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C O N T E M P O R A R Y T E C H N O L O G Y PRESENTED BY: AHMAD FARAZ AND NILESH.M.SHANDILYA MONOLITHIC DOMES 01

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PRESENTED BY: AHMAD FARAZ AND NILESH.M.SHANDILYA

MONOLITHIC DOMES

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GENERAL OVERVEIWmonolithic dome (from Greek mono- and -lithic, meaning "one stone") 

The form may be permanent or temporary and may or may not remain part of the finished structure.

The earliest form of monolithic dome structure could be considered to be the igloo

 The dome-like shape of the igloo exhibits the two major advantages of a dome-shaped structure: great strength, and good insulation. 

The strength is due to the natural strength of the arch, and the insulation is due to the minimal surface area of a spherical section.

which can withstand disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, cyclones and floods.

The physical geometry of a building affects its aerodynamic properties and how well it can withstand a storm. Geodesic dome roofs or buildings have low drag coefficients and can withstand higher wind forces than a square building of the same area.[1][2] Even stronger buildings result from monolithic dome construction.

Modern construction differs significantly from the original concrete-over-dirt method.

The current methods were developed by three brothers from Idaho: Barry, Randy, and David South. The first dome built using these method was constructed in Shelley, Idaho:

The largest monolithic dome in the world is the home of Faith Chapel Christian Center in Birmingham, AL. It seizes the record at 72 feet (22 m) tall, and 280 feet (85 m) in diameter. Inside is a floor area of 74,500 square feet (6,920 m2) in two levels.   The church was designed by Architect Rick Crandall

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This domed government building inBaghdad, formerly a part of Saddam Hussein's regime, was hit by a 5,000 lb (2,300 kg). Bomb. Apart from the hole made by the entry of the bomb, it remained structurally sound.

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1. INTRODUCTION

MONOLITHIC IS DEDICATED TO IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVES WORLDWIDE BY INTRODUCING AND

CONSTRUCTING MONOLITHIC DOMES, FOR PERSONAL AND PUBLIC USE, THAT ARE DISASTER-RESISTANT,

ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE.

THEY ARE COST-EFFICIENT, EARTH-FRIENDLY, EXTREMELY DURABLE AND EASILY MAINTAINED. MOST

IMPORTANTLY, A MONOLITHIC DOME USES ABOUT 50% LESS ENERGY FOR HEATING AND COOLING THAN A

SAME-SIZE, CONVENTIONALLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDING.

MONOLITHIC DOMES MEET  FEMA STANDARDS FOR

PROVIDING NEAR-ABSOLUTE PROTECTION AND HAVE A PROVEN

ABILITY TO SURVIVE TORNADOES, HURRICANES, EARTHQUAKES,

MOST MANMADE DISASTERS, FIRE, TERMITES AND ROT.

MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE NEITHER RESTRICTED BY CLIMATE NOR BY SITE LOCATION. IN TERMS OF ENERGY

CONSUMPTION, DURABILITY, DISASTER RESISTANCE AND MAINTENANCE, MONOLITHIC DOMES PERFORM WELL IN

ANY CLIMATE, EVEN EXTREMELY HOT OR COLD ONES. AND THEY CAN BE CONSTRUCTED ON VIRTUALLY ANY SITE:

IN THE MOUNTAINS, ON BEACHES, EVEN UNDERGROUND OR

UNDERWATER.

 FEMA : FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY’S

MANY SCHOOLS  NOW CONDUCT THEIR CLASSES IN

MONOLITHIC DOMES. SOME ARE DESIGNATED AS TORNADO

SHELTERS. OTHERS HAVE MONOLITHIC DOME GYMNASIUMS,

AUDITORIUMS, MULTIPURPOSE CENTERS, LIBRARIES, ETC.

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2.CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE CONSTRUCTED FOLLOWING A METHOD THAT REQUIRES A TOUGH, INFLATABLE 

AIRFORM, STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE AND A POLYURETHANE FOAM INSULATION. EACH OF THESE INGREDIENTS

IS USED IN A TECHNOLOGICALLY SPECIFIC WAY.

AIRFORM : THE MONOLITHIC AIRFORM IS A BALLOONLIKE,

INFLATABLE STRUCTURE THAT DETERMINES THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF

A DOME. IT’S MADE OF PVC-COATED NYLON OR POLYESTER FABRIC,

AVAILABLE IN SEVERAL WEIGHTS AND A RAINBOW OF COLORS. EACH

MONOLITHIC AIRFORM IS DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC PROJECT AND

MANUFACTURED IN BRUCO, A 240′ × 60′ FACTORY EQUIPPED WITH

STATE-OF-THE-ART MACHINERY.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE :

1. FOUNDATION

2. AIRFORM

3. POLYURETHANE FOAM

4. STEEL REBAR

5. SHOTCRETE

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STEP 2 - AN AIRFORM – FABRICATED TO THE PROPER

SHAPE AND SIZE – IS PLACED ON THE RING BASE. USING

BLOWER FANS, IT IS INFLATED AND THE AIRFORM

CREATES THE SHAPE OF THE STRUCTURE TO BE

COMPLETED. THE FANS RUN THROUGHOUT

CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOME.

