Universidad Técnica de Ambato

Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de La

Educación

Carrea de Idiomas

TKT Glossary

Mónica Moreta

9th “B”

Element 1

WORD:

ACCURACY

DEFINITION: The use of correct forms of

grammar, vocabulary, spelling and

pronunciation.

EXAMPLE: Teachers and learners focus on using and producing

language correctly

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students a short paragraph in

order to identify accuracy. It means the correct use of grammar,

vocabulary and spelling.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ӕˈkjurət/

WORD:

AFFIX

DEFINITION: A meaningful group of letters

added to the beginning or end of a word to

make a new word, which can be a different

part of speech from the original word.

EXAMPLE: Affixation is a grammatical part

HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board a list of adjectives and

students have to write affixes in the adjectives. In this way they can

identify how to add letters to make affixes

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /əˈfɪks/

WORD:

APPROPIACY

DEFINITION: Language which is suitable in

a particular situation

EXAMPLE: Teacher uses an appropiacy language in the classroom

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short conversation about daily

routines. After, I will teach them transition words. Then, I will ask

them to talk about their daily routines. Students have to use

appropiacy vocabulary and transition words

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /əˈproʊ·pri·əsi/

WORD:

CHUNK

DEFINITION: Any pair or group of words

commonly found together or near one another

as phrasal verbs, idioms, collocations, and

fixed expressions

EXAMPLE: Have a good trip, I´d like to , how about are examples

of chunk

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students some examples about

chunks and after I will provide them a short reading in where they

can underline chunks.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /tʃʌŋk/

WORD:

COHERENCE

DEFINITION: When ideas in a spoken or

written text fit together clearly and smoothly,

and so are logical and make sense to the

listener or reader

EXAMPLE: You have to be carefully to use coherence in your

essays

HOW TO TEACH: I will make a brainstorming in which students

can write their ideas about family. Then, students can write

sentences using the words that they wrote before.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /koʊˈhɪər·əns/

WORD:

COHESION

DEFINITION: The way spoken or written

texts are joined together with logical grammar

or lexis, e.g. conjunctions (Firstly, secondly),

lexical sets, referring words (it, them, this)

EXAMPLE: You need to improve cohesion in your writings

HOW TO TEACH: I will give students an oral presentation in

which they can analyze the use transition words and the connections

of ideas

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /koʊˈhi·ʒən/

WORD:

COLLOCATION

DEFINITION: Words which are regularly

used together. The relation between the words

may be grammatical, for example when

certain verbs/adjectives collocate with

particular prepositions

EXAMPLE: Depend on, make photocophies, take a holiday, are

examples of collocations

HOW TO TEACH: I will use some sheet of paper in which

students can find examples of collocation. Then, I will write

sentences using collocation.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌkɒl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/

WORD:

COMPLEX

DEFINITION: Complicated, not simple

EXAMPLE: Reading is one complex skill for me

HOW TO TEACH: I will work on websites in order to practice

and improve complex vocabulary

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kəmˈpleks/

WORD:

COMPOUND

DEFINITION: Nouns, verbs, adjectives or

prepositions that are made up of two or more

words and have one unit of meaning.

EXAMPLE: I have some problems with compounds

HOW TO TEACH: I will use hot chair in where students can talk

about compound

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/

WORD:

COMPOUND

NOUNS

DEFINITION: Compound noun is a

combination of two or more words, which are

used as a single word, e.g. a flower shop, a

headache

EXAMPLE: Compund nouns can be really necessary and important

to use in the classroom

HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board different compound

nouns and explain how to make and use in complete sentences

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/

/nɑʊn/

WORD:

CONFIDENCE

DEFINITION: The feeling someone has

when they are sure of their ability to do

something well.

EXAMPLE: Teachers must find activities in order to have

confidence in students because they are so shy

HOW TO TEACH: I will teach students the most important values

as responsibility, respect, and confidence in themselves.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/

WORD:

CONSOLIDATE

DEFINITION: To return to something in

order to allow learners to understand and

remember it more completely.

