WORLD WAR II ATROCITIES AND THE ATTITUDES BEHIND THEM

SUSAN MOORE

HISTORY 4306 –D82 – ROARING 20’S, DEPRESSION, AND WAR 1920-1945MAY 8, 2015

Susan MooreMay 8, 2015

Claude (Cotton) Blair was Dad’s brother, a Sergeant in the 34th Pursuit Squadron as

Interceptor during WWII.1 He died before I was born and my family never talked much about

him. I think his absence in conversation was to avoid the painful remembrance of his tragic death

at Camp O’Donnell after the Death March of Bataan.2 Because of the lack of information

surrounding his death and not remembering having learned much about the march in any of my

previous history classes, the Pacific Theatre of World War II has always held an interest for me.

I am grateful for the opportunity to research this subject for my paper and in doing so, feel that I

am honoring Uncle Cotton in some way.3 I would like to explore some of the attitudes of the

Japanese and Americans at this time in history, not to excuse or justify the atrocities that

occurred, but to understand how they viewed each other’s culture to be able to perceive why

these atrocities were accepted as necessary to be carried out during the war. What was the

thinking behind the kamikaze pilots who attacked at Pearl Harbor? Why were the prisoners of

war treated so horrendously by Japanese during the March of Bataan and after in the prison

camps? What mindset led President Roosevelt to order Japanese internment camps and

eventually the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? I want to propose that racial hatred

along with propaganda encouraged atrocities on both American and Japanese sides as well as

ultimately shaping how WWII was fought.

The Japanese had a bushido code which can best be described as self-sacrifice. There was

no greater glory for one’s country or honor for one’s family than to be killed on the battlefield

protecting their homeland. If there was no greater glory in death, then there was no greater shame

1 See Figure A.1 and A.2 in the Appendix.2 “The Military Honor Wall: Revolutionary War - Present,” Together We Served, accessed May 8, 2015, http://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=85715.3 “WWII Archives Foundation, Incorporated,” WWII Archives: Preserving Their Sacrifice..., accessed May 6, 2015,http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/document/page/81/87/0.

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than in surrender. Before the war an American professor who was teaching in Japan was told by

a Japanese General, Sadao Araki, that “retreat and surrender are not permissible in our Army. To

become captive of the enemy by surrendering after doing their best is regarded by foreign

soldiers as acceptable conduct. But according to our traditional Bushido, retreat and surrender

constitute the greatest disgrace and are actions unbecoming to a Japanese soldier.”4 This code

was behind the kamikaze raid on Pearl Harbor where pilots committed honorable suicide by

ramming their planes into the US fleet docked at Pearl Harbor. It was within 24 hours that the

Japanese began to invade the Philippines. This bushido code was also partly behind the

mistreatment of American/Filipino prisoners considered to be undeserving of any mercy after the

surrender of Bataan.

The Japanese had already conquered the island of Luzon after the bombing of Pearl

Harbor, and the US-Filipino army was fighting for Bataan for three months with little to no food

supply, naval or air support. General MacArthur had left the Philippines to take command of the

Southwest Pacific area and Australia. Most of the American and Filipino soldiers were already

malnourished and sick and they were not as prepared as Japanese forces. On April 9, 1942, U.S.

General Edward King Jr. surrendered with 65,000 Filipino and 10,000 American soldiers, being

the largest surrender in American history. What followed, the Bataan Death March, has been

historically one of the greatest Japanese atrocities during World War II. Memory of it still evokes

strong emotions even today as portrayed in this video and song “Battling Bastards of Bataan”

written by Dan Owen in 2011 honoring the men and women who lost their lives in Bataan.5

These weakened soldiers had to march 65 miles from Mariveles to a railhead of Capas where

4 Michael Norman and Elizabeth M. Norman, Tears in the Darkness: the Story of the Bataan Death March and Its Aftermath (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009), 101.

5 Dan Owen, “Battling Bastards of Bataan” (music video), directed by Gene Keen, posted on May 16, 2012, accessed May 8, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAJF6qbnbns.

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they were loaded on trains and traveled another thirty miles, then walked five more miles to

Camp O’Donnell. The death march had been kept under wraps until POW’s began to talk about

the atrocities they experienced to Life magazine publishing their story in the February 7, 1944

issue.6 This was all the fuel that was needed to begin the fire of propaganda and race war

between the Americans and Japanese.