The air form contains an airlock to allow workers to enter the form 

while it is inflated.

• THE AIRFORM IS A HIGHLY ENGINEERED FABRIC

STRUCTURE THAT SHOULD BE HANDLED WITH GREAT

CARE. MANY FACTORS ENTER INTO ITS ATTACHMENT TO

THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION.

• MAKE SURE THE REBAR IS BENT OVER THE FOOTING TO

AVOID TEARING THE AIRFORM DURING INFLATION.

STEP 1 - FOUNDATION : THE MONOLITHIC DOME STARTS AS A

CONCRETE RING FOUNDATION, REINFORCED WITH STEEL

REBAR. VERTICAL STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN THE RING

ATTACHED TO THE STEEL REINFORCING OF THE

DOME ITSELF. SMALL DOMES MAY USE AN INTEGRATED

FLOOR/RING FOUNDATION. OTHERWISE, THE FLOOR

IS POURED AFTER COMPLETION OF THE DOME.

 defining the shape of the base of the structure.

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LAYING IT OUT :• THE ENTIRE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE FOUNDATION MAY BE

COVERED BEFORE ANY CLAMP STRAPS ARE BOLTED ON. THIS

IS TO PERMIT ANY NECESSARY ADJUSTMENT OF THE

ALIGNMENT OF THE AIRFORM TO THE FOUNDATION.

• BE SURE YOU ATTACH THE AIRFORM ON ONE SIDE, THEN

IT’S OPPOSITE. THEN ATTACH THE QUARTER POINTS, AND

THEIR OPPOSITES AND CONTINUE EVENLY ALL THE WAY

AROUND.

• THE AIRFORM WILL STRETCH TO FIT THE FOUNDATION IF

YOU MEET THE INDIVIDUAL POINTS.

• THE CLAMP STRAPS ARE PLACED ABOVE THE ROPE AND

SECURED BY THE CONCRETE BOLTS AND SCREWS. SPACING

OF THE FASTENERS SHOULD BE 6" TO 24" ON CENTER

DEPENDING ON PRESSURE AND TYPE OF FASTENER USED.

• THE AIRLOCK IS THEN ATTACHED TO THE APPROPRIATE

OPENING. 

•  INFLATE IN AS LITTLE WIND AS POSSIBLE AND AS RAPIDLY

AS MAKES SENSE. INSPECT THE PERIMETER AS THE

INFLATION PROGRESSES. WATCH FOR HANG-UPS OF THE

AIRFORM.

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STEP 3 -

POLYURETHANE FOAM IS APPLIED

TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE

AIRFORM. APPROXIMATELY THREE

INCHES OF FOAM IS APPLIED. THE

FOAM IS ALSO THE BASE FOR

ATTACHING THE STEEL

REINFORCING REBAR.

(Its purposes are to give rigidity to the air 

form, secure the rebar in place, provide 

support for spraying in the concrete 

mixture, and insulate the final structure.)a: COVER AND PROTECT

COVER THE REBAR, EQUIPMENT AND

FLOOR WITH PLASTIC TO PROTECT

FROM FOAM AND SHOTCRETE

OVERSPRAY.b: PRIME!

IF YOU WANT SOMETHING TO STICK

TO THE AIRFORM, YOU NEED TO USE

A PRIMER! A THIN LAYER IS ALL THAT IS

NEEDED (300-400 SQ. FT. PER GALLON). LET

THE PRIMER DRY COMPLETELY BEFORE

APPLYING FOAM.

c : CHOOSE A FOAM

FOAM COMES IN SEVERAL SET

TIMES AND IS AVAILABLE FOR COLD OR

WARM WEATHER. THE SPEED OF FOAM

USED DEPENDS ON THE SEASON AND

CLIMATE. 

d : FOAM APPLICATION

SEAL BOTTOM OF THE INTERIOR

SURFACE OF THE AIRFORM WITH FOAM.

DO NOT COVER REBAR IN THE KEYWAY

OR SPRAY FOAM IN THE KEYWAY.

