morfologi kromosom

CELL

Kuliah Genetika

Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA

The picture on the right shows a cell The darker spot is its nucleus which contains the DNA The membrane of the nucleus separate the DNA from the rest of the cells contents because the external environment outside the nucleus may cause the genetic coding on DNA to change

STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SELbull Cell membranebull Cytoplasmabull Ribosomesbull Centriolesbull Mitochondrionbull Smooth ERbull Rough ERbull Golgi apparatusbull Lysosomebull Chromosomesbull Nucleolusbull Nucleusbull Nuclear envelope

ER = ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Definisi SelSel adalah unit kehidupan struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari tubuh

Terdiri atas 2 jenis

1 Sel Prokariotik2 Sel Eukariotik

Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik

Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik

Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti

Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus

Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis

Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran

Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria

Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob

Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma

Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma

Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel

bull Plasmalemma = membran sel

bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus

KROMOSOM

Kuliah Genetika


bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes

bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)

bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division

bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes

Chromosome

Struktur Kromosom

bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA

bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus

bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus

bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA

Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah

benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga

keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan

bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing

bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh

bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik

bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`

bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena

persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual

Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-

50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada

yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang

menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)

Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging

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Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species

BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox

CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans

181416202634

384042444678gt1000

Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species

Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom

bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer

bull 3 Lengan pendek

bull 4 Lengan panjang

Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)

bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V

bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J

bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya

bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)

MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen

Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang

kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin

bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin

bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)

bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X

bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)

bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki

For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154

Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer

Chromosome 1

Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer

Chromosome 13

bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer

Chromosome 13

Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer

Chromosome X

Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer

GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah

kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA

Structure DNA

bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain

A nucleotide consists of three components

1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group

B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa

P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar

Structure RNA

Similar to DNA except

Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine

B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Gbr purine and pirimidine

Double- stranded helix of DNA

1 Two long chains (strand)

2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by

hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands

3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs

A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds

The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA

1000 bp4 kb2 Mb

Model of double-helical DNA

Base pair

Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone

agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc

Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream

T to C change Met (initiation codon)


Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF

The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene

ORF

ORF

The genetic code

The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain

Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function

Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid

The amino acid of proteins and their designation

Amino acidsThree letter designation

Single-letterdesignaton

AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine

AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso

ARNDCEQGHI



LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine

LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal

LKMFPSTWYV

a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a

Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys

MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C

A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction

A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2

STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL

Definisi Sel

Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik

Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11

Sejarah penemuan kromosom

Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

The picture on the right shows a cell The darker spot is its nucleus which contains the DNA The membrane of the nucleus separate the DNA from the rest of the cells contents because the external environment outside the nucleus may cause the genetic coding on DNA to change



















KROMOSOM

Kuliah Genetika






Chromosome

Struktur Kromosom

























181416202634

384042444678gt1000



bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46



















KROMOSOM

Kuliah Genetika






Chromosome

Struktur Kromosom

























181416202634

384042444678gt1000



bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46





Chromosome

Struktur Kromosom

























181416202634

384042444678gt1000



bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Struktur Kromosom

























181416202634

384042444678gt1000



bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46






















181416202634

384042444678gt1000



bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46


bull 1 Kromatid

bull 2 Sentromer








MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46






MetaSubmeta

AkrosenTelosen








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46








44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom

+ XY

IBU AYAH

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ x

22 AUTOSOM

+ Y

Ovum Ginospermium

Androspermium

44 autosom

+ XX

44 autosom




Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46



Chromosome 1


Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Chromosome 13


Chromosome 13


Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Chromosome X




Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46



Structure DNA




B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

H

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Deoxyribosa


Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Structure RNA



B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

B a s e

CH2

P

-

HH

H

OH

H

OH

4

5

32

1

Ribose

Uracil

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46









1000 bp4 kb2 Mb


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46


Base pair






Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46





Heterozygote= TC

Wild type = TT

Homozygote=CC

ORF


ORF

ORF

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

The genetic code









ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46







ARNDCEQGHI





LKMFPSTWYV



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46



MQFGGLLC stop

5`- -3`

N- -C



B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

B a s e

Pyrimidine

Purine

Cytosine ( C )

Thymine ( T )

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

CELL

Slide 2


Definisi Sel


Struktur Dasar Sel

KROMOSOM

Slide 8

Struktur Kromosom

Slide 10

Slide 11


Slide 13

Morfologi kromosome

Slide 15




Slide 19

Slide 20

Tipe kromosom

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

GEN

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37


Slide 39

Slide 40

The genetic code

Genetic Code

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

morfologi kromosom

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