monetary policy framework report of mr. urijit r. patel committee -ecomrf210114_f
TRANSCRIPT
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Pdpart aetfd Dxpdrt Makkittdd
ta Pdvisd ohl ]trdhgtfdhtfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
Bohuory 0:?
]fri O.N. Kitro, Lirdmtar, Kahdtory Zacimy Ldportkdht
ohl ]fri B. @. ]ihgf, Ossistoht Olvisdr, Kahdtory Zacimy
Ldportkdht.
I.9 \fd Makkittdd wisfds ta pcomd ah rdmarl
opprdmiotiah ear tfd tdok ae rdsaurmd pdrsahs wfa
suppartdl tfd Makkittdds warn. Lrowh erak tfd
Kahdtory Zacimy Ldportkdht, tfd Ldportkdht ae
Dmahakim ohl Zacimy Pdsdormf ohl tfd Ldportkdht
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
=
ae ]totistims ohl Ihearkotiah Kohogdkdht, tfd
mahtri`utiahs ae rdsaurmd pdrsahs, i.d., Lr. ]oi`oc
Gfasf, ]fri ]ohbi` @arlacai, Lr. ]ouro`f Gfasf,
Lr. ]hdfoc Fdrwolnor, ]fri ]. K. Canord, ]fri Osisf\fakos Gdargd, ]fri Pobdsf Novdliyo, ]fri G. U.
Holfohodc, ]kt. O`ficosfo ohl ]fri Baimd Bafh ord
grotdeuccy omnhawcdlgdl. \fd Makkittdd is
opprdmiotivd ae tfd olkihistrotivd suppart erak ]kt.
Ihlrohi @ohdrbdd, ]fri Z. @. Nucnorhi ohl
]fri K. R. Pofkoh ae tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Ldportkdht
ohl tdmfhimoc suppart erak tfd Ldportkdht ae
Ihearkotiah \dmfhacagy.
I.?: \fd Makkittdd fol six earkoc kddtihgs ohl o
huk`dr ae ihearkoc kddtihgs.
I.?? \fd Pdpart is argohisdl ih six mfoptdrs2 Mfoptdr
II rdvisits tfd mfaimd ae hakihoc ohmfar ear Ihlios
kahdtory pacimy. Mfoptdr III dvocuotds tfd deedmtivdhdss
ohl trohspordhmy ae argohisotiahoc strumturd,
apdrotihg erokdwarn ohl ihstrukdhts ae kahdtory
pacimy. Mfoptdr IU ollrdssds voriaus ikpdlikdhts ta
trohskissiah ae kahdtory pacimy. Mfoptdr U lismussds
tfd mahlumt ae kahdtory pacimy ih o gca`ocisdl
dhvirahkdht ohl Mfoptdr UI pravilds o sukkory ae
tfd Makkittdds rdmakkdhlotiahs.
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strahg
ldpdhldhmd ah ihliviluoc sniccs ohl mforisko ae tfd
kahdtory pacimy widcldr> ohl susmdpti`icity ta autsild
prdssurds.II.?0. Ih spitd ae strahg tfdardtimoc pasitiahs tfot
kahdtory pacimy moh ahcy fapd ta oeedmt hakihoc
vorio`cds, ohl tfot ih tfd cahg ruh, tfdrd is ha trold-
aee `dtwddh ihffotiah ohl dkpcaykdht, pacimy kondrs
ih sakd ports ae tfd warcl fovd sfawh ihtdrdst ih
`ypossihg hakihoc ohmfars ohl mfaasihg torgdts erak
okahg rdoc vorio`cds tfot fovd o lirdmt `dorihg ah
grawtf ohl mahsukptiah. Pdoc dxmfohgd rotd torgdtihg
fos `ddh tfd kast papucor, `ut tfd dxpdridhmd fos
`ddh tfot wficd kahdtory pacimy koy `d o`cd ta
tdkparoricy ihffudhmd tfd rdoc dxmfohgd rotd, tfis moh
makd ot tfd mast ae o mak`ihotiah ae figfdr ihffotiah
ohl figfdr rdoc ihtdrdst rotds. Ollitiahoccy, tfis ruhs
tfd risn ae casihg tfd hakihoc ohmfar makpcdtdcy ih
tfd mosd ae tfd rdoc dxmfohgd rotd torgdt ear ihstohmd,
tfd rotd ae hakihoc opprdmiotiah/ ldprdmiotiah
`dmakds uhldtdrkihdl. \fd rdoc ihtdrdst rotd fos
sdrvdl os oh ohmfar os wdcc7. Fdrd taa, tfd dxpdridhmd
fos sfawh tfot ihffotiah moh dosicy makd uhfihgdl
sihmd tfdrd is hatfihg ta tid it lawh6.
=.\fd Ihlioh Dxpdridhmd
II.?=. Ihlios kahdtory pacimy erokdwarn fos
uhldrgahd sdvdroc trohsearkotiahs, rdecdmtihg
uhldrcyihg komradmahakim ohl hohmioc mahlitiahs
os ocsa tfd lakihoht samia-pacitima-dmahakim
poroligk. Lrowihg erak tfd macahioc post, tfd ihitioc
ydors eaccawihg ihldpdhldhmd wdrd mforomtdrisdl `y
oh dxmfohgd rotd ohmfar sdt `y tfd prapartiahoc
rdsdrvd systdk prdsmri`dl y tfd P@I Omt wfdrd uhldr
ot cdost
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6
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
ihffotiahory mahsdqudhmds ae figf pu`cim dxpdhliturd
hdmdssitotdl erdqudht rdmaursd ta tfd MPP ta hdutrocisd
tfd sdmahlory deedmts ae tfd dxpohsiah. Eihohmioc
rdprdssiah ih tfd eark ae ihtdrdst rotd prdsmriptiahs,stotutary prd-dkptiahs ohl lirdmtdl mrdlit portcy
mrawldl aut tfd privotd sdmtar erak tfd mrdlit korndt.
Ogoihst tfis `omnlrap, tfd Makkittdd ta Pdvidw tfd
Warnihg ae tfd Kahdtory ]ystdk (Mfo irkoh2
Lr. ]unfokay Mfonrovorty) rdmakkdhldl ih ?964 o
hdw kahdtory pacimy erokdwarn `osdl ah kahdtory
torgdtihg witf eddl`omn, lrowihg ah dkpirimoc
dvildhmd ae o sto`cd ldkohl euhmtiah ear kahdy.
\fus, `raol kahdy `dmokd tfd ihtdrkdliotd torgdt
wficd rdsdrvd kahdy wos ahd ae tfd koih apdrotihg
ihstrukdhts ear omfidvihg mahtrac ah `raol kahdy
grawtf. \fd Makkittdd fol ocsa dkpfosizdl tfot
sfart-tdrk ihtdrdst rotds maucl rdihearmd tfd ohti-
ihffotiahory ikpomt ae kahdtory torgdtihg ie tfdy ord
ocsa usdl os o kahdtory kohogdkdht taac ih gftihg
ihffotiah.
II.?4. Ohocysis ae tfd kahdy grawtf autmakds
lurihg tfd kahdtory torgdtihg rdgikd ihlimotds tfot
torgdts wdrd rordcy kdt9. \fd `iggdst ikpdlikdht ta
kahdtory torgdtihg wos comn ae mahtrac avdr P@Is
mrdlit ta tfd mdhtroc gavdrhkdht, wfimf ommauhtdlear tfd `ucn ae rdsdrvd kahdy mrdotiah?:. Dvdh witf
tfd MPP ohl tfd stotutary ciquility rotia (]CP) roisdl
ta mcasd ta tfdir stotutary mdicihgs, kahdy suppcy
grawtf rdkoihdl figf ohl eudccdl ihffotiah pdrsistdhmd
ot dcdvotdl cdvdcs. Witf tfd rdearks ihtralumdl ih
?99?, mopitoc ecaws `dmokd ohatfdr eomtar tfot
rdhldrdl mahtrac avdr kahdtory oggrdgotds liemuct.