SPRAY FOAM EVENLY TO 1/2-INCH

THICKNESS ON ENTIRE INTERIOR

AIRFORM SURFACE. THE FOAM WILL DRY

TO THE TOUCH IN THREE TO FOUR

SECONDS.

e : TEST THICKNESS

SPRAY ANOTHER 1/2- TO 3/4-INCH LAYER OF FOAM,

MAKING THE TOTAL THICKNESS, AT THIS POINT,

AN INCH AND A QUARTER.

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STEP 5 :

SHOTCRETE – A SPECIAL SPRAY MIX OF CONCRETE – IS APPLIED TO THE

INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE DOME. THE STEEL REBAR IS EMBEDDED IN THE

CONCRETE AND WHEN ABOUT THREE INCHES OF SHOTCRETE IS APPLIED, THE

MONOLITHIC DOME IS FINISHED. THE BLOWER FANS ARE SHUT OFF AFTER THE

CONCRETE IS SET.

STEP 4 :

STEEL REINFORCING REBAR IS ATTACHED TO THE

FOAM USING A SPECIALLY ENGINEERED LAYOUT OF

HOOP (HORIZONTAL) AND VERTICAL STEEL REBAR.

SMALL DOMES NEED SMALL DIAMETER BARS WITH

WIDE SPACING. LARGE DOMES REQUIRE LARGER

BARS WITH CLOSER SPACING.

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SHOTCRETING MIX COMPOSITION : FOR STRENGTH

THIS IS FOR A SEVEN SACK MIX USED FOR SHOTCRETE

FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH UTILIZING KEL-CRETE AS

AND ADMIXTURE. THIS MIX DESIGN IS FOR 3/10’S OF A

CUBIC YARD – USING TWO SACKS OF CEMENT. IT IS

FORMULATED ESPECIALLY FOR THE MONOLITHIC

PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER, BUT WILL WORK WELL IN

MOST 9 CUBIC FOOT MIXERS.

CEMENT — 188 LBS TWO SACKS OF STANDARD TYPE I

OR II OR I-II PORTLAND CEMENT. THIS IS WHAT THE

LUMBER YARD WILL CARRY. IT IS NOT MORTAR MIX.

WATER — ABOUT 80 LBS (10 GALLONS) WATER MUST

BE CLEAN (POTABLE). THIS WILL VARY FROM JOB TO JOB

AND MUST BE ADJUSTED. THE WATER IN THE AGGREGATE

WILL CAUSE A DIFFERENCE IN THE AMOUNT OF WATER

NEEDED. ADJUST TO A PROPER SLUMP. 2" TO 6" AS NEEDED.

CONCRETE SAND — 690 LBS (TEN, 5 GALLON

BUCKETS IS A GOOD APPROXIMATE MEASURE).

PEA ROCK — 140 LBS (TWO, 5 GALLON BUCKETS.) THE

AMOUNT OF PEA ROCK IS ADJUSTED PER GRADATION OF

THE SAND. IF THE SAND IS HIGH IN LARGER AGGREGATE

THE PEA ROCK MAY BE LEFT OUT. IF IT IS LOW, THEN MORE

MAY BE NEEDED.

DUE TO PEAROCKS : 

IN A FREEZING EXPOSURE, A GOOD ENTRAINED AIR VOID

SYSTEM IS A MUST, AND THE MIXTURE DEVELOPS 3500-PSI

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BEFORE THE FIRST WINTER

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Monolithic Dome Benefits: 1.GREEN BUILDINGS - MONOLITHIC DOMES

ARE GREEN BUILDINGS – THEY ARE CONSIDERED

AMONG THE GREENEST OF TODAY’S BUILDING

ALTERNATIVES.

2.SURVIVABILITY -  THEY MEET OR EXCEED FEMA’S

STANDARDS FOR PROVIDING NEAR-ABSOLUTE

PROTECTION. MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE PROVEN

SURVIVORS OF TORNADOES, HURRICANES,

EARTHQUAKES AND FIRES.

3. ENERGY - THE MONOLITHIC DOME IS A MICRO-

ENERGY USER. IT NEEDS A MINIMUM OF ENERGY TO

MAINTAIN A COMFORTABLE INTERIOR, USUALLY ONE

FOURTH OF THAT USED BY A SUPER-INSULATED

METAL BUILDING OR A CONVENTIONAL HOUSE

BLANKETED IN AN AIRTIGHT WRAP.

4.STRENGTH - THE MONOLITHIC DOME — IS THE MOST DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDING THAT CAN BE BUILT AT A

REASONABLE PRICE. A WIND OF 250 MPH (USED IN FEMA 361) PUSHES WITH A PRESSUE OF 300 POUNDS PER SQUARE

FOOT. WIND SPEED OF 300 MPH IS CONSIDERED MAXIMUM FOR A TORNADO. A FORCE 5 TORNADO PUSHES WITH 4

TIMES THE PRESSUE OF A FORCE 5 HURRICANE. NO NORMAL BUILDING CAN WITHSTAND THAT MUCH PRESSURE.