By taking a look at a few examples of articles, cartoons, and popular songs, we can get a

glimpse of the mistrust and prejudice of the American people toward the Japanese after Pearl

Harbor. One week after the attack, Time magazine proclaimed, “Why, the yellow bastards!”7 The

“Japs” as the Japanese were now most often referred to, were often illustrated in printed

literature and film as yellow, buck-toothed and slant-eyed. In Time’s cover for December 22,

1941, a caricature of “mad dog” Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, was entirely yellow in color,

alluding to Genghis Khan in its descriptions of the “Jap Horde.”8 Historian Allan Nevins wrote

in 1946, “No foe has been so detested as were the Japanese.” 9 “Until the war,” comic book artist

Jules Feiffer recalls, “we always assumed he [the Oriental villain] was Chinese. But now we

knew what he was! A Jap; a Yellow-Belly Jap; a Jap-a-Nazi Rat: these being the three major

classifications.” 10 A widely used caricature of the monkey or ape was most often used to

characterize the Japanese in publications that reported the war.11 It was even surmised that the

6 Commander Melvyn McCoy, USN, Lieut. Col. S.M. Mellnick, USA, and Lieut. Welbourne Kelley, USNR, “Prisoners of Japan,” Life, February 7, 1944, 25-111, accessed May 8, 2015, https://books.google.com/books?id=YFQEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true.7 MacDougall, Robert. 1999. "Red, Brown and Yellow Perils: Images of the American Enemy in the 1940s and 1950s." Journal of Popular Culture 32, no. 4: 61. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed April 3, 2015). 8 "TIME Magazine Cover: Admiral Yamamoto - Dec. 22, 1941." Time. Accessed April 3, 2015.http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19411222,00.html. 9 MacDougall, 61.

10 MacDougall. Pg. 61.11 See Figure A-2 and A-3 in the Appendix.

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rapid advancement of the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia was “made possible by swinging

from tree to tree.”12

According to S. S. Sargent in his article Propaganda and Morale, dehumanizing the

enemy in such a way desensitized the American public to the horrific war and gave them latitude

to commit their own actions that would normally not be accepted in peacetime. It is expected that

an enemy would be characterized as evil and threatening, establishing that the fighting of this

evil force is rational and warranted. Putting out propaganda also helped boost American morale

for the sake of motivating a workforce and cooperation of citizens to “adhere to rationing

restrictions, conserve resources, and otherwise contribute to the war effort.” Sargent poses that

the purpose of propaganda had been used in boosting American morale, civilian and military, in

an effort to make victory possible. He stated “morale may be heightened either by environmental

changes or by people’s changed interpretations of their environments or to say it another way, by

changed evaluations of and attitudes towards situations.”13 Songs like “We’re Gonna Have to

Slap the Dirty Little Jap” written by country music singer and songwriter, Carson Robison, is an

example of the message that was broadcast in order to boost American morale.14 Roosevelt’s

image of Japanese exemplified the sentiment of the day.15 He attributed Japanese aggression to a

“less developed” skull pattern, and instructed Dr. Ales Hrdlick, a Smithsonian anthropologist to

undertake a “race-crossing” study in hopes of “breeding out” such objectionable characteristic.”16

12 MacDougall. Pg. 62.13 Sargent, S. S. 1942. "Propaganda and morale." In Civilian morale: Second yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 166-174. Boston, MA, US: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942. PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost (accessed April 3, 2015).14 Carson Robison, “We're Gonna Have to Slap the Dirty Little Jap." (YouTube). AccessedApril 3, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ0emX5RgZQ.

15 See Figure A-4 in the Appendix.16 MacDougall, 64.

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Again, this dehumanization allowed them to endorse actions that in peacetime would have been

unthinkable.”17

One of the most disgraceful examples of atrocities on the American side was the

internment of over 100,000 Japanese-Americans from California, Oregon, and Washington.

Their internment was a way in which Roosevelt could calm citizens panicked by the attack on

Pearl Harbor. The Japanese-Americans were considered more dangerous than the German and

Italian Americans during this time because Roosevelt, like many other Americans, believed the

Japanese were “incapable of assimilating into mainstream society.”18 Cecil Morgan in an article

written in February 1945 begs review of the problem of internment camps over the past three

years. He points out that these Japanese Americans came to America for the same reasons that

most American ancestors came – they didn’t like the conditions where they were and wanted a

better life for themselves and their children. When evacuees tried going inland to find homes,

they were turned away even by their own people because of how their own position in the

community had become so insecure since Pearl Harbor. Morgan made a very good point that the

treatment of the American Japanese had given valuable propaganda material to the Japanese

government and enabled them to tell Chinese and Hindus that the war was not about democracy

but about a racial war. He also pointed out “if we permit ourselves to be stampeded by wartime

pressures today into singling out one minority group for unfair and un-American treatment, what

is to prevent our singling out another group tomorrow for similar treatment?” 19 Roosevelt’s

belief at the time as was most Americans is that what was “necessary” had to be done for the war

17 MacDougall, 63.18 Gillon, Steven M. Pearl Harbor: FDR Leads the Nation into War. New York: Perseus / Basic Books, 2011:107. 19 Morgan, Cecil. "Relocating the Japanese-Americans---a progress report." Journal Of Educational Sociology 18, (February 1945): 329. Education Source, EBSCOhost (accessed May 5, 2015).