Os tfd pomd ae trold ohl hohmioc ci`drocisotiah goihdl
kakdhtuk ih tfd ?99:s, tfd demomy ae raol kahdy
os oh ihtdrkdliotd torgdt wos rd-ossdssdl. Eihohmiocihhavotiahs ohl dxtdrhoc sfamns dkohotihg erak
swihgs ih mopitoc ffaws, vacoticity ih tfd dxmfohgd rotd
ohl gca`oc usihdss mymcds ikportdl ihsto`icity ta tfd
ldkohl ear kahdy. \fdrd wos ocsa ihmrdosihg
dvildhmd ae mfohgds ih tfd uhldrcyihg trohskissiah
kdmfohisk ae kahdtory pacimy witf ihtdrdst rotd ohl
tfd dxmfohgd rotd goihihg ikpartohmd vis--vis
quohtity vorio`cds.
II.?5. \fd strumturoc rdearks ohl eihohmioc
ci`drocisotiah ih tfd ?99:s ocsa cdl ta o sfiet ih tfdhohmihg pottdrh ear tfd gavdrhkdht ohl makkdrmioc
sdmtars, witf ihtdrdst rotds ohl tfd dxmfohgd rotd,
ihmrdosihgcy korndt-ldtdrkihdl. \fd P@I wos o`cd ta
kavd owoy erak lirdmt ihstrukdhts ta ihlirdmt
korndt-`osdl ihstrukdhts. \fd MPP ohl ]CP wdrd
`raugft lawh ta 9.4 pdr mdht ohl 04 pdr mdht ae HL\C
ae `ohns, rdspdmtivdcy, `y ?997. \fd P@I olaptdl o
kuctipcd ihlimotar oppraomf ih Opric ?996 witf o
grdotdr dkpfosis ah rotd mfohhdcs ear kahdtory pacimy
earkucotiah rdcotivd ta quohtity ihstrukdhts??. Thldr
tfis oppraomf, wfimf is murrdhtcy ih usd, o huk`dr aequohtity vorio`cds sumf os kahdy, mrdlit, autput,
trold, mopitoc ffaws ohl smoc pasitiah os wdcc os rotd
vorio`cds sumf os rotds ae rdturh ih lieedrdht korndts,
ihffotiah rotd ohl dxmfohgd rotd ord ohocyzdl ear
lrowihg kahdtory pacimy pdrspdmtivds. \fd kuctipcd
ihlimotar oppraomf is ihearkdl `y earworl caanihg
9 Pdpart ah Murrdhmy ohl Eihohmd, 0::9-?0, Pdsdrvd @ohn ae Ihlio. fttp2//www.r`i.arg.ih/smripts/OhhuocZu`cimotiahs.ospx1fdol;Pdpart%0:ah%0:
Murrdhmy%0:ohl%0:Eihohmd
?: \fd eomicity ae ol famtrdosury `iccs cdl ta outakotim kahdtisotiah ae tfd gavdrhkdhts ldmit. Wfdhdvdr tfd Gavdrhkdht ae Ihlio wos ih hddl ae
mosf, it waucl issud hah-korndto`cd 9?-loy \rdosury `iccs (\@s) ta tfd P@I. \fis eomicity wos pfosdl aut erak Opric ?997. @dsilds, tfd Gavdrhkdht ae
Ihlio ocsa issudl 9?-loy \@s ah top ot o xdl lismauht ae
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
9
ihlimotars sihmd tfd dorcy 0:::s lrowh erak tfd P@Is
survdys ae ihlustrioc autcaan, mrdlit mahlitiahs,
mopomity uticizotiah, praedssiahoc eardmostdrs, ihffotiah
dxpdmtotiahs ohl mahsukdr maheildhmd. \fd P@Imahtihuds ta givd ihlimotivd prabdmtiahs ae ndy
kahdtory oggrdgotds.
II.?7. \fd kuctipcd ihlimotar oppraomf sddkdl ta
warn eoircy wdcc erak ?996-99 ta 0::6-:9, os rdffdmtdl
ih oh ovdrogd rdoc grass lakdstim pralumt (GLZ)
grawtf rotd ae 7.? pdr mdht ossamiotdl witf ovdrogd
ihffotiah ae o`aut 4.4 pdr mdht ih tdrks ae `atf tfd
wfacdsocd primd ihldx (WZI) ohl tfd MZI. Ih rdmdht
ydors, fawdvdr, tfdrd fos `ddh kauhtihg pu`cim
mdhsurd ae tfd demomy ohl dvdh tfd mrdli`icity ae tfis
erokdwarn os pdrsistdhtcy figf ihecotiah ohl
wdondhihg grawtf fovd makd ta ma-dxist. Tsihg o corgd
pohdc ae ihlimotars fos ddh mritimisdl os hat pravilihg
o mcdorcy ldeihdl hakihoc ohmfar ear kahdtory
pacimy?0. It ocsa cdovds pacimy ohocysts uhmcdor o`aut
wfot tfd P@I caans ot wficd tonihg pacimy ldmisiahs.
II.?6. WZI ohl Mahsukdr Zrimd Ihldx-Ihlustrioc
Warndrs (MZI-IW) ihffotiah ldmcihdl erak 6.: pdr mdht
ohl 6.6 pdr mdht, rdspdmtivdcy, ih tfd kahdtory
torgdtihg rdgikd (?964-65 ta ?997-96), ta 4.< pdr mdht
ohl 4.5 pdr mdht, rdspdmtivdcy, lurihg tfd rst ldmold
ae tfd kuctipcd ihlimotar rdgikd (?996-99 ta 0::6-:9).
\fdrdoetdr, it rasd ta 7.0 pdr mdht ohl ?:.4 pdr mdht,
rdspdmtivdcy, `dtwddh Opric 0::9 ohl Havdk`dr 0:?=.
]ihmd 0::6, rdtoic ihffotiah fos trdhldl up ohl fos
pdrsistdl ot lau`cd ligit cdvdcs avdr tfd cost six ydors
(Mforts II.= ohl II.
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?:
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
Eihohmioc Mdhtrd, 0::7 (Mfoirkoh2 Zdrmy ]. Kistry)
dkpfosisdl tfot tfd gacl stohlorl ear o kahdtory
pacimy erokdwarn is o trohspordht, ihldpdhldht,
ihecotiah-torgdtihg mdhtroc `ohn. Witf sumf oh
orrohgdkdht tfd Ihlioh ]totd waucl d2 (o) uhldrcihihg
its makkitkdht ta ldcivdrihg caw ohl prdlimto`cd
ihffotiah> ohl (`) ihlumihg grdotdr mahldhmd ih tfdPupdd ih tfd dyds ae lakdstim ohl gca`oc ihvdstars.
II.0?. \fd Pdpart ae tfd Makkittdd ah Eihohmioc
]dmtar Pdearks, 0::9 (Mfoirkoh2 Pogfurok G. Poboh)
rditdrotdl tfot tfd P@I moh `dst sdrvd tfd mousd ae
grawtf `y eamusihg ah mahtraccihg ihecotiah, ohl
ihtdrvdhihg ih murrdhmy korndts ahcy ta cikit
dxmdssivd vacoticity. \fis eamus moh ocsa dst sdrvd tfd
mousd ae ihmcusiah `dmousd tfd paardr sdmtiahs ord
cdost fdlgdl ogoihst ihffotiah. \fd P@I sfaucl earkoccy
fovd o sihgcd a`bdmtivd ta stoy mcasd ta o caw ihffotiah
huk`dr, ar witfih o rohgd, ih tfd kdliuk tdrk, ohl
kavd stdolicy ta o sihgcd ihstrukdht, tfd sfart-tdrk
ihtdrdst rotd (rdpa ohl rdvdrsd rdpa) ta omfidvd it.
II.00. \fd Eihohmioc ]dmtar Cdgiscotivd Pdearks
Makkissiah (E]CPM), 0:?= (Mfoirkoh2 @.H.
]rinrisfho) ocsa rdmakkdhldl tfot primd sto`icity is
o ldsiro`cd gaoc ih its awh rigft, portimucorcy ih Ihliowfdrd ihecotiah is nhawh ta furt tfd paar ohl
tfdrdeard tfd mdhtroc ohn kust d givdh o quohtitotivd
kahitaro`cd a`bdmtivd y tfd Mdhtroc Gavdrhkdht ear
its kahdtory pacimy euhmtiah. Ommarlihg ta tfd
Makkittdd, tfd Kihistry ae Eihohmd sfaucl put aut
\o`cd II.02 Kihikuk ]uppart Zrimd earEaalgroihs ommarlihg ta Mrap Ydor
(Y-a-y grawtf ih pdr mdht)
Ydor ZollyMakkah
MaorsdMdrdocs
Wfdot Grok Orfor(\ur)
Kaahg Trol
0:::-:?
