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OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019 Isabelle Metais Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct EIFFAGE Infrastructures

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Page 1: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Isabelle Metais

Monitoring and maintenance

of the Millau Viaduct

EIFFAGE Infrastructures

Page 2: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 3: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 4: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 5: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 6: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Chirajara bridge in Colombia

▪ Part of a concession

▪ Key feature of the last sector

▪ 446 m Cable stayed bridge

▪ 20 M$ project

▪ Rebuilding of a new bridge after a

collapse on existing foundations

Page 7: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Chirajara bridge in Colombia

▪ 446,3 m length

▪ 286,3 m central span

▪ 150 m opening under the deck

Page 8: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 9: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

- Longueur : 2 460 m

- Travées : 204 m, 6 x 342 m, 204 m

- Hauteur des piles : de 78 à 245 m

- Hauteur des pylônes : 90 m

The highest multi cable-stayed bridgeWorld record of highest piers

- Total length: 2 460 m

- Spans: 204m & 342m

- Height of the piers: 78m to 245m

- Height of the pylons: 90m

Page 10: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

27.75 m

4.20m

4.60m

Concrete

Steel

Chosen material

The high complexity of the site,

which makes access difficult to

those areas with steep slopes, has

led to :

- Limit the number of piers

- Restrict their position to the top

or bottom of the slopes

Constraints of the site

Page 11: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Chosen solution

▪ Main features :

‒ Height of piers and pylons

‒ Length of the bridge

‒ Repeatability of the structure

▪ EIFFAGE’s choice:

‒ Prefabrication of the desk

▪ Advantages :

‒ Quality workmanship of the structures

(durability)

‒ Safety (Works-at-height are limited)

‒ Hazards in construction are reduced

‒ Speed of execution

Page 12: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Limestones

Hettangien & Sinémurien

Marls

Toarcien & Domérien

Limestones

Bajocien

North South

Geotechnical studies

Page 13: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Chevêtre : 5 dernières

levées

Fût double : 90 m

Précontrainte structurelle de pile

Précontrainte de clouage du tablier

Bossages

Prestressing

Elevation Cross section

Two separate

columns over the

uppermost of 90 m

Structural prestressing

of the pile

Vertical prestressing

tendons

End anchoring

Two separate

columns over the

uppermost of 90 m

Page 14: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Monitoring objectives

▪ The contracting authority has fixed the Viaduct monitoring objectives in the Appendix 10 of the

contract. Monitoring was divided into 3 phases with different objectives :‒ construction

‒ delivery

‒ Operation

▪ During construction:‒ Control of the geometry and movements especially during launching of the deck

‒ Control of the viaduct’s behaviour to confirm the compliance with the calculations

▪ On completion, the baseline status has been registered as a “zero point” reference for long-term

monitoring and first stages of maintenance

▪ During operational phase, long-term monitoring includes 3 aspects :‒ Specific parameter controls linked to vehicle and passenger safety

‒ Check on ageing of the viaduct

‒ Check on structural behaviour

Page 15: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Page 16: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Accelerometers are located :

* at the nose of the deck

* under and above the pylons

* inside the deck

Static measurements during launching operations

Page 17: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Laser receiver is located inside the heads of the piers

Laser located on the spacer at - 90 m

2 actions are possible :

- Send a message by automaton ENERPAC when the vigilance thresholds are exceeded

- Launching is stopped when the alert thresholds are exceeded

Seuil d’alerte

Seuil de vigilance

P1 / P7 50mm 35mm

P6 80mm 60mm

P2 à P5 100mm 80mm

Responding cells :

2 circles locate the thresholds between -90 and the head of the pier

Filters

Tracking the piers

Page 18: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

On completion, at deliveryDynamic measurements carried out before

The opening to traffic

Page 19: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Horizontal modes Vertical modes

