, Cmksfk jkg @jry bfr thmnr ukbinkohnke suppfrt brf`

`y cnrth up tf thns stjem fb `y jojgm`no inbm.


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JODKFUIMGEM@MKW

N wfuig indm tf thjkd `y supmrvnsfr, Gr. _fij Fsfcj, bfr hns nkvjiujcim of``mkts, hmipbui

sueemstnfks jkg thm tn`m hm gmvftmg tf supmrvnsnke `y thmsns4 jkg `y ifvnke brnmkgs bfr

imkgnke `m thm `jtmrnjis N kmmgmg bfr nts suoomssbui of`pimtnfk.


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WJCIM FB OFKWMKW_

Ohjptmr Fkm

:.1. Nktrfguotnfk---------------------------------------------------------- 5

:.:. _tjtm`mkt fb Qrfcim`-------------------------------------- 8

:.3. Fclmotnvms fb thm _tugy------------------------------------8

:.?. _ofpm fb thm _tugy------------------------------------------8

:.7. Gmbnkntnfk fb Dmy Wmr`s----------------------------------->

:.=. Whmfrmtnoji Brj`mwfrd jkg @mthfgfifey--------------::

:.2. Smsmjroh In`ntjtnfks---------------------------------------::

Ohjptmr Wwf

3.1. Intmrjturm Smvnmw----------------------------------------------------:3

3.:. Whm Mkeinsh Rfojcuijry-----------------------------------:3

3.3. Imxm`m-------------------------------------------------------:7

3.?. Rfojcuijry Ohjkem nk Mkeinsh---------------------------:=

3.7. Mkeinsh bfr _pmonbno Qurpfsm (M_Q)/ Smenstmrs---------31

3.=. Kmfifens`s--------------------------------------------------33

3.2. Kmfifens`s jkg thm Gnotnfkjry---------------------------35

3.5. _fonji Kmtwfrdnke/ @mgnj--------------------------------?1

3.8. @frphfifey jkg Ufrg-bfr`jtnfk------------------------?3

3.>. Imxnoji _m`jktnos------------------------------------------7?

Ohjptmr Whrmm

?.1. Whmfrmtnoji Brj`mwfrd jkg @mthfgfifey-----------------------72

?.:. Of`putmr-@mgnjtmg Of``uknojtnfk (O@O) Whmfry-75

?.3. Fkf`jsnfifenoji Whmfry fb Ufrg-Bfr`jtnfk----------=3

?.?. Whm Whmfry fb Imxnoji _m`jktnos------------------------=5

?.7. @mthfgfifey------------------------------------------------21


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Ohjptmr Bfur

7.1. Gjtj Qrmsmktjtnfk jkg Jkjiysns-----------------------------------27

7.:. Gjtj Qrmsmktjtnfk------------------------------------------27

7.3. Gjtj Jkjiysns-----------------------------------------------28

7.3.:. Zujintjtnvm Gjtj Jkjiysns------------------------85

7.3.3. Zujktntjtnvm Gjtj Jkjiysns-----------------------85

7.?. Gnsoussnfk---------------------------------------------------:1?

Ohjptmr Bnvm

=.1. Ofkoiusnfk------------------------------------------------------------:1=

=.:. Bnkgnkes------------------------------------------------------:12

=.3. _neknbnojkom fb thm _tugy----------------------------------:18

=.?. Ofktrncutnfks tf _ohfijrshnp------------------------------:18


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OHJQWMS FKM

Nktrfguotnfk

Whns stugy ns smt jejnkst thm cjoderfukg fb rmomkt tmohkfifenoji jgvjkom`mkts nk nktmrkmt-

cjsmg of`ùknojtnfk jkg nts ofrrmspfkgnke mbbmot fk thm Mkeinsh vfojcuijry. Inkeunst Gjvng

Orystji fkom mxprmssmg hns cminmb thjt thm nktmrkmt wfuig cm thm trmkg tf hjvm thm ermjtmst

n`pjot fk thm Mkeinsh Ijkeujem nk thm 3:st omktury. (Orystji, 311=) Whm usm fb nktmrkmt jkg

tmimof`ùknojtnfk tmohkfifenms hjvm truiy shjpmg thm wjy wm of`ùknojtm, ofktrncutnke tf

thm gmvmifp`mkt fb j whfim kmw vjrnmty thjt gmbnkms nktmrkmt ouiturm. Whns stugy bfousms fk

sfonji `mgnj, rmvmjinke thm kmw wfrgs thjt hjvm cmmk ormjtmg js j rmsuit fb sfonji kmtwfrdnke

fkinkm.

_fonji kmtwfrdnke sntms (_K_s) suoh js Bjomcffd, Wwnttmr, InkdmgNk jkg ^fuWucm hjvm

jttrjotmg `niinfks fb Mkeinsh-spmjdnke usmrs whf ofkkmot jkg of`ùknojtm vnj thm nktmrkmt,

usnke cfth of`putmrs jkg `fcnim gmvnoms. Whns hjs ijremiy mxpjkgmg thm Mkeinsh vfojcuijry.

Jppim jkg Cijodcmrry jrm kf ifkemr lust brunts jky`frm jkg `mgnoji tmr` tjcimts kfw

cmifkes tf thm sfonji `mgnj rmenstmr tff. Whm ifwmr-ojsm ns nk jsomkgjkom, thm sy`cfi A hjs

bifurnshmg, thm buii-stfp hjs cmmk rm-nktmrprmtmg js thm gft jkg mktnrm trmkgs hjvm cmmk

rmbrmshmg cy prmbnxms indm m-, tmohkf, tmim jkg oycmr. @mjknkes fb wmii-dkfwk wfrgs

hjvm shnbtmg grj`jtnojiiy (m.e. surb, jgg, brnmkg, indm, bfiifw, spj`, pfst, shjrm, wmc), whnim

thm Mkeinsh vfojcuijry hjs mxpjkgmg tf joof``fgjtm tftjiiy kmw fkms.