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
??
o stotdkdht ldeihihg o quohtitotivd kahitaro`cd
prdlakihoht torgdt. Ollitiahoc/su`siliory torgdts
maucl ocsa d spdmidl, wfimf waucl d pursudl wfdh
tfdrd ord ha liemuctids ih kddtihg tfd prdlakihohttorgdt.
=.0. Potiahocd ear Ecdxi`cd Ihffotiah \orgdtihg ih
Ihlio
II.0=. Kobar mdhtroc `ohns, ih `atf olvohmdl ohl
dkdrgihg dmahakids, fovd olaptdl ffdxi`cd ihffotiah
torgdtihg (EI\) uhldr wfimf tfd ihffotiah torgdt is
oikdl ta `d omfidvdl ah ovdrogd avdr tfd `usihdss
mymcd, wficd ommakkalotihg grawtf mahmdrhs ih tfd
sfart ruh (Ita, 0:?=).?
ohl pdrsistdhtcy figf ihffotiah ih itsdce dmakds o risn
ta grawtf (pcdosd sdd eaathatd ha. 0), wfimf cikits
tfd spomd ear ommakkalotihg grawtf mahmdrhs dvdh
ih tfd sfart ruh. Ihlio, orguo`cy, eomds sikicor
mahlitiahs ih rdmdht ydors ohl visi`cd sighs ae
stogecotiah i.d.,figf ihecotiah ma-dxistihg witf
scuggisf grawtf worrohts o rdeamusihg ah tfd mritimoc
ikpartohmd ae primd sto`icity ear ikpravihg avdrocc
komradmahakim sto`icity ih tfd hdor tdrk, ohl ear
sdmurihg grawtf praspdmts ih tfd kdliuk ruh. Os sdt
aut ih Zorogropf II.=, Ihlio is eomdl witf tfd uhiqud
mfoccdhgd ae dxpdridhmihg ahd ae tfd figfdst ihffotiah
rotds okahg G-0: mauhtrids, witf tfd cdvdc ae ihffotiahdxpdmtotiahs fovihg lau`cdl avdr tfd cost eaur ydors.
Os dhuhmiotdl dorcidr, dcdvotdl ihffotiah is mrdotihg
komradmahakim vuchdro`icitids.Ih tfd cigft ae tfdsd
uhiqud mirmukstohmds, tfd eardkast ohl lakihoht
a`bdmtivd ae kahdtory pacimy kust `d ta ohmfarihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs. O kahdtory pacimy erokdwarn
witf ihffotiah os tfd hakihoc ohmfar is ocsa mahsistdht
witf ffdxi`icity ih dxmfohgd rotd kohogdkdht?4.
II.0
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?0
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
\fd Hdw Ndyhdsioh (HN) rdsdormf pragrokkd is ahd ae tfd
kast ihffudhtioc ohl pracim ordos ae rdsdormf ih kahdtory
pacimy ohocysis. \fd erokdwarn pravilds tfd eauhlotiahs ae
tfd HN L]GD (lyhokim stamfostim gdhdroc dquici`riuk) kaldc
wfimf is tfd warnfarsd kaldc ear tfd ohocysis ae kahdtory
pacimy ot kobar mdhtroc `ohns. L]GD kaldcs ord `osdl ah
aptikisihg `dfoviaur ae fausdfacls ohl rks, rotiahoc
dxpdmtotiahs, ohl korndt mcdorihg, i.d., it olapts kohy ae tfd
taacs ossamiotdl witf rdsdormf ah rdoc `usihdss mymcds.
Fawdvdr, rks ord kaldcdl os kahapacistim makpdtitars,
ohl hakihoc rigilitids o ndy dcdkdht ae tfd kaldc rihg tfd
koih saurmd ae kahdtory pacimy hah-hdutrocity (Goci, 0::6o,
0::6`> Wocsf, 0:?:> ]`arlahd dt oc., 0:?:).
\fd sikpcd HN kaldc makprisds tfrdd dquotiahs. \fd rst
dquotiah is moccdl tfd Hdw Ndyhdsioh Zficips Murvd (HNZM).\fis is tfd suppcy `camn ae tfd kaldc. \fis moh `d ldrivdl
erak tfd oggrdgotiah ae primd-sdttihg ldmisiahs `y rks,
mak`ihdl witf oh dquotiah ldsmri`ihg tfd rdcotiahsfip
`dtwddh korgihoc mast ohl tfd cdvdc ae omtivity (sdd Goci
0::6o, 0::6`). It is givdh `y2
t; D
t{
t+?} + nx
t+
t, (?)
wfdrdtis ihffotiah, x
tis tfd autput gop, D
tis tfd dxpdmtotiah
ot tikd pdrial t, ohl tis o mast-pusf sfamn.
\fd sdmahl `camn rdcotds tfd autput gop pasitivdcy ta its
dxpdmtdl ahd pdrial vocud Dt{x
t+?}, ohl hdgotivdcy ta tfd
ihtdrdst rotd gop (tfd lieedrdhmd `dtwddh tfd rdoc ihtdrdst
rotd, it- Dt{ t+?} ohl tfd hoturoc rotd ae ihtdrdst (rth
)). \fddquotiah is givdh `y2
xt; - ? (i
t D
t{
t+?} r
th) + D
t{x
t+?} (0)
Dquotiah (0) is moccdl tfd lyhokim I] dquotiah (LI]). \fd
ldkohl `camn dxfi`its o hdgotivd rdcotiahsfip `dtwddh tfd
rdoc ihtdrdst rotd ohl rdoc omtivity, sihmd o risd ih tfd rdoc
ihtdrdst rotd ihmrdosds sovihgs ohl cawdrs mahsukptiah (ohl
ihvdstkdht). @atf tfd HNZM ohl tfd LI] mahstitutd tfd hah-
pacimy `camn ae tfd Hdw Ndyhdsioh kaldc.
Eihoccy, tfd kaldc is mcasdl `y o kahdtory pacimy rucd.
Kahdtory pacimy itsdce is aetdh ldsmri`dl `y o mdhtroc `ohn,
wfimf sdts tfd sfart-tdrk hakihoc ihtdrdst rotd ommarlihgta o \oycar-typd pacimy2
it; +
t+
yy*
t+
t (=)
wfdrd itis tfd sfart-tdrk hakihoc ihtdrdst rotd,
tis o sfamn
(oh dxagdhaus pacimy listur`ohmd), ohl y*trdprdsdhts
ldviotiahs ae cag autput erak its stdoly stotd vocud. \fd
@ax II.?2 O \fdardtimoc Erokdwarn os o Guild ear Kahdtory Zacimy
pacimy rdomtiah euhmtiah ae tfd kahdtory outfarity mcasds
tfd kaldc occawihg ear o makpcdtd ldsmriptiah ae tfd
rdcotiahsfip `dtwddh tfd ndy vorio`cds2 autput, ihffotiah,
ohl tfd hakihoc ihtdrdst rotd.
Aptikoc Kahdtory Zacimy
Waalearl (0::=) sfawdl tfot tfd a`bdmtivds ae ihffotiah
torgdtihg moh `d oppraxikotdl `y o quolrotim cass euhmtiah
mahsistihg ae tfd suk ae tfd squords ae ihffotiah ldviotiahs
erak torgdt ohl o wdigft tikds tfd squord ae tfd autput gop.
\fd cass euhmtiah ossamiotdl witf ihffotiah torgdtihg is givdh
`y2
(x
t0+
t0), (
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
?=
II.05. \fis rdmakkdhlotiah is ihtdhldl ta `dttdr
grauhl ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs `y konihg mcdor tfot
ihffotiah is tfd P@Is prikory a`bdmtivd ohl tfot it
dxpdmts ta d fdcl ommauhto`cd ear its pdrearkohmd ih
tfis rdgorl.
ruroc wogds ohl marparotd stoee
masts> fausd primds ohl tfd cind.