MANY MONOLITHIC DOMES ARE BURIED UP TO 30 FEET DEEP. THEY MUST WITHSTAND PRESSURED UP TO 1 TON PER

SQUARE FOOT (2000 PSF). THE FACT IS, THE MONOLITHIC DOME IS NOT FLAT AND THEREFORE NEVER CAN MAXIMUM

WIND PUSH AGAINST MORE THAN A SMALL AREA.

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5. EMP SAFETY(ELECTRO-MAGNETIC

PULSE - MONOLITHIC NOW INTRODUCES

EMP SAFETY. A MONOLITHIC DOME WITH

THE RIGHT COMPONENTS CAN PROTECT

ITS OCCUPANTS AND/OR EQUIPMENT FROM

EMP DEVASTATION.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST :

A MONOLITHIC DOME’S CONSTRUCTION

PROCESS SAVES BOTH MONEY AND TIME. A

DOME’S INTERIOR CAN BE PLANNED AND

DESIGNED FOR ANY ACTIVITY OR USE AND

WITH VIRTUALLY ANY THEME. THE

DOME’S DISASTER-RESISTANCE USUALLY

MERITS LOWER INSURANCE PREMIUMS.

FLEXIBILITY IN PLANS, FORMS & USABILITY.

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Disadvantages

EngineeringThe techniques used in monolithic dome construction are very different from normal construction methods, so only specially trained construction crews are suited for building a dome using the modern techniques.The curved surfaces inherent to monolithic dome construction often result in oddly shaped rooms when divided up, which can result in wasted space in narrow corners. There are issues of wasted floor space due to wall curvature and problems fitting furniture, similar to those of Quonset huts. This effect can be minimized by constructing the dome on a stem wall, or by using an airform of such shape as to allow for straight, vertical walls at ground level.The monolithic dome's lack of seams may make it too well sealed; dehumidifiers are required in all but the driest climates.

SocialSocial disadvantages of monolithic domes are to a large degree shared by geodesic domes, due to the similar shape and unorthodox construction. These disadvantages are:The radically different appearance of the domes also decreases the appeal for their use as private residences—the standard circular base doesn't fit well on small lots found in many areas, and the strange appearance and design may run afoul of neighborhood building covenants. Depending on the situation, a large variety of variations available from the standard circular shape can avoid some of these problems.Building permits may be difficult to obtain if local officials are not familiar with the monolithic dome.Resale of a monolithic dome home may be difficult because of its unconventional appearance.

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Step 1- Excavation

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Step 2- Foundation + placing of balloon

Step 3- Inflating balloon

Step 3- Inflating balloon Step 4- Formwork for windows Step 5- Rebaring 

Step 5- Rebaring Step 6- Services-Electrical & Plumbing

Step 6- Services-Electrical & Plumbing

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Step 7- Shortcreting

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Step 8- Curing Step 9- Marking for interiors

Step 10- Partition walls  Step 11- Laying Slabs

Step 12- Stairs Step 13- Laying fixtures Step 14- Interior  Finishing

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Step 15- Exterior  Finishing

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In 2000, Catalytic Software began the construction of a massive, self-sustaining complex of domes, that includes attractive, safe areas for living, working and socializing.

New Oroville is designed to provide all  that the suburban life offers, such as parks, gardens, swimming pools, clean water and more.

In this high-tech society, every employee will live in a one-, two- or three-story dome home that has the ability to withstand natural disasters and is equipped with lightning speed Internet access.

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New Oroville is located on 50 acres in Hyderabad, India’s high-tech hub, and includes some 4000 domes.

New Oroville was designed for superior protection. The domes act as information silos, physically separating teams and isolating data.

The eco-friendly domes are durable and energy efficient.

To make the construction process more efficient, local labor crews were divided into four categories: Mixer Crew, Spray Crew, Steel Crew and Form Crew.

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PRESENTED BY: SYED ARSHAD JAMAL AND AREEF AKHTAR 35

Page 36: monolithic dome

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PRESENTED BY: SYED ARSHAD JAMAL AND AREEF AKHTAR 36

Page 37: monolithic dome

C O

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R Y

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PRESENTED BY: SYED ARSHAD JAMAL AND AREEF AKHTAR 37

Page 38: monolithic dome

C O

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R A

R Y

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E C

H N

O L

O G

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PRESENTED BY: SYED ARSHAD JAMAL AND AREEF AKHTAR 38

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CONTACT:

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