Whus, thm prn`jry purpfsm fb thns stugy ns tf nkvmstnejtm thmsm kmfifens`s nk thm imxnoji

systm` fb @fgmrk Mkeinsh jkg rmvmji thm `jlfr trmkgs tjdnke pijom wnthnk thm prfomssms fb

thmnr bfr`jtnfk jkg `mjknke.


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:.:. _tjtm`mkt fb Qrfcim`

Whm imxnoji systm` fb `fgmrk Mkeinsh js nt ns rmprmsmktmg nk thm sfonji `mgnj hjs cmmk

kmeimotmg js j bnmig fb stugy. @jky Mkeinsh spmjdmrs jrm ukjwjrm fb whjt sfonji `mgnj

kmfifens`s `mjk. Jejnkst thns cjoderfukg, thns stugy ns eungmg cy thm bfiifwnke qumstnfks5?)

:.7.7. Imxnoji _m`jktnos

Whm stugy fb wfrgs (imxnofifey) jkg thm stugy fb `mjknke (sm`jktnos) `jdm nt vmry kjturji

bfr stugmkts fb inkeunstnos tf nktmrprmt thm tmr` imxnoji sm`jktnos tf `mjk j `frm tmohknoji

tmr` bfr wfrg `mjknke. Imxnoji sm`jktnos ns thus sn`piy thm stugy fb wfrg `mjknke, cut nk

prjotnom, nt ns fbtmk `frm spmonbnojiiy ofkomrkmg wnth thm stugy fb imxnoji (n.m. ofktmkt) wfrg

`mjknke, js fppfsmg tf thm `mjknkes fb erj``jtnoji (fr bukotnfk wfrgs). Whns `mjks thjt

imxnoji sm`jktnonsts jrm `fst nktmrmstmg nk thm fpmk oijssms fb kfuks, vmrcs jkg jglmotnvm thjk

wnth thm oifsmg oijss fb prmpfsntnfks, jgvmrcs jkg ofklukotnfks. Kmfifens`s typnojiiy bjii

wnthnk thns oijss.


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:.=. Whmfrmtnoji Brj`mwfrd jkg @mthfgfifey

Whns stugy wnii cm sntujtmg wnthnk thm brj`mwfrd fb thm Of`putmr-@mgnjtmg Of`ùknojtnfk

(O@O) thmfry cmojusm thm kmfifens`s ukgmr stugy mvfivmg nk ijrem pjrt gum tf fkinkm sfonji

kmtwfrdnke (usnke of`putmrs). Whm jspmot fb wfrg-bfr`jtnfk wnii nkvmstnejtm `frphfifenoji

prfomssms jkg jgfpt bfr mthfgfifenoji rmjsfks Qjvfi _tmdjumrs fkf`jsnfifenoji thmfry fb

wfrg-bfr`jtnfk, usnke thm Ufrg-bfr`jtnfk Of`pfkmkt jkg Imxnoji Of`pfkmkt wnthnk thm

thmfry. Whm Ufrg-Bfr jtnfk Of`pfkmkt wnii joofukt bfr thm ormjtnfk fb mktnrmiy kmw wfrgs

whnim thm Imxnoji Of`pfkmkt wnii joofukt bfr thm ormjtnfk fb kmfifens`s thrfueh sm`jktno

mxtmksnfk fb mxnstnke wfrgs. Whm jspmot fb sm`jktno jkjiysns fb thm kmfifens`s ofiimotmg wnii

cm gfkm wnthnk thm brj`mwfrd fb imxnoji sm`jktnos.

:.2. Smsmjroh In`ntjtnfks

Whm stugy bfousmg fk sfonji `mgnj kmfifens`s fkiy4 thmrmbfrm thm bnkgnkes ojkkft cm

emkmrjinsmg. Whm wfrgs mxj`nkmg jrm fkiy thfsm ofnkmg thrfueh thm usm fb sfonji kmtwfrdnke

tffis. Nb thm sofpm fb stugy hjg nkoiugmg jii of`putmr-`mgnjtmg kmfifens`s, nt `jy hjvm img

tf gnbbmrmkt gjtj jkg bnkgnkes.

Cmnke j ùitn-gnsonpinkjry stugy mkof`pjssnke thm nktmrkmt, sfonji kmtwfrdnke jkg ijkeujem

gmvmifp`mkt, nt ofuig kft cm ojrrnmg fut wnthnk thm brj`mwfrd fb fkm inkeunstno thmfry. Whm

thmfry fb Of`putmr-@mgnjtmg Of`ùknojtnfks wjs jgfptmg bfr thm jspmot fb nktmrkmt jkg

sfonji `mgnj usm4 jk fkf`jsnfifenoji thmfry joofuktmg bfr thm jspmot fb wfrg-bfr`jtnfk fb

thm kmfifens`s, whnim thm thmfry fb imxnoji sm`jktnos wjs jgfptmg tf joofukt bfr thm

`mjknkes fb thm kmfifens`s.