II.06. \fd WZI is oh ikpdredmt su`stitutd ear o
pralumdr primd ihldx (ZZI). Eurtfdrkard, it lads hat
mopturd primd kavdkdhts ih hah-makkality
pralumihg sdmtars cind sdrvimds, wfimf mahstitutd mcasd
ta twa-tfirls ae dmahakim omtivity ih Ihlio. It ocsa lads
hat gdhdroccy rdffdmt primd kavdkdhts ih occ wfacdsocd
korndts os tfd primd quatds ae sakd ae tfd ikpartohtmakkalitids cind kicn, CZG ohl tfd cind ord osimoccy
tondh erak rdtoic korndts. Kavdkdhts ih WZI aetdh
rdffdmt corgd dxtdrhoc sfamns. Kardavdr, it is aetdh
su`bdmt ta corgd rdvisiahs> ear ihstohmd, `dtwddh
Bohuory 0:?: ohl Amta`dr 0:?=, WZI ihffotiah wos
caanihg vorio`cds, tfd ohocysis ae kahdtory pacimy ih tfd
mahtdxt ae kaldcs witf earworl-caanihg vorio`cds paihts ta
tfd ikpartohmd ae o mrdli`cd makkitkdht ta ikpravd tfd
mdhtroc `ohns trold-aees.
\fd HN erokdwarn moh `d usdl ta dvocuotd tfd ldsiro`icity
ae octdrhotivd kahdtory pacimy rucds. It moh ocsa `d usdl ta
ldtdrkihd tfd aptikoc kahdtory pacimy rucd usihg wdceord-
`osdl mritdriah. @dmousd ae its ecdxi`icity, it is o`cd ta
ihmarparotd o wild voridty ae mauhtry-spdmim mforomtdristims
ae dkdrgihg korndt dmahakids (makkality primd sfamns,
earkoc-ihearkoc sdmtar cihnogds), os wdcc os atfdr dxtdhsiahs
(apdh dmahaky edoturds, mrdlit erimtiahs, dtm.) ear kahdtory
pacimy ohocysis.
Pdedrdhmds2
?. Goci, Barli (0::6o) Kahdtory Zacimy, Ihffotiah, ohl tfd
@usihdss Mymcd2 Oh Ihtralumtiah ta tfd Hdw NdyhdsiohErokdwarn, Zrihmdtah Thivdrsity Zrdss, Hdw Bdrsdy.
0. Goci, Barli (0::6`) \fd Hdw Ndyhdsioh Oppraomf ta
Kahdtory Zacimy Ohocysis2 Cdssahs ohl Hdw Lirdmtiahs,
Dmahakims Warnihg Zopdrs ?:74, Ldportkdht ae Dmahakims
ohl @usihdss, Thivdrsitot Zakpdu Eo`ro, Ed`ruory
=. Gfotd, Mfdtoh, Zohldy, Polfino ohl Ico Zothoin (0:?=)Fos Ihlio Dkdrgdl1 @usihdss Mymcd ]tycizdl Eomts erak o
\rohsitiahihg Dmahaky ]trumturoc Mfohgd ohl Dmahakim
Lyhokims, Uac. 0
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
?4
\fd ihtralumtiah ae hdw MZIs ih 0:??, i.d., occ Ihlio MZI-
Mak`ihdl, MZI-Puroc ohl MZI-Tr`oh pravilds ear tfd rst
tikd o hotiahwild rdtoic primd ihldx ih Ihlio tfot mopturds
tfd ihffotiah eomdl y fausdfacls, i.d., mast ae civihg ihffotiah.
\fd hdw MZIs fovd o makprdfdhsivd mavdrogd omrass rdgiahs
os wdcc os makkality graups ihmculihg sdrvimds. Witf o osd
ydor ae 0:?:, tfd hdw MZIs fovd o wdigftihg pottdrh tfot
rdffdmts kard rdmdht mahsukptiah pottdrhs os makpordl witf
tfd atfdr MZIs, os it is `osdl ah H]]As 5?st
Pauhl aeMahsukdr Dxpdhliturd ]urvdy loto (0::
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?5
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
ihstdol, ihecotiah fos
rdkoihdl ih tfd 0-= pdr mdht rohgd `dmousd ihffotiah
dxpdmtotiahs wdrd ohmfardl ot tfasd cdvdcs `y
olvohmdl dmahaky mdhtroc `ohns (IKE, 0:?=)?9. Kard
gdhdroccy, avdr tfd cost edw ldmolds tfd racd ae autput
gops vis--vis ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs ih ihffudhmihg
ihffotiah lyhokims is a`sdrvdl ta d sdmucorcy eoccihg.
II.==. O sikicor lyhokim, oc`dituhldsiro`cd, koy d
murrdhtcy pcoyihg aut ih Ihlio. Dvdh os tfd Ihlioh
dmahaky fos dxpdridhmdl hdgotivd autput gops ih0:?=, MZI ihecotiah dxmculihg eaal ohl eudc fos
rdkoihdl stimny ot oh dcdvotdl cdvdc, ovdrogihg o`avd
6 pdr mdht, ohl pcoyihg o grawihg racd ih ldtdrkihihg
wogd ohl primd dfoviar ih Ihlio. \fd mrumioc qudstiah,
tfdrdeard, is2 wfot is lrivihg fausdfacl ihffotiah
dxpdmtotiahs ih Ihlio1 Oh dxokihotiah ae tfd
quohtitotivd ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs ae fausdfacls ih
tfd P@Is survdy sfaws tfot ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs
tdhldl ta eaccaw WZI ihffotiah lurihg 0::6-:9. Zast-
0:??, fawdvdr, tfdy sddk ta `d eaccawihg MZI
ihffotiah. Zohdc loto ohocysis osdl ah tfd P@Is ur`oh
fausdfacls ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs survdy sfaws tfot
`a tf tf rdd- kaht f ofdo l ohl ah d-yd or of do l
dxpdmtotiahs ord sighimohtcy ihffudhmdl `y eaal os
wdcc os eudc ihffotiah kdosurdl erak MZI-IW (Ohhdx
0). \fis ihlimotds tfd hddl ta torgdt fdolcihd MZI ohl
hat MZI dxmculihg eaal ohl eudc ta ohmfar ihffotiah
dxpdmtotiahs.Dkpirimoc dvildhmd ocsa suggdsts tfot2
(o) mfohgds ih MZI-fdolcihd os wdcc os MZI-eaal ohleudc ihffotiah lrivd mfohgds ih ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs,
ohl (`) ihmrdosds ih pacimy rotds rdspahl ta risihg
ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs (ldtoics ih Mfoptdr-IU).
II.=
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
?7
tfd dcdvotdl ohl dhtrdhmfdl hoturd ae dxpdmtotiahs
ih Ihlio os kdosurdl `y tfd P@Is fausdfacls
survdys is cindcy o ndy rdosah wfy dcdvotdl ihffotiah
murrdhtcy ma-dxists witf hdgotivd autput gops.
Mahsdqudhtcy, tfd mfaimd ae tfd ihecotiah kdtrim
mohhat ighard eaal ohl eudc sfamns ohl kust, ih eomt,
rdomt ta tfdk ta ovail o kard gdhdrocizdl ihffotiah
spiroc tfot ihecudhmds fausdfacl dxpdmtotiahs
costihgcy. Hat o sihgcd DKD ihffotiah-torgdtihg mdhtroc
`ohn torgdts mard MZI atfdr tfoh \foicohl occ ae
tfdk torgdt fdolcihd MZI. It is aetdh orgudl tfot Ihlio
is uhiqud, witf eaal ohl eudc ihffotiah mahstitutihg
47.? pdr mdht ae tfd MZI osndt ohl tfdrdeard autsild
tfd lirdmt mahtrac ae tfd P@I. Ih tfis mahtdxt, fawdvdr,
it hddls ta `d rdmaghizdl tfot tfdrd ord atfdr DKDs
tfot ocsa fovd o rdcotivdcy sighimoht eromtiah ae eaal
ohl eudc ih tfd MZI `osndt (mcasd ta
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?6
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
Pdmakkdhlotiah
II.=5. \fd Makkittdd rdmakkdhls tfot tfd P@I
sfaucl olapt tfd hdw MZI (mak`ihdl) os tfd kdosurd
ae tfd hakihoc ohmfar ear pacimy makkuhimotiah. \fdhakihoc ohmfar sfaucl `d ldeihdl ih tdrks ae
fdolcihd MZI ihffotiah, wfimf mcasdcy rdffdmts tfd mast
ae civihg ohl ihffudhmds ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs rdcotivd
ta atfdr ovoico`cd kdtrims.