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effort. Steven Gillon in his book, Pearl Harbor, says that “the constitutional difficulty did not

plague Roosevelt either – the constitution has never greatly bothered any wartime President.”20

In the May 22, 1944 Life magazine issue, titled Picture of the Week, explains the picture of a

woman gazing at a Japanese skull. Her boyfriend had promised her a Jap and sent her one

autographed by him and thirteen friends inscribed “This is a good Jap – a dead one picked up on

the New Guinea beach.” The woman named it Tojo.21

Henry Stimson was the Secretary of War during World War II and also President

Roosevelt’s senior adviser on military employment of atomic energy. In an article that was

written in Harper’s Magazine on February 1947, he addressed the controversy over using the

atomic energy in the war. In describing some of the events preceding, it was stressed that the

purpose was for the United States to be the first to produce an atomic weapon before the

Germans and for the purpose of shortening the war and minimizing destruction. This was the

attitude even of Harry S. Truman who wrote a letter on December 16, 1946 after reading an

article by Prof. K.T. Compton, “If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used” which has appeared in

the February issue of the Atlantic Monthly. The professor’s thesis was that the use of the bomb

was justified in shortening the war and avoiding larger casualties on both American and Japanese

sides. Harry Truman sent Dr. Compton a letter confirming his assessment was a “fair analysis of

the situation” and had to be made by the President (Harry Truman) after the whole situation was

thoroughly examined. Mr. Truman said the Japanese were given fair warning, and were offered

the terms which they finally accepted, well in advance of the dropping of the bomb. I imagine

the bomb caused them to accept the terms. Sincerely yours, Harry S. Truman” On July 26,

20 Gillon, 110. 21 Life, Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he sent her, May 22, 1944, 35, accessed May 8, 2015, https://books.google.com/books?id=bk8EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=may+22,+1944&hl=en&sa=X&ei=htZLVa73G8i5sAXviIGQDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=may%2022%2C%201944&f=true.

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1945, the Potsdam ultimatum was issued to Japan in which on July 28 the Premier of Japan,

Suzuki, rejected by announcing “that it was unworthy of public notice.” The declaration simply

stated Japan forces after being completely disarmed would return to their homes to lead

“peaceful and productive lives.” In the last section of the ultimatum, if these terms of

unconditional surrender were not met, “the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.

“According to Stimson, “the bomb thus served exactly the purpose we intended.”22

As convinced as Americans were of the inferiority of the Japanese race, the Japanese

affirmed their racial superiority. One of the common images portrayed as propaganda was

“Purging One’s Head.” This image shows a women combing through her hair and the dandruff

that falls “The dandruff forms the following words: extravagance, selfishness, hedonism,

liberalism, materialism, money worship, individualism, and ‘Anglo-American ideas’ in

general.”23 "Purging One's Head” pointed to one of the major themes in the Japanese wartime

imagery which was purity and purification not unlike the theme in Hitler’s war aims. These

images were needed to encourage civilian sacrifice by glorifying Japan’s war aims and vilifying

the enemy. The Japanese government approved a document on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack

entitled “An Outline of Information and Propaganda Policies for the War between Japan and the

Anglo-American Powers.” Basically the document declared Japan’s case was a moral one, which

their goal was to create a “new world order” which would “enable all nations and races to

assume their proper place in the world, and all peoples to be at peace in their own sphere.”24

Dower highlights the key phrase in this document as “proper place” This meant that the war

22 Stimson, Henry. "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb." Harper's Magazine, February 1,1947:40.

23 See Figure A-7 in the Appendix.

24 John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 205.

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meaning that it discriminated between themselves as morally righteous” in contrast to the enemy.