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OHJQWMS WUF

SMRNMU FB SMIMRJKW INWMSJW]SM

Nktrfguotnfk

Whns ohjptmr wnii mxj`nkm whjt sf`m sohfijrs hjvm sjng jcfut thm `jnk ofkompts nk thns

stugy. Whm suclmot fb thns stugy ns thm prmvjimkt kmfifens` nk thm imxnoji systm` fb @fgmrk

Mkeinsh js j rmsuit fb sfonji kmtwfrdnke fkinkm. Whus, intmrjturm fk ofkompts rjkenke brf` thm

Mkeinsh vfojcuijry, imxnoji ohjkems jkg kmfifens`s tf sfonji kmtwfrdnke jkg thm nktmrkmt wnii

cm rmvnmwmg. Nk j cng tf sntujtm thns stugy wnthnk j thmfrmtnoji brj`mwfrd tf joofukt bfr thm

bfr` jkg `mjknke jkjiysns fb thm kmfifens`s, intmrjturm fb ofkompts suoh js `frphfifey jkg

imxnoji sm`jktnoswnii jisf cm rmvnmwmg.

3.:. WHM MKEIN_H RFOJC]IJS^

Nk hns ùoh-omimcrjtmg pucinojtnfk, @fgmrk Mkeinsh ]sjem, (:>8?< :2) Hmkry Bfwimr,

pfpuijriy rmbmrrmg tf js Whm Ujrgmk fb Mkeinsh stjtms thus< Whm enbt fb spmmoh jkg j wmii-

frgmrmg vfojcuijry jrm ohjrjotmrnstno fb mvmry dkfwk ijkeujem erfup.

Nk joofrgjkom wnth Bfwimrs jssmrtnfk, thm Mkeinsh vfojcuijry hjs j systm`jtno cut gykj`no

ijkgsojpm. Ufrgs jrm thm cjsno mim`mkts fb mvmry ijkeujem4 thus, thmy jrm thm `mgnu` cy

whnoh ohjkems foour nk j ijkeujem. Whm vfojcuijry ns thus sjng tf cm thm bnrst pfnkt fb ofktjot

nk thm prfomss fb ijkeujem ohjkem. Whm vfojcuijry fb j ijkeujem, thm tftjinty fb nts wfrgs, ns

jisf ojiimg nts imxnofk. Uhnim `jky fb thm gmtjnis fb thm Mkeinsh imxnofk wnii cm gnsoussmg nk

gmtjni cmifw, sf`m emkmrji gnsoussnfk fb whjt thm imxnofk ns jkg whjt nt ofktjnks ùst of`m

bnrst. Whmsm wnii cm mxj`nkmg joofrgnke tf thm ngmjs fb vjrnfus sohfijrs, cut bnrst wm ùst

jodkfwimgem thm pfiysm`y (thm stjtm fb hjvnke ùitnpim `mjknkes) fb thm wfrg imxnofk.


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Joofrgnke tf @urphy (3113< :3), thm imxnofk ojk rmbmr tf>3) sjys>3)

Whm tmr` `mktji imxnofk ns usmg nk frgmr tf gnstnkeunsh thns `frm psyohfifenoji jkg

nkgnvngujinstno `mjknke fb imxnofk. Oimjriy thfueh, wm hjvm tf tjdm nktf joofukt thm bjot thjt

thm fut thmrm jkg nk hmrm imxnofks jrm nktmrrmijtmg.

@fst ourrmkt jpprfjohms tf thm imxnofk jttm`pt tf bnkg j cjijkom cmtwmmk fut thmrm jkg thm

nk hmrm. Whm ofktnkumg usm fb thm j`cneufus tmr` imxnofk ns jk jodkfwimge`mkt fb thm

guji kjturm fb thm fclmot fb fur stugy, cut thm tmr`s `mktji imxnofk jkg imxns jrm usmg

whmrmvmr gnsj`cneujtnfk ns kmmgmg. Whns stugy hfwmvmr ns ofkomrkmg sfimiy wnth thm imxnofk

fut thmrmnk thm spmmoh of``uknty.


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Hjvnke gnsoussmg thm whmrm fb thm imxnofk, wm `fvm fk tf thm whjt. _tu`p (311=< 77)

jssmrts thus< :1>)< J inkeunstno bfr` (n.m. j cnt fb spmmoh jkg/fr wrntnke) rmprmsmkts j

imxm`m nb thjt bfr` ns ofkvmktnfkjiiy jssfonjtmg wnth j kfk-of`pfsntnfkji `mjknke.

Nk frgmr tf `jdm `frm smksm fb thm jcfvm, wm wnii iffd `frm oifsmiy jt thm ofkompts fb

ofkvmktnfkjinty jkg (kfk-) of`pfsntnfkjinty nk turk.

Jcfut ofkvmktnfkjinty, Cimvnks stjtms>>< :17) sjy85< :2) fkom wrftm3)

Whmrm wnii jiwjys cm pmfpim whf smm ijkeujem ohjkem js ijkeujem gmoinkm, cut thns stugy, nk

inkm wnth Wrjsd (:>>7) tjdms thm stjkgpfnkt thjt nt ns butnim tf rmsnst ijkeujem ohjkem.