4. Hukdrimoc \orgdt ohl Zrdmisiah
II.=7. O hukdrimoc ihffotiah torgdt rdffdmts, dxpcimitcy
ar ikpcimitcy, tfd kdohihg ae primd sto`icity ih o
mauhtry spdmim mahtdxt. Oh dxpcimit ihtdrprdtotiah ae
ihecotiah os oh a`bdmtivd ae kahdtory pacimy is
dxdkpcidl `y tfd DM@ wfimf ldhds primd sto`icityos ...o ydor-ah-ydor ihmrdosd ih tfd Forkahisdl Ihldx
ae Mahsukdr Zrimds (FIMZ) ear tfd dura ordo ae dcaw
0 pdr mdht. Oh iccustrotiah ae oh ikpcimit ihffotiah
gaoc is tfot ae Mfiho2 Gavdrhkdht ohhauhmdl ta facl
MZI ihffotiah ih 0:?= ot =.4 pdr mdht, :.4 pdrmdhtogd
paiht cawdr tfoh tfd torgdt ae cost ydor. \fd mrass
mauhtry dxpdridhmd suggdsts tfot tfd hukdrimoc torgdt
sfaucl `d o caw `ut hah-zdra pasitivd huk`dr.
II.=6. Wfot sfaucl `d tfd hah-zdra pasitivd huk`dr
ear Ihlio1 Dstikotds usihg kuctivoriotd kdtfals ah
quortdrcy loto ihlimotd tfot tfd cdvdc ae MZI-Mak`ihdl
ihffotiah (occ Ihlio omn-mostdl usihg tfd MZI-IW) o`avd
wfimf it is ihikimoccy forkeuc ta grawtf is 5.0 pdr
mdht (Ohhdx =). Octdrhotivd kdtfals ae dstikotihg tfd
autput gop (uhivoriotd ohl kuctivoriotd) suggdst tfot
tfd autput gop wos eoircy mcasd ta zdra lurihg tfd
pdrial erak _= ae 0::=-:< ohl _? ae 0::5-:7 (Ohhdx
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
?9
corgd rdvisiahs ta caw quocity ae hoc rdvisdl loto),
prabdmtiah drrars, ohl sfart ruh ldvdcapkdhts fovihg
o corgd ikpomt ah tfd hdor-tdrk ihffotiah potf sumf
os eoicurd ae ogrimucturoc mraps, figf makkality primds,sforp ldprdmiotiah ih tfd dxmfohgd rotd, figfdr toxds
ocsa worroht ffdxi`icity tfraugf olaptiah ae rohgds/
`ohls. O `ohl ocsa pravilds cdol ihearkotiah ah
koxikuk tacdrohmd cdvdcs ae kahdtory pacimy ta
ommakkalotd uhohtimipotdl sfamns, wfimf dhfohmds
trohspordhmy ohl prdlimto`icity.
4.?.\ikd Farizah ear Ottoihihg Zrimd ]to`icity
II.
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0:
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
II.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
0?
(EPP@K) Omt, 0::=04. \fd Makkittdd is ae tfd vidw
tfot tfd gaoc ae rdlumihg tfd mdhtroc gavdrhkdht
ldmit ta = pdr mdht ae GLZ `y 0:?5-?7 is hdmdssory
ohl omfidvo`cd. \aworls tfis a`bdmtivd, tfd Gavdrhkdhtkust sdt o potf ae smoc mahsacilotiah witf zdra ar
edw dsmopd mcousds> ildoccy tfis sfaucl `d cdgiscotdl
ohl pu`cimcy makkuhimotdl. \fd Pdpart ae tfd
Makkittdd ah Paolkop ear Eismoc Mahsacilotiah, 0:?0
(Mfoirkoh2 Uiboy C. Ndcnor) ocrdoly pravilds o potf
ear tfd pdrial up ta 0:?
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00
Mfoptdr IIPdvisitihg tfd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar ear Ihlios Kahdtory Zacimy
\o`cds II.5O ohl @). \fdrd ord sdvdroc eomtars tfot
ldkohl mcdordr makkuhimotiah ah kahdtory pacimy.
Eirst, dvdry ldkamrotim samidty rdquirds pu`cim
ihstitutiahs tfot ord ommauhto`cd. \fd mdhtroc `ohnkust dxpcoih faw it usds its kahapacy pawdr avdr
kahdy ta ottoih tfd gaocs ossighdl ta it y tfd dcdmtdl
gavdrhkdht. ]dmahlcy, ih o korndt dmahaky, o mdhtroc
`ohn fos ta rdcy ah hohmioc korndts ear trohskissiah
ae its pacimids. It kust, tfdrdeard, pravild erdqudht
ossdsskdhts ah komra-hohmioc mahlitiahs (mrdli`cd
07 Movaci, \., ohl Poboh, P. ]. (0::6)2 Apdh Dmahaky Ihffotiah \orgdtihg Orrohgdkdhts ohl Kahdtory Zacimy Pucds2 Oppcimotiah ta Ihlio, Ihlioh Grawtfohl Ldvdcapkdht Pdvidw, ?(0), 0=7-04?.
ihearkotiah ear tfd korndts) ohl mcoriey tfd ihtdht
ae tfd pacimy stohmd. \fis is hdmdssory ear dhfohmihg
pacimy deedmtivdhdss ohl mahtoihihg ldsto`icisihg
dxpdmtotiahs. Erokdwarns witf ihffotiah os o hakihocohmfar dkpfosisd trohspordhmy ih tfd eark ae pu`cim
rdcdosd ae ihecotiah rdparts, kahdtory pacimy
makkittdd kihutds, prabdmtdl ihffotiah potf witf eoh
mforts ohl apdh cdttdrs ta dxpcoih ldviotiahs erak
tfd ihffotiah torgdt07.\fdsd ospdmts ord ollrdssdl ih
Mfoptdr III.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
0=
Mfoptdr III
Argohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn
ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
?. Ihtralumtiah
III.?. O mdhtroc `ohns summdss ldpdhls ah tfd
quocity ae its ldmisiahs. Dvdh witf o mcdor torgdt,
suito`cd ihstrukdhts ohl eucc ihsucotiah erak autsild
prdssurds, o mdhtroc `ohn mohhat passi`cy eardsdd occ
mahtihgdhmids. Dvdhtuoccy, its ldmisiah fos ta ldpdhl
ah bulgkdht ohl, tfdrdeard, sakd lismrdtiah, wfimf
is `dst `auhldl `y mrdli`cd ohl trohspordht
ihstitutiahoc ommauhto`icity, is uhovailo`cd. It is ih
tfis mahtdxt tfot kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah-konihgfos uhldrgahd o sicdht trohsearkotiah?. \fd promtimd
ae Gavdrhar os tfd sihgcd ldmisiah-kondr is `dihg
rdpcomdl `y makkittdds ohl ha mauhtry fos ydt
rdpcomdl o makkittdd witf o sihgcd ldmisiah-kondr.
\fd dhdts ottri`utdl ta o makkittdd-`osdl oppraomf
ord2 gotfdrihg kard ohl `dttdr ihearkotiah> paacihg
lieedrdht mahmcusiahs, patdhtioccy rdlumihg drrars>
ihsurohmd ogoihst strahg ihliviluoc prdedrdhmds> ohl
pddr rdvidws prakatihg apdhhdss ae ihtdromtiah ohl
ihldpdhldhmd. Ah tfd atfdr fohl, sdvdroc masts fovd
ocsa ddh ildhtidl2 erdd rilihg (hat mahtri`utihg euccy
ta ldmisiah-konihg)> ihdrtio (maucl d dosicy dk`dlldl
ih ldmisiahs tdhlihg ta stotus quadvdh os o ldeouct
aptiah)> ohl grauptfihn. Ndy ta tfd ikpcdkdhtotiah
ae tfd kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah, irrdspdmtivd ae
wfdtfdr it is tondh maccdgioccy ar `y o sihgcd ldmisiah-
kondr, ord2 (o) oh apdrotihg erokdwarn tfot dho`cds
tfd ocighkdht ae suito`cd ihstrukdhts ta hoc gaocs>
(`) dhmfkornihg tfd potf sdt ear pacimy ihstrukdhts
ogoihst rucds ldvdcapdl tfraugf rigaraus ohocysis ae
makpcdx ohl eost mfohgihg komra lyhokims, ihmculihg
strumturoc komra kaldcs, lyhokim stamfostim gdhdroc
dquici`riuk (L]GD) kaldcs ohl \oycar rucd typd
earkucotiahs> (m) ovailohmd ae pdrvdrsd ihmdhtivds,
sumf os sddnihg ta ihffudhmd tfd gict yidcl murvd,
ihfi`itihg primd lismavdry, ikpdlihg kahdtory
trohskissiah, ohl patdhtioccy mrdotihg o mahffimt witf
tfd kahdtory outfaritys prikory a`bdmtivd> ohl
(l) sdhsitivity ta hohmioc sto`icity mahmdrhs.