Mode shapes of the first modes of the deck

Page 20: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

▪ Monitoring of the foundations

▪ Tracking of the concrete structures

▪ Tracking of the temperature effects

▪ Tracking of the wind effects

▪ Monitoring of the cable stays

▪ Following the geometry of the

structure

During operational phase

Page 21: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

During operational phase

Location of the boxes acquiring the instrumentation of the viaduct

Page 22: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Monitoring the foundations

1. Visual inspection every 6 months since 2007

2. Measurements of the inclinometers (detection of slippery phenomena)

3. Measurements of foundation settlements by direct levelling

4. Measurements of the movements next to P1 and P3 (big backfills)

5. Measurements of the movements next to P3 and P7 (stitched walls)

Page 23: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Tracking of the concrete structures

Page 24: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Tracking of the temperature effects

Sensors are located on the deck

‒ 1 section being equipped, located in span between P2 and P3

‒ 27 sensors

‒ Temperature readings every 30 min entre 2005 et 2013

Page 25: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Equivalent Max(Ttab) and Max(Tatm) Equivalent Max(Ttab) and daily solar radiation

Millau viaduct :

Normandie viaduct :

01,100093,003,1 max,max, −+= thatmmoy RTT

thatmmoy RTT 0017,0max,max, +=

Study of long-term thermal effects

Page 26: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Vertical gradient

Equivalent with daily solar radiation

Millau : 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑮𝑻𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝑹𝒕𝒉

Normandie : 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑮𝑻𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝑹𝒕𝒉

Vertical

gradient

ERs 12°C

assumptions 25°C

Measurements 18°C

Eurocode 18°C

Horizontal gradient

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00

tem

ratu

re (

°C)

heure

Comparaison du gradient horizontal et de la différence de températures aux âmes de rive Est et Ouest28 juin 2011 (jour de fort gradient horizontal)

Gradient horizontal équivalent

T° 4O - 4E

Horizontalgradient

ERs neglected

assumptions neglected

Measurements 4.6°C

Eurocode 5°C

Millau : GTy = 4,6°C

Normandie : GTy ~ 5°C

- GTz - GTy

Comparison Measurements - assumptions

Page 27: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Study of a strong wind sequence

Page 28: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Klaus Windstorm (24 January 2009)

Horizontal Vertical

Page 29: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

L4S - Efforts dans les haubans

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

114 134 154 174 194 214 234 254 274

Avancement (m)

Eff

ort

(kN

)

10N théorique

10N mesuré

8N théorique

8N mesuré

6S théorique

6S mesuré

11S théorique

11S mesuré

pi7P7

Comparison of measures and calculated values

▪ L4S – Tension in strands of cable stays

Page 30: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Manual excitation of the first modes

Anemometer sensor to measure the wind

speed during testing

Monitoring of damping in cable stays

Page 31: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019

Conclusion

How to comply 120 years « useful project life »

▪ A good design

▪ Tighten some calculation assumptions

(vertical prestressing of the piers)

▪ Establish an technical expert to follow the

studies, the works and the operations

▪ Carefully choose the materials (especially

for their durability qualities)

▪ Tighten constructive arrangements

(concrete cover, thickness of the steel,

installation of dehumidifiers)

▪ Specific quality procedures

▪ Good workmanship

▪ A strong and powerful engineering that

is to be competent, reactive and

independent

▪ Monitoring and maintenance

programme to put in place from the

design throughout the service life :– All parts of the structure should be easily accessible

– Late reinforcement (cable stays, prestressing) should

be possible

– Weather tracking and behaviour tracking at all

phases: construction, delivery, operation

– Measurements dedicated to operation – safe for traffic

and users - (wind speed, vibrations, opening or

extension joints)

– Control of tension and durability of the cable-stays

– Control of ageing of the concrete

Page 32: Monitoring and maintenance of the Millau Viaduct Millau viaduct : Normandie viaduct : T moy,max 1,03 T atm,max 0,00093 R th 1,01 T moy,max T atm,max 0,0017 R th Study of long-term

OSLO BRUKONFERANSEN 2019 04/11/2019