Nb wm tjdm j pjssjem fb @nggim Mkeinsh, bfr mxj`pim, jkg smt nt cmsngm j `fgmrk trjksijtnfk,

`jky ohjkems ojtoh fur myms jt fkom. _tmvnod(:>28< ::) jgfpts thns brf` thm Qmtmrcfrfueh

ohrfknoimr3) ofktnkums5< :3:)

Whmnr jreu`mkt sueemsts thjt ohjkem ns j kmw phmkf`mkfk rukknke pjrjiimi tf thm crmjdgfwk

fb sfonmty. Whm prmsmkt rmsmjrohmr ofksngmrs suoh inkeunstno pmssn`ns` tf cm thm `jlfr

prfcim` bjomg nk thm ofursm fb nkstntutnfkjinzjtnfk fb sfonji `mgnj kmfifens`s. Whm inkeunstno

pmssn`nsts whf vnmw thm Mkeinsh ijkeujem nk thns wjy jrm ofkomrkmg jcfut smvmrji bjotfrs5< :3:)

Whm `jlfr prmfooupjtnfk fb thns rmsmjroh ns thns bimxncninty jkg vntjinty fb Mkeinsh js gmsorncmg

cy Whfrkm jcfvm. Nk joofrgjkom, @jtthmws (:>>3< :2) ofkoiugms thjt>3)

Whns stugy tjdms j stjkg tf shfw thjt thm rjpng ohjkem fb Mkeinsh gfms kft jutf`jtnojiiy

n`piy j gfwkwjrg spnrji tfwjrgs jk n`purm jkg nkmbbmotnvm bfr` fb Mkeinsh. Ohjkem ns jt thm

hmjrt fb j invnke ijkeujem jkg cy m`crjonke nt rjthmr thjk bmjrnke nt, ijkeujem usmrs ojk

cmkmbnt brf` thm gnvmrsnty thjt inkeunstno bimxncninty fbbmrs.

3.7. MKEIN_H BFS _QMONBNO Q]SQF_M_ (M_Q) / SMEN_WMS_

Whns stugy fk sfonji `mgnj kmfifens`s hjs crfueht tf thm bfrmerfukg thm ofktrncutnfk fb thm

ijkeujem fb sfonji `mgnj tf M_Q4 thmrm kfw mxnsts whjt ojk cm rmbmrrmg tf js j sfonji `mgnj

rmenstmr. Joofrgnke tf Fxbfrg Mkeinsh Gnotnfkjry mgntfr Jkeus _tmvmksfk, _fonji

kmtwfrdnke sntms hjvm ormjtmg j rmji ijkeujem fb thm kmt. (Whm Wmimerjph, _mpt. 3=, 31:1)

Hjvnke stugnmg thm ijkeujem fb fkinkm sfonji kmtwfrdnke, Iykk Ohmrky (:>>>< 35) ofkoiugms

thjt thm inkeunstno nktmrjotnfk usnke sfonji `mgnj ns `fst j`mkjcim tf gmsornptnfk nk tmr`s fb

rmenstmr, jkg Gjvns jkg Crmwmr (:>>5< 38-3>), nk thmnr stugy fb ohjt erfups, ofkoiugm thjt nt

hjs of`m tf cm smmk js j rmenstmr4 ijkeujem bfr j spmonbno purpfsm.

Gugimy-Mvjks (:>>5


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omktrmg fk thm ijkeujem jpprfprnjtm tf thmsm jotnvntnms nk tmr`s fb erj``jr,

imxns, stugy sdniis, gnsofursm, emkrm jkg rmenstmr.

Brf` thm gmbnkntnfk, thm rmsmjrohmr sur`nsms thjt M_Q ojk cut ns kft kmomssjrniy ofkomrkmg

wnth j spmonbno gnsonpinkm, kfr gfms nt hjvm tf cm jn`mg jt j omrtjnk jem erfup fr inkeunstno

jcninty rjkem.

Zunrd jkg Ermmkcju` (:>52< 25) stjtm thjt55< 3:3) ns fb thm vnmw thjt>2< 2:) ofuktmr thns??) mgntnfk fb Whm Fxbfrg

Mkeinsh Gnotnfkjry (FMG), thm mgntfrs envm jk joofukt fb thm vfojcuijry fb Mkeinsh,

rmofeknznke j bukgj`mktji gnstnkotnfk cmtwmmk wfrgs thjt cmifke tf thm of``fk ofrm fb thm


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ijkeujem (emkmrji vfojcuijry), jkg thfsm thjt cmifke tf pjrtnouijr spmonjinst sucsmts

(rmenstmrs).

Nk bjot, thns gnstnkotnfk `jy jppiy kft fkiy cmtwmmk wfrgs, cut jisf cmtwmmk thm smksms fb j

snkeim wfrg. Uhnim sf`m smksms `jy cmifke tf thm of``fk ofrm, fkm fr `frm smksms `jy cm

pjrt fb j spmonjinst vfojcuijry. Bfr mxj`pim, thm wfrg, hjkgim hjs j tmohknoji smksm nk thm

sfonji `mgnj rmenstmr, cut ns lust jk fclmot nk thm of``fk ofrm.

Ljodsfk jkg J`vmij (311:) sueemst hfwmvmr thjt8) jn`s tf sfivm thns<

Whm prfcim` inms nk thm rmijtnvnty fb thm ofkompt fb kfvmity fr kmwkmss js nt

gmpmkgs fk whjt pmrnfg ns tjdmk nktf ofksngmrjtnfk4 bfr hfw ifke thm wfrg hjs

thm stjtus fb cmnke kmw, mto.

]drjknjk phnififenst, @. N. @fstfvy fpnkms thjt thmrm jrm kf oimjr orntmrnj fb gmbnknke

kmfifens`s js j inkeunstno phmkf`mkfk. (:>>7


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fbbmrmg cy vjrnfus inkeunsts, whnoh crnke us sf`m oijrnty nk ngmktnbynke kmfifens`s wnthnk thm

vfojcuijry fb Mkeinsh.