which “legitimized” their vision of globalization and a “new world order.” This included

purification of Asia of imperialism “even if doing so meant replacing one outside overlord with

another –Japan.” A typical image of purification was the image of the sun which has always

represented enlightenment and purification in modern Japanese images. This wartime image

shows the purifying sun of Japan dispelling the “ABCD” powers. America and Britain are thugs;

the crown of plutocracy is falling from America’s head. China is the figure with Chiang Kaii-

shek’s face and a stubby tail which was a bestial mark attached to the Chinese. ABCD powers,

who now appear pathetic and shocked.25

The kamikaze of Japan were special attack units made up of pilot-guided planes loaded

with enough explosives making it essentially a bomb designed to fly into enemy ships and either

take down the ship or do significant damage. The surprise attack at Pearl Harbor managed to cost

3,566 in American lives along with sunken ships and destroyed planes. Those pilots who guided

the planes knew they were committing suicide when they flew them, so why would a pilot

willingly sacrifice his life for his country? This question can best be answered by a kamikaze

pilot himself. In an article written by Laurence Rees in 2012, he interviews Kenichiro Oonuki

who on a mission to attack an American fleet his life was spared when he is forced to land his

plane because of engine failure. Sixty years later Oonuki describes to Rees how he and his

comrades decided to become kamikaze pilots and that his survival had given him a “sense of

burden.” Oonuki says his survival had enabled him to correct the false ideas that kamikaze pilots

went to their death “willingly, enthused by the Samurai spirit.” When presented with the idea of

smashing his plane into an American warship they all thought it was crazy. But after being given

25 “Portrayals of the Enemy During the Pacific War,”, accessed May 8, 2015, http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/portrayals.htm.

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a night to think it over, realized that he would have to die, whether with or without honor. If he

refused to go, he would be put on the most dangerous part of the frontline and die anyway, but

with dishonor to himself and his family. He told Rees, “everyone put down the answer which

was opposite from what we were feeling…Nobody wanted to, but everybody said, ‘Yes, [I

volunteer] with all my heart.’ That was the surrounding atmosphere. We could not resist.”26

The atrocious treatment of prisoners of war by the Japanese was due in part from the

basic training of a Japanese soldier that it was cowardly to show ones back to the enemy and

surrender would bring great dishonor to the family. The youth of Japan were brought up with this

perception in the early 1900s and it was considered a great honor to die for their Emperor. “This

concept of manly duty undoubtedly led to the Japanese soldier having a feeling of utter contempt

for those who surrendered to the Japanese forces.”27 Years ago prisoners were “butchered or

offered as sacrifices to the gods. If they were not killed they were more often than not enslaved,

though they were sometimes exchanged or ransomed.” “During WWI the ill-treatment of British

prisoners of war by the Germans drew the world’s attention to the shortcomings of the Fourth

Hague Convention’s provision about captivity and after a meeting in Geneva of the

representatives of forty-seven States the “International Convention Relative to the Treatment of

Prisoners of War” was signed on July 27, 1929. Even though formal assurances had been given

by Japan’s foreign minister, Togo, that the rules of the Convention would be obeyed, the

agreement was never ratified and this later was used as an excuse by Japanese Army and Navy

26 Rees, Laurence. "A kamikaze pilot weighs the burden of destiny." World War II, 2012, 25, Biography in Context, EBSCOhost (accessed May 8, 2015). 27 Russell of Liverpool, Edward Frederick Langley Russell, Baron. The knights of Bushido : A history of Japanese war crimes during World War II. n.p.: New York : Skyhorse Pub., [2008], 2008: 56. Texas Tech Catalog, EBSCOhost (accessed May 8, 2015).

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leaders that they were under no obligation to treat their captives properly. The Convention

forbade several specific acts of cruel and unusual punishment, but that prisoners of war were

only liable to disciplinary punishment. In 1943, Togo published a regulation in the following

terms: ‘In case a prisoner of war is guilty of an act of insubordination, he shall be subject to

imprisonment or arrest, and any other measures deemed necessary for the purpose of discipline

may be added.’”28 This regulation gave those responsible for prisoners of war in their custody

free rein to administer punishment any way they should choose. As the prisoners of war marched

the 65 plus mile trek to Camp O’Donnell they were denied food and water even when there was

a clear stream of water available. Japanese guards would let them drink from contaminated

buffalo wallows where they would contract diseases such as dysentery. Prisoners would be

bayoneted if they fell behind and Japanese soldiers in trucks passing by beat them over the head

as they passed by. There were beheadings on some who fell behind as Japanese soldiers would

practice with their samurai swords. If the prisoners survived the march and made it to the prison

camp, the atrocities they endured there were unimaginable. Ten American soldiers who escaped

described to Life magazine 1944 said that they were accustomed to seeing their comrades die in

battle and hardship and bloodshed was commonplace.