EXAMPLE: Students can consolidate grammar part practicing

extra exercises

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide exercises about simple present in

order to help students to consolidate their knowledge about it

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kənˈsɑl·əˌdeɪt/

WORD:

CONJUNCTION

DEFINITION: A conjunction (or connector)

is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or

sentences

EXAMPLE: My mother and my father are very happy

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students a power point

presentation in which they can learn conjunction and how to use it in

paragraphs or essays

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kənˈdʒʌŋk·ʃən/

WORD:

CONSTRACTIVE

STRESS

DEFINITION: Is used to express an unusual

or emphatic meaning in a sentence. It involves

stressing the important word according to the

different meanings

EXAMPLE: Constractive stress is a fundamental part to study

phonlogy

HOW TO TEACH: I will develop listening skill in where I can

provide a short script to analyze constractive stress of some words

and at the same time practice pronunciation

PHONEMIC SCRIPT:

/kənˈtrɑː.stɪv/ /stres/

WORD:

CONTEXT

DEFINITION: The situation in which

language is used or presented.

EXAMPLE: We have to write sentences using a vocabulary

according to the context

HOW TO TEACH: I can use a reading comprehension in which I

will teach vocabulary according to the context of the reading

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑn·tekst/

WORD:

DETERMINER

DEFINITION: Determiner is used to make

clear which noun is referred to, or to give

information about quantity, and includes

words such as the, a, this, that, my, some

EXAMPLE: “The computer is mine” is an example of how to use

determiner

HOW TO TEACH: I will use extra examples about how to use

determiners and ask students to write sentences with determiners

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /dɪˈtɜr·mə·nər/

WORD:

DIPHTHONG

DEFINITION: A vowel combination which

is pronounced by moving from one vowel to

another

EXAMPLE: Diphthong is a combination of vowels

HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a list of diphthongs on the

board and ask students to come to the front and write sentences

using the list of diphthongs

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈdɪf.θɒŋ/

WORD:

DISCOURSE

DEFINITION: Spoken or written language

in texts or groups of sentences.

EXAMPLE: Discourse can be used in written and oral language

HOW TO TEACH: I will teach how to make sentences and I will

ask students to write a paragraph in which they can analyze

discourse in their paragraph

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈdɪs·kɔr/

WORD:

DRAFT

DEFINITION: A draft is a piece of writing

that is not yet finished, and may be changed.

EXAMPLE: Draft is when students write for the first time and it

could be edited and changed

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide some models of draft using

recycled paper.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /dræft/

WORD:

DRILL

DEFINITION: A technique teachers use for

encouraging learners to practice language. It

involves guided repetition or practice.

EXAMPLE: Drill is a technique which helps to improve our

pronunciation, especially when we have problems with some words

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a radio program that students have to

listen and take important verbs. After, I will use drills to improve

their pronunciation.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /drɪl/

WORD:

ENCOURAGE

DEFINITION: When a teacher helps

learners to succeed by giving them confidence

EXAMPLE: Teacher can have find some activities to encourage

students

HOW TO TEACH: I will do “ABC” activity to encourage

students.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪnˈkɜr·ɪdʒ/

WORD:

ERROR

DEFINITION: A mistake that a learner

makes when trying to say something above

their level of language or language processing

EXAMPLE: Students have some errors in their compositions.

HOW TO TEACH: : I will ask students to talk about their family in

front of the class. Students have to pay attention to the errors after I

will give them feedback

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈer·ər/

WORD:

EXPONENT

DEFINITION: An example of a grammar

point, function or lexical set

EXAMPLE: Exponent can express different functions at the same

time.

HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students personal information about

their lives and then, we will analyze how to use exponent in real life

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪkˈspoʊ·nənt/

WORD:

FALSE FRIENDS

DEFINITION: Word in the target language

which looks or sounds as if it has the same

meaning as a similar word in the learners’ first

language but does not

EXAMPLE: False friends are very useful and important in

language teaching and learning

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a web page in where students find

examples of false friends. I will give a short explanation about how

to use it

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /fɔls/ /frend/

WORD:

FEATURE

DEFINITION: A feature of something is an

interesting or important part or characteristic

of it

EXAMPLE: English has different features that can be very

interesting

HOW TO TEACH: Students can have the opportunity to learn

some functions about English language through role plays

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfi·tʃər/

WORD:

FORMAL

LANGUAGE

DEFINITION: Language used in formal

conversations or writing

EXAMPLE: When we have to talk with important authorities we

must use formal language

HOW TO TEACH: I will use flashcards to use some expressions

about formal language

PHONEMIC SCRIPT:

/ˈfɔr·məl//ˈlæŋ·ɡwɪdʒ/

WORD:

FUNCTION

DEFINITION: The reason or purpose for

communication

EXAMPLE: Asking for clarification and making suggestion are

examples of fucntion

HOW TO TEACH: I will use commands in the classroom and ask

students some functions and importance to use commands in the

classroom

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfʌŋk·ʃən/

WORD:

HESITATE

DEFINITION: A pause before or while

doing or saying something.

EXAMPLE: Students always hesitate because they do not have the

ideas or they need more time to think before to answer a question

HOW TO TEACH: To teach the word hesitate I will give students

a conversation and ask some questions about it. Also, students

analyze how hesitations involve in the language learning

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhez·ɪˌteɪt/

WORD:

HIGHLIGHT

DEFINITION: To mark words on paper, on

the board or on a computer screen using a

colour or underlining so that they are easier to

notice

EXAMPLE: During a reading process you can highlight some

important information using different colors in order to have a better

idea about it

HOW TO TEACH: Students have to read a short paragraph and

they must highlight the main verbs that contain the paragraph

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑɪˌlɑɪt/

WORD:

HOMONYMS

DEFINITION: A word with the same

spelling and pronunciation as another word,

but which has a different meaning

EXAMPLE: (embarazado) and embarrassed are examples of

homonys

HOW TO TEACH: I will make jigsaw reading it can be very

useful for students because they can identify homonyms and use in

sentences

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑm·əˌnɪm/

WORD:

HOMOPHONES

DEFINITION: A word which sounds the

same as another word, but has a different

meaning or spelling

EXAMPLE: We use homophones to refer the words that have the

same pronunciation, but different spelling and meaning

HOW TO TEACH: I will use write sentences using homophones.

Then, I will use short role play in where they can identify

homophones

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑm·əˌfoʊn/

WORD:

INFORMAL

LANGUAGE

DEFINITION: Informal language. Language

used in informal conversations or writing

EXAMPLE: When we are with our closed friend we usually use

informal language

HOW TO TEACH: I will use some expression that are used in

informal situations so students can know how to use informal

language between them

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪnˈfɔr·məl/

/ˈlæŋ·ɡwɪdʒ/

WORD:

INTERACTION

DEFINITION: The different ways learners

and the teacher work together in class

EXAMPLE: Interaction is a useful tool to practice speaking skill

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short conversation and ask students

to discuss about the conversation in pairs

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌɪn·tərˈækt/

WORD:

INTONATION

DEFINITION: The way the level of a

speaker’s voice changes to show meaning

such as how they feel about something.

EXAMPLE: In a conversation we can find rising and falling

Intonation according to the situations

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a radio program where they have to

practice the correct intonation of some information questions

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌɪn·təˈneɪ·ʃən/

WORD:

LAYOUT

DEFINITION: The way in which a text is

organized and presented on a page.

EXAMPLE: There are texts that have special layouts as magazines,

and letters

HOW TO TEACH: I will bring some magazines to let students the

different layouts that the magazines have

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈleɪˌɑʊt/

WORD:

LEAD- IN

DEFINITION: A lead-in is activities that

includes an introduction to the topic of the text

or main task

EXAMPLE: Teachers need to do lead-in activities in order to

introduce a topic and encourage students attention

HOW TO TEACH: I will use different activities about colors in

order to practice it.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /lid/ /ɪn/

WORD:

LEARN BY HEART

DEFINITION: To learn something so that

you can remember it perfectly

EXAMPLE: Learn by heart is a strategy or activity that help to

remember something you learned before

HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a continuously feedback

about animals that they have been studying during all week

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /lɜrn/ /bɑɪ/ /hɑrt/

WORD:

LEXICAL SET

DEFINITION: A group of words or phrases

that are about the same content topic or

subject.