0. Argohisotiahoc ]trumturd ear Ldmisiah-konihg2
\fd Ihtdrhotiahoc Dxpdridhmd
III.0. \fd argohisotiahoc strumturd ae tfd ldmisiah-
konihg pramdss ih kahdtory pacimy vorids omrass
mauhtrids. Kast mdhtroc `ohns fovd olaptdl o
makkittdd oppraomf ear kahdtory pacimy ldmisiahs.
Okahg kobar hah-ihffotiah torgdtihg mdhtroc ohns is
tfd T], wfdrd tfd @aorl ae Gavdrhars ae tfd Edl is
rdspahsi`cd ear tfd lismauht rotd ohl rdsdrvd
rdquirdkdhts, wficd tfd Edldroc Apdh Korndt
Makkittdd (EAKM) is rdspahsi`cd ear ohhauhmihg tfd
Edl Euhls torgdt rotd. Ih Bopoh, tfd stohmd ae kahdtory
pacimy is ldmildl `y tfd Zacimy @aorl ot Kahdtory
Zacimy Kddtihgs (KZKs). Ih Mfiho, tfd Kahdtory
Zacimy Makkittdd (KZM) is o mahsuctotivd aly, wfimf
fos oh olvisary racd ih tfd mahtdxt ae makprdfdhsivd
rdsdormf ah tfd komradmahakim situotiah ohl tfd
komra torgdts sdt `y tfd ]totd Mauhmic, wfimf is ocsa
dhtrustdl witf tfd kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah.
III.=. \fd kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah-konihg pramdss
ih ihecotiah torgdtihg mauhtrids moh `d `raolcy
sukkorisdl os eaccaws02
Kast ihffotiah torgdtihg mdhtroc `ohns fovd oh
KZM wfimf is ihvacvdl witf ldmisiah-konihg.
? @cihldr, O. (0::
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
0 ih atfdrs, tfdy ord
oppaihtdl `y tfd Gavdrhkdht (TN, Zacohl,
Kdxima, Ihlahdsio).
Ldmisiah-konihg ih KZMs is kastcy `y vatihg
wficd o`aut digft mauhtrids orrivd ot kahdtory
pacimy ldmisiahs tfraugf o mahsdhsus.
Ih ?0 mauhtrids, tfd KZM kddts dvdry kahtf,
ohl kast mauhtrids fovd KZM kddtihgs ot cdost
`i-kahtfcy.
III.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
04
rdspahsi`cd. Ih kast atfdr mdhtroc `ohns, fawdvdr,
ldmisiahs ord kold y o aorl, makkittdd ar mauhmic,
wfimf givds risd ta tfd issud ae maccdmtivd vdrsus
ihliviluoc rdspahsi`icity. \fdrd ord sdvdroc earkockdmfohisks tfraugf wfimf mdhtroc `ohns ord fdcl
ommauhto`cd ear tfdir omtivitids2 (i) kahitarihg y tfd
gavdrhkdht ar cdgiscoturd, (ii) pu`cimotiah ae rdgucor
mdhtroc ohn rdparts, ohl (iii) tomit dhlarsdkdht (tfd
gavdrhkdht ar Zorciokdht ih o`aut ahd-eietf ae
mauhtrids fos dxpcimit pawdr ta pravild earkoc
lirdmtivds ta tfd mdhtroc `ohn, ta avdrrild ldmisiahs
ar atfdrwisd mfohgd tfd maursd ae pacimy) (@I], 0::9).
III.7. \fd vost kobarity ae mdhtroc `ohns fovd
pu`cisfdl torgdts (ih portimucor, ear kahdtory pacimy),
`ut ahcy o cikitdl huk`dr o`aut 0: pdr mdht ohl
kastcy ih ihlustriocisdl mauhtrids ord su`bdmt ta
earkoc pramdlurds wfdh torgdts ord kissdl. \ypimoccy
tfis ihvacvds ollitiahoc rdpartihg rdquirdkdhts ta
dxpcoih tfd rdosahs ear kissihg tfd torgdt os wdcc os
tfd kdosurds ohl tikd erokd hddldl ta kddt tfd
torgdt. Ohatfdr patdhtioc rdkdlioc omtiah is ha
rdoppaihtkdht ar dvdh liskissoc. @ut, aetdh, mdhtroc
`ohn aemiocs moh d liskissdl ahcy ih mosds ae sdriaus
kismahlumt ar ihmopomity ohl rordcy `dmousd ae paar
pdrearkohmd. Kast mdhtroc `ohns, ohl hdorcy occ ih
DKDs, ord rdgucorcy kahitardl `y tfdir cdgiscoturds.
Ih sakd mauhtrids, tfd rdcdvoht cdgiscotivd alids fovd
ollrdssdl tfd pra`cdk ae dxpdrtisd `y earkoccy
mahsuctihg dxtdrhoc dxpdrts ah kahdtory pacimy
kottdrs7 (@I], 0::9).
=. Argohisotiahoc ]trumturd ear Kahdtory Zacimy
Ldmisiahs ih tfd P@I
III.6. \fd rdspahsi`icity, ommauhto`icity ohl tikihg
ae ldmisiah-konihg rdcotihg ta kahdtory pacimy
rdkoihs witf tfd Gavdrhar wfa is lirdmtcy ommauhto`cd
ta tfd Gavdrhkdht ae Ihlio. \fd P@I Omt stotds tfot
tfd Mdhtroc Gavdrhkdht sfocc oppaiht ohl rdkavd
tfd Gavdrhar ohl koy givd tfd P@I lirdmtiahs ih tfd
pu`cim ihtdrdst6.
III.9. \fus, ih Ihlio, kahdtory pacimy ldmisiahs ord
kold y tfd Gavdrhar ocahd. Ihlddl, quortdrcy pacimy
stotdkdhts ord issudl ih tfd Gavdrhars hokd9. \fd
pramdss ae kahdtory pacimy earkucotiah ih tfd P@I
fos, tfdrdeard, ddh trolitiahoccy ihtdrhoc. Ear pacimyearkucotiah, tfd Gavdrhar is ossistdl `y Ldputy
Gavdrhars, witf ahd Ldputy Gavdrhar spdmimoccy
dhtrustdl witf tfd rdspahsi icity ear kahdtory pacimy
sdttihg ohl mahlumt, ohl is guildl `y tfd ihputs
rdmdivdl erak tfd Makkittdd ae tfd Mdhtroc @aorl ae
Lirdmtars tfot kddts dvdry wddn ta rdvidw kahdtory,
dmahakim ohl hohmioc mahlitiahs.
III.?:. Avdr tikd, tfd kahdtory pacimy earkucotiah
pramdss fos dmakd kard mahsuctotivd ohl portimipotivd
wi tf oh dxt dr ho c ar id ht ot ia h. Eac caw ihg tf dihtralumtiah ae quortdrcy pacimy rdvidws (Opric/Koy,
Bucy, Amta`dr ohl Bohuory) ih 0::4, tfd P@I sdt up o
\dmfhimoc Olvisary Makkittdd ah Kahdtory Zacimy
(\OMKZ) ih Bucy ae tfd sokd ydor witf dxtdrhoc dxpdrts
ih tfd ordos ae kahdtory dmahakims, mdhtroc ohnihg,
hohmioc korndts ohl pu`cim hohmd. \fd Makkittdd
is mfoirdl y tfd Gavdrhar, witf tfd Ldputy Gavdrhar
7 Oh dxokpcd ae sumf oh dxtdrhoc ogdhmy is tfd Ihtdrhotiahoc Kahdtory Euhl (IKE), wfimf usuoccy makkdhts ah kahdtory pacimy ih its rdgucor Ortimcd IU
mahsuctotiahs. \fd IKE ocsa pu`cisfds Pdparts ah tfd A`sdrvohmd ae ]tohlorls ohl Malds (PA]Ms) tfot sukkorisd tfd dxtdht ta wfimf mdrtoih ihtdrhotiahoccy
rdmaghisdl stohlorls ohl malds ord a`sdrvdl ih ordos sumf os kahdtory ohl hohmioc pacimy trohspordhmy, `ohnihg supdrvisiah ohl poykdht systdks.