@fstfvy wrntms thjt j kmfifens` ns j inkeunstno uknt thjt ns ormjtmg bfr thm gmbnkntnfk fb j kmw

kftnfk. (:>>7


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Whm Inkeunstno Mkoyoifpjmgnj cy R. K. ^jrtsmvj (:>>>< 35>) fbbmrs j crfjgmr gmbnkntnfk

stjtnke thjt>2< 3-8) fbbmrs bnvm orntmrnj bfr gmbnknke j kmfifens`


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Bnkjiiy, hm fbbmrs hns fwk gmbnkntnfk thjt hm kj`mg js jk mxtmkgmg imxnoferjphno gnjohrfkno

fkm jkg whnoh ns stjtmg js bfiifws, Jky wfrg thjt gfms kft foour nk thm `frphfifenoji

gjtjcjsm gmrnvmg brf` thm gnotnfkjry cmojusm fb nts rmomktkmss ns j kmfifens`.

Nk jii thm gmbnkntnfks, thmrm ns `mktnfk fb thm qujinty fb kfvmity bfr sf`m imxnoji uknts js j kmw

wfrg, phrjsm fr mxprmssnfk. _f`m gmbnkntnfks, lust indm thns stugy gng nk nts `mthfgfifey jgg

thm bjots fb sm`jktno kfvmity, m.e. kmw `mjknke4 fr mvmk thm syktjotno kfvmity, m.e. kmw

ofiifojtnfks. Whm gnbbmrmkom ns ohnmbiy nk thm mxtmkt fb kmwkmss4 mnthmr nt ofkomrks fkiy thm

shnbt nk `mjknke fr nk j struoturm tff.

Nb wm burthmr kftm thjt thm tmr` kmfifens` fk fkm hjkg, ns jcsmkt brf` thm nkgmx fb suoh

rmbmrmkom cffds fk emkmrji inkeunstnos js Ciff`bnmig (:>??), Hjrrns (:>=:), Eimjsfk (:>2:),

Lfhk Iyfks (:>55), Mrno Hj`ps (:>=5) Eifssjry fb J`mrnojk Wmohknoji Inkeunstno ]sjem

jkg thm Gnotnfkjry fb _pmonji Ijkeujem (:>53) cy Guorft jkg Wfgfrfv (:>53), cut thjt, fk

thm fthmr hjkg, `jky imxnofifensts oijssnby thfusjkgs fb inkeunstno bfr`s js kmfifens`s, thmrm

ns strfke rmjsfk bfr ofkomrk.

_nivnj (311:< 33) gnbbmrmktnjtms cmtwmmk `frphfifenoji kmfifens`s ormjtmg thrfueh

gmrnvjtnfk, of`pfukgnke, cimkgnke, jorfky`y, jkg cfrrfwnke jkg sm`jktno kmfifens`s

rmsuitnke brf`2< :2) ns bjnr up tf j omrtjnk mxtmkt,

bfr thm ku`cmr fb gmbnkntnfks vnrtujiiy ofnkongms wnth thm ku`cmr fb sohfijrs jkg thmsm

sohfijrs rmejrg thm phmkf`mkfk fb kmw wfrgs brf` gnbbmrmkt stjkgpfnkts, sf thjt thm emkmrji

vnmw fk thm nssum vjrnms brf` juthfr tf juthfr. Cut nt ns jisf vntjiiy n`pfrtjkt kft tf fvmriffd

thm sn`nijrntnms nk thfsm gmbnkntnfks jkg jpprfjohms whnoh jrm cjsmg fk thm of``fk ofkompt

fb kfvmity.

3.2. KMFIFEN_@_ JKG WHM GNOWNFKJS^

Jpjrt brf` thm gnotnfkjrnms, m`pnrnoji stugnms fb ijkeujem ohjkem nk thm imxnofk (thm

vfojcuijry fb thm `m`cmrs fb j ijkeujem spmmoh of``uknty) jrm ijremiy `nssnke. _f`m

imxnoferjphmrs sueemst thjt thmrm jrm thrmm crfjg sfurom typms fb kmfifens`s nk gnotnfkjrnms

js wmii js nk ofrpfrj8?) stjtms thjt, nk

imxnoferjphy, wfrgs jkg imxnojinsmg wfrg of`cnkjtnfks jrm ofksngmrmg kmw, nb thmy hjvm kft

cmmk nkoiugmg nk emkmrji gnotnfkjrnms fb _tjkgjrg Mkeinsh.

Jytf (:>>=


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3> | Q j e m

kmfifens`s tf jppmjr nk thm suppim`mkts fb Umcstmrs Whnrg Kmw Nktmrkjtnfkji Gnotnfkjry

(:>52< :5).

Nk :>57, Ljod O. Snohjrgs pucinshmg jk jrtnoim whnoh gmjis wnth thm vfojcuijry Mkeinsh

imjrkmrs jrm `fst indmiy tf kmmg (Snohjrgs :>57< 2>-87). Uhnim gnsoussnke Fegmk jkg Umsts

wfrg insts, hm stjtms thjt57< 52) Bfr nkstjkom, whmk

yfu thnkd fb j wfrg tf gmsorncm ruims fb cmhjvnfur whnim ohjttnke fkinkm, thm wfrg

ohjtnqumttm of`ms tf `nkg.

Bj`ninjrntygmsorncms thm suclmotnvm n`prmssnfk fb wfrgs.