EXAMPLE: Lexical set is a group of words or phrases that share a

similar feature

HOW TO TEACH: I will give a reading in which students have to

practice and match lexical sets. After, students have to write

examples using lexical sets from the reading

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlek.sɪ.kəl/ /set/

WORD:

LEXIS

DEFINITION: Individual words or sets of

words

EXAMPLE: Homework, study, whiteboard, get dressed, be on time

are example of lexis

HOW TO TEACH: I will used a warm up “the alphabet”. Students

have to write nouns using 10 letters of the alphabet

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlek.sɪs/

WORD:

LINKING

DEFINITION: The way different sounds can

link into each other in connected speech

EXAMPLE: Linking is a strategy that helps to connect your ideas

HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students to write a short paragraph

about their family using transition words. Then, students have to

share their paragraph with their classmates

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlɪŋ·kɪŋ/

WORD:

MEANINGFUL

DEFINITION: Something which shows the

meaning of language

EXAMPLE: An activity can be very meaningful if it is useful for

students in real life

HOW TO TEACH: I will give students sheet of paper in order to

practice some exercises about can and can´t. This activity can be

very meaningful for students

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmi·nɪŋ·fəl/

WORD:

MEMORIZE

DEFINITION: To learn something so that

you can remember it later; something which is

easy to remember

EXAMPLE: Memorize is a process in which information is

encoded. It could be in a short or long memory

HOW TO TEACH: I will write numbers on the board and ask

students to memorize the numbers from the board. Students come to

the front and tell all numbers

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/

WORD:

MINIMAL PAIRS

DEFINITION: Two words which differ from

each other by only one meaningful sound (or

phoneme)

EXAMPLE: In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or

phrases in a particular language as e.g. hit / hˆt / ; heat / hˆÄt /.

HOW TO TEACH: I will use flashcard. Students have to repeat

minimal pairs. Then they have to come to the front and write extra

examples on the board

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmɪn·ə·məl/

/peər/

WORD:

MOTIVATION

DEFINITION: Motivation is the thoughts

and feelings which make us want to do

something and help us continue doing it.

EXAMPLE: Motivation is very important in language learning

HOW TO TEACH: : I will use an article about fashion style in

order to motivate students to learn about it, because they enjoy

reading about styles of clothes.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmoʊ·t̬ɪv/

WORD:

NEUTRAL

DEFINITION: A style of speaking or writing

that is neither formal nor informal, but in

between.

EXAMPLE: There are neutral exponents that we use when we

want to show a great respect.

HOW TO TEACH: I will develop a debate about wild animals and

ask students who are against, favor or neutral about reason to protect

wild animals

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈnu·trəl/

WORD:

PARAPHRASE

DEFINITION: To state something written or

spoken in different words, esp. in a shorter and

simpler form to make the meaning clearer

EXAMPLE: Paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text

or passage using own words

HOW TO TEACH: I will tell students some quotes about

education and ask students to paraphrase the quotes.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈpær·əˌfreɪz/

WORD:

PHONEME

DEFINITION: The smallest sound unit

which can make a difference to meaning e.g.

/p/ in pan, /b/ in ban.

EXAMPLE: Words can have different phoneme script

HOW TO TEACH: I will use examples of phonemes and ask

students to write words with their phonemes

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfəʊ.niːm/

WORD:

PREFIX

DEFINITION: A prefix is a letter or group of

letters added to the beginning of a word to

make a new word

EXAMPLE: Prefixes and other affixes, can change the syntactic

category. For example, it can change positive to negative or formal

to informal

HOW TO TEACH: I will use prefixes worksheet in where

students write correct prefix next to the root word to match the

meaning

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈpri·fɪks/

WORD:

PROCESS

DEFINITION: To actively think about new

information in order to understand it

completely and be able to use it in future.

EXAMPLE: Writing process includes different stages as planning,

drafting, re-drafting, editing and proofreading

HOW TO TEACH: I will explain the writing process and ask

students to write a short paragraph

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈprɑs·es/

WORD:

PHONOLOGY

DEFINITION: The study of sounds in a

language or languages.