6 tfd Pdsdrvd @ohn ae Ihlio is o stotutary marparotiah mahstitutdl y tfd Omt ae ?9= Pdsdrvd @ohn ae Ihliovdrsus ]. Boyoroboh (?995) 0 Co`.C.B.7=4 (]M).
9 ]ihmd 0:?:, tfd P@I ihstitutdl kil-quortdr rdvidws (< ih huk`dr ih Buhd, ]dptdk`dr, Ldmdk`dr ohl Kormf) ih ollitiah ta quortdrcy pacimy rdvidws.
\fd kil-quortdr rdvidws ord issudl ah tfd P@Is wd`sitd os prdss rdcdosds.
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
05
ih mforgd ae kahdtory pacimy os tfd vimd-mfoirkoh ohl
tfd atfdr Ldputy Gavdrhars ae tfd P@I os ihtdrhoc
kdk`drs. \fd Makkittdd kddts ot cdost ahmd ih o
quortdr, rdvidws komradmahakim ohl kahdtoryldvdcapkdhts ohl olvisds tfd P@I ah tfd opprapriotd
stohmd ae kahdtory pacimy. It ocsa pravilds pacimy
rdmakkdhlotiahs ear kil-quortdr rdvidws, wfimf
wdrd ihtralumdl ih 0:?:. \fd racd ae tfd \OMKZ is
purdcy olvisary ih hoturd. @dgihhihg witf tfd kddtihg
fdcl ih Bohuory 0:??, tfd koih paihts ae lismussiahs
ae tfd \OMKZ ord pcomdl ih tfd pu`cim lakoih, witf
o cog ae raugfcy eaur wddns oetdr tfd kddtihg ae tfd
Makkittdd. Kdk`drs ae \OMKZ fovd ogrddl hat ta
spdon ih pu`cim ah issuds rdcotihg ta kahdtory pacimy
erak tdh loys `deard tfd \OMKZ kddtihg up ta ahd
loy oetdr tfd pacimy ohhauhmdkdht tfaugf kdk`drs
koy dxprdss tfdir vidws ih pu`cim ih atfdr pdrials ih
tfdir ihliviluoc mopomity. \fis sfut pdrial is o sdce-
ikpasdl lismipcihd.
III.??. Witf deedmt erak Amta`dr 0::4, tfd P@I
ihtralumdl prd-pacimy mahsuctotiah kddtihgs witf
rdprdsdhtotivds ae lieedrdht sdgkdhts ae tfd ohnihg
sdmtar, trold ohl ihlustry `alids, hohmioc korndt
portimipohts, mrdlit rotihg ogdhmids ohl atfdr
ihstitutiahs. ]ihmd 0::9, tfd P@I fos ocsa ddh faclihg
mahsuctotiahs witf sdhiar dmahakists ohl korndt
ohocysts twimd o ydor ih tfd ruh up ta tfd ohhuoc pacimy
ohl tfd sdmahl quortdr rdvidw.
III.?0. \a `rihg ih trohspordhmy ih tfd pramdss ae
pacimy earkotiah, tfd P@I pcomds ih pu`cim lakoih occ
loto/ihputs tfot ga ihta tfd earkucotiah ae kahdtory
pacimy its ihtdrhoc komradmahakim ossdsskdht ohl
rdsucts ae survdys?:ih tfd eark ae o rdpart dhtitcdl
Komradmahakim ohl Kahdtory Ldvdcapkdhts.
=.?P@Is Ommauhto`icity
III.?=. \fd Pdsdrvd @ohn ae Ihlio Omt lads hat
prdsmri`d ohy earkoc kdmfohisk ear ommauhto`icity.
Avdr tfd ydors, fawdvdr, mdrtoih promtimds ear
ommauhto`icity fovd dvacvdl. \fd P@I sdts tfd rotiahocd
ae its pacimids ohl ihlimotds passi`cd dxpdmtdl
autmakds. \fd Gavdrhar facls o rdgucor kdlio
mahedrdhmd oetdr dvdry quortdrcy pacimy rdvidw wfimf
is oh apdh fausd ear qudstiahs, hat bust rdcotdl ta
kahdtory pacimy, `ut tfd dhtird lakoih ae omtivitids
ae tfd P@I. \fd P@I ocsa ossists tfd Eihohmd Kihistdr
ih ohswdrihg Zorciokdht qudstiahs rdcotihg ta its
lakoih. Kast ikpartohtcy, tfd Gavdrhar oppdors
`deard tfd Zorciokdhts ]tohlihg Makkittdd ah
Eihohmd wfdhdvdr sukkahdl, wfimf foppdhs ah oh
ovdrogd tfrdd ta eaur tikds o ydor (]u``oroa, 0:?=)??.
III.?
(`) prapasd o pragrokkd ae omtiah> (m) ldkahstrotd
faw tfis pragrokkd ollrdssds tfd pra`cdks tfot
fovd fihldrdl tfd omfidvdkdht ae tfd torgdt(s)> ohl
(l) spdmiey o tikd farizah avdr wfimf tfd KZM dxpdmts
tfd torgdt ta `d omfidvdl. O eurtfdr mfdmn is dhvisogdl
ih tfd eark ae o rdsdrvd pawdr grohtdl ta tfd Mdhtroc
Gavdrhkdht ta issud lirdmtiahs ta tfd mdhtroc `ohn
ah issuds ae kahdtory pacimy uhldr mdrtoih dxtrdkd
?: Ihlustrioc autcaan> arldr `aan, ihvdhtary ohl mopomity uticizotiah> ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs> mrdlit mahlitiahs> mahsukdr mahldhmd> marparotd
pdrearkohmd> ohl praedssiahoc eardmostdrs ossdsskdhts.
?? ]u``oroa, L (0:?=)2 Eivd Ydors ae Cdolihg tfd Pdsdrvd @ohn - Caanihg Ofdol y Caanihg @omn, \dhtf Hohi O. Zocnfivoco Kdkarioc Cdmturd ldcivdrdl
ih Kuk`oi ah Ougust 09. Ovoico`cd ah fttp2//www.r`i.arg.ih
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
07
mirmukstohmds. Givdh tfd lrostim hoturd ae tfis pawdr,
ohy lirdmtiah uhldr tfis pawdr kust d oppravdl y
`atf Fausds ae Zorciokdht ohl moh `d ih earmd ahcy
ear o pdrial ae tfrdd kahtfs. ]umf lirdmtiah koy `dissudl ih mahsuctotiah witf tfd fdol ae tfd mdhtroc
`ohn.
=.0 Pdmakkdhlotiahs ae Dorcidr Makkittdds ah
KZM
III.?4. ]dvdroc makkittdds fovd rdmakkdhldl
earkotiah ae o eucc-ffdlgdl kahdtory pacimy makkittdd
(KZM). \fd ]tohlihg Makkittdd ah Ihtdrhotiahoc
]tohlorls ohl Malds, 0::0 (Mfoirkoh2 Lr. Y.U. Pdlly)
rdmakkdhldl cdgiscotivd mfohgds ih tfd P@I Omt sa os
ta eomicitotd o kdmfohisk ear deedmtivd kahdtorypacimy. It rdmakkdhldl sdttihg up ae o Kahdtory
Zacimy Makkittdd ah tfd cihds ae tfd @aorl ae
Eihohmioc ]updrvisiah.
III.?5. \fd Makkittdd ah Euccdr Mopitoc Ommauht
Mahvdrti`icity, 0::5 (Mfoirkoh2 ]fri ].]. \oropard)
rdmakkdhldl tfot tfdrd sfaucl d o earkoc Kahdtory
Zacimy Makkittdd. It ocsa rdmakkdhldl tfot ot sakd
opprapriotd stogd, o sukkory ae tfd kihutds ae tfd
Kahdtory Zacimy Makkittdd sfaucl `d put ih tfd
pu`cim lakoih witf o suito`cd cog.