Nk psyohfifenoji `mjsurm`mkt, thm bj`ninjrnty fb j stn`uius fr rmspfksm ns gmbnkmg js cmnke j

bukotnfk fb nts brmqumkoy fb foourrmkom nk thm hnstfry fb jk frejkns`. (:>57< 58)

Grjwnke fk thm gjtj ofiimotmg bfr thns stugy, nt ns fkiy thfsm wfrgs bfr`mg thrfueh thm

prfomss fb sm`jktno mxtmksnfk thjt hjvm thns qujinty. Whmy jrm jirmjgy bj`ninjr tf ijkeujem

usmrs, ukindm fthmr kmfifens`s whnoh jrm of`pimtmiy kmw.

Nk jggntnfk, Uniinj` B. @jodmy (:>2=< :85) ofksngmrs imjrkjcninty js jkfthmr prnkonpim whnoh

`jy smrvm js j eungm tf thm ofkstruotnfk fb j wfrg inst. Imjrkjcninty rmbmrs tf thm mjsm fr

gnbbnouity fb imjrknke j kmw wfrg. Bfr nkstjkom, jii sfonji `mgnj kmfifens`s hjvm cmmk shfwk

tf cm imjrkjcim, js thmy jrm `fst wfrgs whnoh oimjriy gmsorncm thm phmkf`mkfk thmy

rmprmsmkt. Nt ns thus jssu mg thjt jvjnijcninty, bj`ninjrnty jkg imjrkjcninty jrm jisf n`pfrtjkt

bfr thm imjrknke fb kmfifens`s cy thm kjtnvm spmjdmr. Whm imxnoferjphmr hfwmvmr ojkkft nk


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?1 | Q j e m

emkmrji, erjsp jkg `mjsurm thmsm prnkonpims. Nkstmjg, nt ns `jnkiy brmqumkoy jkg ofvmrjem fvmr

j omrtjnk pmrnfg fb tn`m thjt ns rmimvjkt bfr thm nkoiusnfk fb kmfifens`s nk thm gnotnfkjry.

3.5.

_FONJI KMWUFSDNKE/ @MGNJ

Ou``nkes (:>>=< 5) wrftm1s, ns j ofiimotnfk fb sfbtwjrm jkg prftfofis

gmsnekmg tf `jdm nt mjsnmr bfr of`putmrs tf of``uknojtm jorfss thm Nktmrkmt. ^jtms (:>>25:5:Whm bnrst m`jni wjs smkt. Whm twf of`putmrs wmrm snttnke rneht kmxt tf mjoh fthmr.

:>58Whm Cuiimtnk Cfjrg _ystm` (CC_) mxohjkemg gjtj fvmr phfkm inkms wnth fthmr usmrs

jkg thm bnrst ofpnms fb wmc crfwsmrs wmrm gnstrncutmg thrfueh thm ]_MKMW, jk fkinkm cuiimtnk

cfjrg.

:>>7Fkm fb thm wmcs bnrst sfonji kmtwfrdnke sntm, Emfontnms, wjs bfukgmg. Whm ofkompt

wjs bfr usmrs tf ormjtm thmnr fwk wmcsntms, ojtmefrnsmg cy fkm fb thm snx ontnms.

:>>=Jkfthmr sntm, thmeifcm.of` wjs bfukgmg jkg ejvm usmrs thm brmmgf` tf pmrsfkjinsm

thmnr fkinkm mxpmrnmkoms cy pucinshnke thmnr fwk ofktmkt jkg nktmrjotnke wnth fthmrs wnth

sn`nijr nktmrmsts.

:>>5JFI Nkstjkt @mssmkemr wjs ijukohmg, pfpuijrnsnke Nkstjkt @mssjenke.

3113Brnmkgstmr wjs ijukohmg, pnfkmmrnke thm fkinkm ofkkmotnfk fb rmji-wfrig brnmkgs.

311?@y_pjom wjs ijukohmg.


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?3 | Q j e m

Nk thm bfiifwnke ymjrs, `jky fthmr sfonji kmtwfrdnke sntms wmrm ijukohmg< Wrncm.kmt,

InkdmgNk, Oijss`jtms.of`, Lfndu, Kmtife, mto.

3117Bjomcffd wjs ijukohmg, bnrst jt Hjrvjrg, frnenkjiiy js j wjy fb ofkkmotnke ]._.

ofiimem stugmkts. @frm thjk :>,=11 stugmkts snekmg up wnthnk thm bnrst `fkth.

3112Wwnttmr wjs ijukohmg.

Smejrgimss fb hfw sfonji `mgnj jkg hfw nt ns usmg js j `mgnu` bfr sfonji kmtwfrdnke hjs

cmmk gmbnkmg, fkm thnke ns omrtjnk< nt wnii ofktnkum tf mvfivm jkg nts usm wnii mxpjkg4 jkg nk

thm prfomss, nt wnii cmof`m `frm nktmerjtmg nktf thm invms fb ijkeujem usmrs, puiinke thm

Mkeinsh vfojcuijry jifke wnth nt js nt mvfivms jkg mxpjkgs.

3.8. @FSQHFIFE^ JKG UFSG BFS@JWNFK

Nk inkeunstnos, `frphfifey ns thm stugy fb thm nktmrkji struoturm fb wfrgs. Brf`dnk mt ji (31::3 pmr omkt4 ofkvmrsnfks bfr :>.2 pmr omkt jkg shfrtmknkes bfr :8

pmr omkt, whnim kmw `mjknkes (:7.7 pmr omkt) jkg cfrrfwnke (5.= pmr omkt) jrm

imss prf`nkmkt (ob. Ojkkfk :>85< 35>).