But they said that the war was nothing compared to the horror they experienced while in

prison.”29

The bombing of Pearl Harbor and news of these atrocities such as the Bataan Death

March and prison camps only strengthened resolve and united Americans in the quest for panese

annihilation. Some were even disappointed that the nuclear bombings had stopped with

28 Russell of Liverpool, 58.29 Commander Melvyn McCoy, USN, Lieut. Col. S.M. Mellnick, USA, and Lieut. Welbourne Kelley, USNR, “Prisoners of Japan,” Life, February 7, 1944, 25, accessed May 8, 2015, https://books.google.com/books?id=YFQEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki, wishing the whole race had been exterminated. To the Americans, the

Japanese suicide tactics and their harsh treatment of prisoners of war was only evidence of their

“inhuman” fanaticism convincing them that Japan could not be tolerated. Consequently,

Japanese denounced the bombing of civilians and desecration of their dead. With each new

atrocity on both sides only generated further hostility, creating a vicious circle that contributed to

the intense ferocity of the war.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ARCHIVESPotsdam Declaration - http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/Potsdam.shtml

U.S. Army and Army Air Forces Honor List of Dead and Missing - Texas - Page 88 - WWII Archives

http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/document/page/81/87/0

AUDIO-VISUAL SOURCES“Aping Germany.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157

/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/ch8-74.gif.

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“Another Puzzler for World Scholars.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/ch8-73.gif.

Carson Robison. “We're Gonna Have to Slap the Dirty Little Jap." YouTube. Accessed April 3, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ0emX5RgZQ.

“Comically Pathetic Monkeys.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/ch8-74.jpg.

Life. Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he sent her. May 22, 1944. Accessed May 8, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=bk8EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=may+22,+1944&hl=en&sa=X&ei=htZLVa73G8i5sAXviIGQDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=may%2022%2C%201944&f=true.

Owen, Dan. “Battling Bastards of Bataan” (music video). Directed by Gene Keen. Posted on May 16, 2012. Accessed May 8, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAJF6qbnbns.

“Purging One's Head.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/27.htm.

“Simian Imagery.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/simian.jpg.

“The Rays of the Sun Purge the Abcd Powers from Asia.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/Aux2/graphics/ch8/28.htm.

Together We Served. “The Military Honor Wall.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=85715.

Primary SourcesMcCoy, Commander Melvyn USN, S.M., Lieut. Col. Mellnick USA, and Welbourne Kelley,USNR.

“Prisoners of Japan.” Life, February 7, 1944. Accessed May 8, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=YFQEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true.

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Morgan, Cecil. "Relocating the Japanese-Americans---a progress report." Journal Of Educational Sociology 18, (February 1945): 323-330. Education Source, EBSCOhost (accessed May 5, 2015).

Rees, Laurence. "A kamikaze pilot weighs the burden of destiny." World War II, 2012, 25, Biography in Context, EBSCOhost (accessed May 8, 2015).

Stimson, Henry. "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb." Harper's Magazine, February 1, 1947, 97-107.

"TIME Magazine Cover: Admiral Yamamoto - Dec. 22, 1941." Time. Accessed April 3, 2015. http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19411222,00.html.

Secondary SourcesDower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon

Books, 1986.

Gillon, Steven M. Pearl Harbor: FDR Leads the Nation into War. New York: Basic Books, 2011.

MacDougall, Robert.1999. "Red, Brown and Yellow Perils: Images of the American Enemy in the 1940s and 1950s." Journal of Popular Culture 32, no. 4: 59-75. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed April 3, 2015).

Norman, Michael, and Elizabeth M. Norman. Tears in the Darkness: The Story of the Bataan Death March and Its Aftermath. 1st ed. New York, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.

“Portrayals of the Enemy During the Pacific War.” Accessed May 8, 2015. http://figal-sensei.org/hist157/Textbook/portrayals.htm.

Russell of Liverpool, Edward Frederick Langley Russell, Baron. The Knights of Bushido : A history of Japanese war crimes during World War II. n.p.: New York : Skyhorse Pub., [2008], 2008. Texas Tech Catalog, EBSCOhost (accessed May 8, 2015).

Sargent, S. S. 1942. "Propaganda and morale." In Civilian morale: Second yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 166-174. Boston, MA, US: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942. PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost (accessed April 3, 2015).

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APPENDIX

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FIGURE A-1

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FIGURE A-2

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FIGURE A-3

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FIGURE A-4

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FIGURE A-5

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FIGURE A-6

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FIGURE A-7

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FIGURE A-8

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