EXAMPLE: Phonology is a field of linguistics that study the

system of sounds

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short dialogue in which they can

write the phonology of some words

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /fəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/

WORD:

READING

DEFINITION: The skill or activity of getting

information from written words

EXAMPLE: Reading has some stages in order to help learners and

people

HOW TO TEACH: I will provide a reading about animals and

students have to answer some questions about it

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈri·dɪŋ/

WORD:

REGISTER

DEFINITION: The formality or informality

of the language used in a particular situation

EXAMPLE: There different kind of registers according to each

situations

HOW TO TEACH: I will use some examples of register and ask

students to write sentences with each register and after work in pairs

to compare their sentences

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈredʒ·ɪ·stər/

WORD:

RHYTHM

DEFINITION: The rhythm of speech is the

way that some words in a sentence are

emphasised or stressed to produce a regular

pattern.

EXAMPLE: Rhythm is the stress, way or emphasis that we put of

some words

HOW TO TEACH: I will do a short activity in which students have

to practice falling and rising intonation and identify different rhythm

of some adjectives

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈrɪð·əm/

WORD:

SCAN

DEFINITION: To read a text quickly to pick

out specific information, e.g. finding a phone

number in a phone book

EXAMPLE: Scan is a strategy for reading

HOW TO TEACH: Teacher ask students to scan the text and after

answer some questions about the reading

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /skæn/

WORD:

SILENT PERIOD

DEFINITION: The time when learners who

are beginning to learn a first (or second)

language prefer to listen (or read) before

producing the language

EXAMPLE: Silent period is very necessary and useful during

reading process

HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students to read an article in silent

and understand the text.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT:

/ˈsɑɪ·lənt/ /ˈpɪər·i·əd/

WORD:

SKIM

DEFINITION: To read a text quickly to get a

general idea of what it is about.

EXAMPLE: We use skim strategy to read a text quickly to get a

general idea

HOW TO TEACH: Students have to skim a reading in order to get

a general idea. Then, ask students to share their knowledge about the

reading

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /skɪm/

WORD:

SIMPLIFY

DEFINITION: To make something easier.

Simplifying language or tasks is a common

scaffolding strategy

EXAMPLE: Simplified texts can help students to get confidence to

learn eg: “close the window”

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a poem in which students have to

identify all main verbs

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈsɪm·pləˌfɑɪ/

WORD:

SUBSKILL

DEFINITION: Each of the four language

skills can be divided into smaller subskills that

are all part of the main skill

EXAMPLE: Reading, writing, speaking and listening have

different subskills

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a power point presentation to teach

students the subskills for each skill as reading, writing, listening and

writing.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /sʌb/ /skɪl/

WORD:

SUFFIX

DEFINITION: A suffix is a letter or group of

letters added at the end of a word to make a

new word

EXAMPLE: Suffix is a small part, or letters that must added at the

end of a word

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a chart in where students have to

write suffixes and they have to write sentences with each suffix.

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈsʌf·ɪks/

WORD:

UTTERANCE

DEFINITION: A complete unit of speech in

spoken language. An utterance can be shorter

than a sentence

EXAMPLE: Conversations can have utterances, general

vocabulary, simple grammar to lead students to understand better

HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board some questions about

technology and ask students to answer the questions

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈʌt̬·ər·əns/

WORD:

WORD

BOUNDARY

DEFINITION: Where one word ends and the

next one begins, especially in connected

speech.

EXAMPLE: Word boundaries are supported by most regular

expression flavors

HOW TO TEACH: I will use an e-mail in order to identify the use

of word boundary

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/

/ˈbɑʊn·dri/

WORD:

WORD FAMILY

DEFINITION: A group of words that come

from the same root or base word

EXAMPLE: Real, really, realistic and unreal are examples which

refer to word family

HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a list of words in which

they can write word family

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/ /ˈfæm·ə·li/

WORD:

WORD STRESS

DEFINITION: Is the pronunciation of a

syllable with more force or emphasis than the

surrounding syllables which are said to be

unstressed, e.g. umbrella / √m«brelW /.

EXAMPLE: Word stress has a relation with the structure of

morphological system

HOW TO TEACH: I will use a role play. Students have to analyze

how the stress can be added in the words

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/ /stres/

WORD:

WRITING

DEFINITION: A person’s style of forming

letters and words with a pen or pencil, or

something written

EXAMPLE: Writing is a skill in which students have some

problems with the punctuation

HOW TO TEACH: I will give them a sheet of paper in which

students have to write a short paragraph about their last vacation

PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈrɑɪ·t̬ɪŋ/