Nk ofktrjst tf thm jcfvm stjtm`mkt, thm bnkgnkes fb thns stugy rmvmjimg cimkgnke tf cm thm `fst

of``fk wfrg-bfr`jtnfk prfomss. Whns stugy hfwmvmr jermms wnth thm gmsornptnfk fb wfrg-

bfr`jtnfk cy Ljodsfk jkg J`vmij (311:) jkg Erj`imy (311:) cmifw thjt wfrg bfr`jtnfk ns

thm vfojcuijry gmvmifp`mkt prfomss fb usnke mxnstnke ijkeujem `jtmrnjiwfrgs jkg

`frphm`mstf ormjtm kmw imxnoji ntm`s.


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?7 | Q j e m

Ljodsfk jkg J`vmij (311:


35/108

?= | Q j e m

jeerjvjtnke onrou`stjkoms cy m`ftnfkjiiy jrfusmg Mkeinsh spmjdmrs< Hjiimciffgyiuljh!"

(^uim, 311:< 2>) Whns prfomss fb puttnke jk nkbnx nk thm `nggim fb j wfrg ns jisf ojiimg

"mxpimtnvm nkbnxjtnfk" (tmdjumr, 311?< :1?)

Js Brf`dnk mt ji stjtm, "mvmk kmw cfukg `frphm`ms `jy mktmr thm ijkeujem." (31::< 78)

Whmy jisf envms jk mxj`pim, thm prmbnx m-. Nt ns cjrmiy twf gmojgms fig jkg wm ojk bnkg nt nk

`jky wfrgs suoh js m-`jni. Mxj`pims fb prmbnxms< uk-, `ns-, prm-. Mxj`pims fb subbnxms< -

imss, -nsh, -kmss. _f`m subbnxms ojk n`piy j spmonbno `mjknke. Whns bjot ojk thmk cm usmg nk

ormjtnke kmw wfrgs.

Cjumr envms sf`m mxj`pims fb thjt< "thm subbnxmm... ns thm fkm whnoh ns usmg tf bfr` pjtnmkt

kfuks indm jppfnktmm..." (Cjumr, 311?< :2), "thm msm subbnx ... ns thm fkm gmkftnke j

'ohjrjotmrnstno ljrefk'... Tjkg ns usmgP bfr gmrnvnke kjtnfkjinty jglmotnvms brf` kfuk cjsms."

Whm subbnxn ns usmg bfr bfr`nke j wfrg gmsorncnke kjtnfkjinty js nk Nsrjmin'. Whm subbnx

knd "jppmjrs tf `mjk sn`piy 'pmrsfk'." Whm `mjknke fb thm subbnxmsqum ns "nk thm `jkkmr fr

styim fb thm pmrsfk nk thm cjsm TfrP hjvnke thm (jrtnstno, cnzjrrm, pnoturmsqum) styim fb thm

pmrsfk nk thm cjsm." Whm subbnx nm prfguoms hypfofrnstnos." (Qmprkd, 3112< :12) jkg

"sf`m Mkeinsh ...subbnxms jrm nkhmrmktiy gmprmonjtnvm fr kmejtnvm< -jrg, -mmr ..."

Of`pfukgnke fr Of`pfsntnfk

Whns ns thm lfnknke fb twf smpjrjtm wfrgs tf prfguom j snkeim bfr`. Nk fthmr wfrgs, nt ns thm

"of`cnkjtnfk fb twf brmm bfr`s, fr wfrgs thjt hjvm jk fthmrwnsm nkgmpmkgmkt mxnstmkom"

(Jgj`s:>5?< ?1). Whm rmsuit ns ojiimg j of`pfukg wfrg. Whm ntm`s fb j of`pfukg wfrg

"`jy kft cm smpjrjtmg cy fthmr wfrgs jkg thmnr frgmr ns bnxmg." Of`pfukgs jrm vjrnfusiy

spmiimg wnth gjshms, spjoms, fr kfthnke cmtwmmk thm nkgnvnguji wfrgs." (Brf`dnk, 31::< ?8)

Whmy jrm ojiimg fpmk, hyphmkjtmg fr sfing of`pfukgs. Of`pfukg wfrgs jrm usujiiy

"ofkstruotmg fut fb j rmijtnvmiy s`jii ku`cmr fb `frphm`ms, whfsm `mjknkes jrm wmii


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?2 | Q j e m

dkfwk." (Brjkons, :>2=< >3) Brjkons envms us mxj`pims< tmim `mjks bjr, gnstjkt4 `mtmr

`mjks `mjsurm, cnf `mjks inbm jkg sf fk.

Hfwmvmr, "thm `mjknke fb j of`pfukg ns kft jiwjys thm su` fb thm `mjknkes fb nts pjrts4 ..."

(Brf`dnk, 31::< ?8) Bfr nkstjkom j cijodcfjrg ojk cm jisf whntm.

Of`pfukgnke ns j vmry of``fk wjy fb ormjtnke kmw wfrgs nk Mkeinsh jkg "thm dnkgs fb

of`cnkjtnfks thjt foour nk Mkeinsh jrm kmjriy in`ntimss" (Brf`dnk, ncng.) "Whm vjst `jlfrnty

fb of`pfukgs nk Mkeinsh jrm kfuks." (Cjumr, 311?< :?)

Cjumr nk hns Mkeinsh Ufrg-Bfr`jtnfk (311?< :1) stjtms thjt "thm suc-oijssnbnojtnfk fb

of`pfukgs ns gfkm nk `jky gnbbmrmkt wjys< cy thm bfr` oijssms fb thm ntm`s thjt `jdm up thm

of`pfukg ... cy sm`jktno oijssms ... cy prmsu`mg ukgmriynke fpmrjtfrs inkdnke thm twf

mim`mkts ... cy prmsu`mg ukgmriynke syktjotno bukotnfk ... jkg sf fk."

Hm jisf jggs thjt "`jky sohfijrs usm j `nxturm fb twf fr `frm fb thmsm `mthfgs fb

oijssnbnojtnfk."

Hfwmvmr, hm emkmrjiiy gnstnkeunshms thmsm typms fb of`pfukgs)

"@fst ofnkjems jrm kf `frm thjk 'kfkom' tmr`s, `mjkt fkiy bfr j snkeim foojsnfk jkg j ofupim

fb ijuehs. Jt cmst, thmy mkg up nk bukky ofiimotnfks." (Qiftknd, 3118) Nk fthmr wfrgs, sf`m

ofnkjems kmvmr cmof`m jkythnke `frm thjk kfkom-bfr`jtnfks. Hfwmvmr, thfsm kmw wfrgs

whnoh survnvm, "...jbtmr thmnr bnrst ofnkjem, tmkg tf cmof`m mvmrygjy wfrgs nk thm ijkeujem."

(^uim, ncng)

Cfrrfwnke fr I fjk Ufrgs

Cfrrfwnke foours whmk fkm ijkeujem jggs j wfrg fr `frphm`m brf` jkfthmr ijkeujem tf

nts fwk imxnofk." (Brf`dnk, 31::< =7) Cfrrfwnke ns fkm fb thm `fst of``fk sfuroms fb kmw

wfrgs nk Mkeinsh. Cfrrfwmg wfrgs jrm prfkfukomg joofrgnke tf thm phfkfifenoji ruims fb thm

cfrrfwnke ijkeujem. "Whrfuehfut nts hnstfry, thm Mkeinsh ijkeujem hjs jgfptmg j vjst

ku`cmr fb ifjkwfrgs brf` fthmr ijkeujems". (^uim, 311:) "_f mxtmksnvm hjs nt cmmk thjt cy

bjr thm ermjtmr pjrt fb thm prmsmkt-gjy Mkeinsh vfojcuijry ns `jgm up fb cfrrfwmg rjthmr thjk

kjtnvm wfrgs." "Fb thm 31, 111 fr sf wfrgs nk of``fk usm, jcfut thrmm-bnbths jrm cfrrfwmg."

(Brf`dnk, 31::) Mkeinsh cfrrfwmg brmqumktiy brf`


39/108

?> | Q j e m

- Ijtnk (wnkm, ohmmsm), Brmkoh (ohjsm, eujrgnjk).

- _ojkgnkjvnjk ijkeujems (mee, ueiy), Omitno (shj`rfod, ifoh)

- Ijkeujems fb @nggim Mjst jkg Bjr Mjst (im`fk, jiemcrj, jiofhfi), ijkeujems fb thm

Kmw Ufrig (pftjtf,wffgohuod, tf`jtf) jkg Murfpmjk ijkeujems js Sussnjk (vfgdj),

Ozmoh (rfcft), Qfinsh (pfidj), Hukejrnjk (efuijsh) fr Bnkknsh (sjukj) mkrnohmg

Mkeinsh vfojcuijry.

Whmsm mxj`pims wmrm tjdmk brf` Whm Mkeinsh Ijkeujem< Jk Nktrfguotnfk< Cjoderfukg bfr

Urntnke (Brjkons, :>2=< 53).

"J spmonji typm fb cfrrfwnke ns gmsorncmg js ifjk-trjksijtnfk, fr ojiqum. Nk thns prfomss, thmrm

ns j gnrmot trjksijtnfk fb thm mim`mkts fb j wfrg nktf thm cfrrfwnke ijkeujem" (^uim, 31128< =82)


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71 | Q j e m

Oinppnke fr _hfrtmknke

"Oinppnke rmbmrs tf thm prfomss whmrmcy j imxm`m ... ns shfrtmkmg, whnim stnii rmtjnknke thm

sj`m `mjknke jkg stnii cmnke j `m`cmr fb thm sj`m bfr` oijss." (Cjumr311?< 21) Nt ns j typm

fb rmguotnfk (j shfrt wfrg ns `jgm brf` j ifkemr fkm). Oinppnke "foours whmk j wfrg fb `frm

thjk fkm syiijcim ns rmguomg tf j shfrtmr bfr`." (^uim 3112< 5:) Whjt fbtmk hjppmks nk ojsuji

spmmoh. "Brmqumktiy oinppnke rmsuits nk j ohjkem fb styinstno imvmi." (Cjumr 311?< 2:)

_f`mtn`ms, js Brf`dnk mt ji sjys, "jccrmvnjtnfks fb ifkemr wfrgs fr phrjsms jisf `jy

cmof`m imxnojinzmg, thjt ns, wfrgs nk thmnr fwk rneht." (Brf dnk mt ji, 31::< :5) "Oinppmg

bfr`s jrm jisf usmg nk of`pfukgs, js nk fp jrt (9fptnoji jrt) ..." jkg "nt ns jisf brmqumktiy

thm ojsm thjt cfth hjivms fb j of`pfukg jrm oinppmg js nk mgcnz." (Cjumr 3115< 7?) Oinppnkes

jrm brmqumkt nk nkbfr`ji, mspmonjiiy spfdmk Mkeinsh. "@fst fb thm` prmsmrvm j ofiifqunji

bijvfur jkg jrm in`ntmg tf thm spmonji vfojcuijrnms fb fooupjtnfkji erfups." (Brjkons, :>2=

morpho-semantic analysis of social media neologisms by akunna onyedum

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