III.?7. \fd Makkittdd ah Eihohmioc ]dmtar Pdearks,
0::9 (Mfoirkoh2 Lr. Pogfurok G. Poboh) rdmakkdhldl
tfot o Kahdtory Zacimy Makkittdd sfaucl tond o kard
omtivd racd ih guilihg kahdtory pacimy omtiahs. It
sfaucl kddt kard rdgucorcy> its rdmakkdhlotiahs
ohl pacimy bulgkdhts sfaucl `d kold pu`cim witf
kihikoc ldcoys.
III.?6. \fd Mak kitt dd ah Eihohmi oc ]dmta r
Ossdsskdht, 0::9 (Mfoirkoh2 Lr. Pondsf Kafoh)
mauhsdcdl ah tfd hddl ear strdhgtfdhihg tfd racd ae
tfd \OMKZ ohl rdmakkdhldl tfot promtimds/
pramdlurds taworls tfis gaoc `d mahsildrdl os it goihs
kard dxpdridhmd.
III.?9. \fd E]CPM, 0:?= (Mfoirkoh2 ]fri @. H.
]rinrisfho) fos rdmakkdhldl tfot 2
Oh dxdmutivd KZM sfaucl `d mahstitutdl tfot
waucl kddt ah o xdl smfdlucd ohl vatd ta
ldtdrkihd tfd maursd ae kahdtory pacimy.
Ahmd tfd KZM fos ldtdrkihdl tfd pacimy omtiah,
tfd mdhtroc `ohn waucl dsto`cisf oh apdrotihg
pramdlurd tfraugf wfimf tfd apdrotihg torgdt
waucl `d omfidvdl.
\fdrd sfaucl d mcdor ommauhto`icity kdmfohisks
tfraugf wfimf tfd mdhtroc `ohn waucl `d fdcl
ommauhto`cd ear ldcivdrihg ah tfd a`bdmtivds tfot
fovd `ddh dsto`cisfdl ear it.
III.0:. Wficd tfd E]CPM dco arotdl spdmim ospdmts
ae tfd ldmisiah-konihg pramdss ohl ommauhto`icity
kdmfohisks, it wos ae tfd vidw tfot atfdr mritimoc
dcdkdhts kdosurdkdht ohl rdsdormf, apdrotihg
pramdlurd, ohl kahdtory pacimy trohskissiah waucl
tond pcomd tfraugf tfd kohogdkdht pramdss ae tfd
mdhtroc `ohn, witf avdrsigft ae tfd `aorl.
=.= Potiahocd ear tfd Makkittdds Pdmakkdhlotiah
III.0?. Fdigftdhdl pu`cim ihtdrdst ohl smrutihy ae
kahdtory pacimy ldmisiahs ohl autmakds fos
prapdccdl o warcl-wild kavdkdht taworls o
makkittdd `osdl oppraomf ta ldmisiah-konihg witf
o vidw ta `rihgihg ih grdotdr trohspordhmy ohl
ommauhto`icity. Ih Ihlio, tfd ihstitutiah ae o sacd
kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah-kondr dk`alidl ih tfd
Gavdrhar fos sdrvdl wdcc ih dsto`cisfihg mrdli`icity>
sihmd 0::4, fawdvdr, tfdrd fos ocsa `ddh kavdkdht
taworls grdotdr mahsuctotiah witf occ stondfacldrs
cdolihg up ta tfd sdttihg up ae tfd \OMKZ. Witf tfd
pu`cimotiah ae tfd kihutds ae tfd \OMKZ kddtihgs
sihmd Ed`ruory 0:??, tfdrd fos `ddh nddh pu`cim
ihtdrdst ih tfd vidws dxprdssdl ih tfdsd kddtihgs
portimucorcy wfdh tfd omtuoc kahdtory pacimyldmisiah fos hat rdecdmtdl tfd kobarity vidw
ottdstihg ta grdotdr opprdmiotiah ae livdrsity ae vidw
paihts, ihldpdhldhmd ae apihiah ohl tfd ffovaur ae
spdmiocizdl dxpdridhmd tfot \OMKZ kdk`drs fovd
`raugft ta tfdsd ldci`drotiahs. Ih arldr ta kond
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
06
kahdtory pacimy pramdssds kard trohspordht ohl
prdlimto`cd, tfd Makkittdd is ae tfd vidw tfot tfis
mahsuctotivd pramdss ae kahdtory pacimy konihg
sfaucl d morridl earworl ta its cagimoc mahmcusiah ohlearkocizdl ihta o ldmisiah-konihg pramdss ih
prdedrdhmd avdr tfd purdcy olvisary racd ae tfd \OMKZ.
\fis sfaucl `rihg ih o grdotdr sdhsd ae ihvacvdkdht
ohl awhdrsfip, os wdcc os ommauhto`icity. ]dvdroc
makkittdds ih Ihlio fovd ocsa rdmakkdhldl o
earkocizdl makkittdd oppraomf ta kahdtory pacimy
ldmisiah-konihg.
Pdmakkdhlotiahs
III.00. Lrowihg ah ihtdrhotiahoc dxpdridhmd, tfd
dvacvihg argohizotiahoc strumturd ih tfd mahtdxt ae tfdspdmims ae tfd Ihlioh situotiah ohl tfd vidws ae
dorcidr makkittdds, tfd Makkittdd is ae tfd vidw tfot
kahdtory pacimy ldmisiah-konihg sfaucl d vdstdl ih
o kahdtory pacimy makkittdd (KZM).
III.0=. \fd Gavdrhar ae tfd P@I wicc d tfd Mfoirkoh
ae tfd KZM, tfd Ldputy Gavdrhar ih mforgd ae
kahdtory pacimy wicc `d tfd Uimd Mfoirkoh, ohl tfd
Dxdmutivd Lirdmtar ih mforgd ae kahdtory pacimy wicc
`d o kdk`dr. \wa atfdr kdk`drs wicc `d dxtdrhoc,
ta d ldmildl y tfd Mfoirkoh ohl Uimd Mfoirkoh ah
tfd `osis ae ldkahstrotdl dxpdrtisd ohl dxpdridhmd
ih kahdtory dmahakims, komradmahakims, mdhtroc
`ohnihg, hohmioc korndts, pu`cim hohmd ohl rdcotdl
ordos.
III.0
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
09
priar ta tfot, tfd
ihstrukdhts usdl ta mahtrac ihecotiah ihmculdl
ihffudhmihg tfd suppcy ae kahdy ohl sighocihg ldsirdl
kahdtory mahlitiahs ta tfd hohmioc korndts vio o
Kahdtory Mahlitiahs Ihldx. \fdsd kdmfohisks
wdrd, fawdvdr, ihlirdmt ohl fozy ear tfd korndts, ohl
wdrd dvdhtuoccy o`ohlahdl. Ih arldr ta ldtdrkihd
faw kumf ciquility sfaucl `d o`sar`dl ar kold
ovoico`cd ta koihtoih suppcy ohl ldkohl dquici`riuk
ih `ohn `ocohmds, @ohn Ihlahdsio sdts torgdts ear
kahdtory apdrotiahs domf loy. ]ihmd Amta`dr 0::6, itkonds ohhauhmdkdhts ae ohnihg ciquility mahlitiahs
twimd loicy, mavdrihg `atf tatoc ciquility prabdmtiah
ohl dxmdss rdsdrvds prabdmtiah. Ih tfd TN, tfd koih
ihstrukdht ae kahdtory pacimy is tfd @ohn Potd (tfd
ihtdrdst rotd ot wfimf kahdy is cdht ta hohmioc
ihstitutiahs). \fd koih apdrotiahoc torgdt ear tfd
Pins`ohn is tfd avdrhigft rotd wfimf it ihffudhmds y
ihstrukdhts sumf os stohlihg eomicitids ohl hd-tuhihg
apdrotiahs. \fd rdpa rotd is tfd Pins`ohns ndy pacimy
sighocihg rotd ohl o eardmost potf ear tfd rdpa rotd is
givdh.
III.==. Okahg mauhtrids tfot fovd oh apdrotihg torgdt
`osdl ah o korndt rotd ae ihtdrdst, tfd ]wiss Hotiahoc
@ohn (]H@) sdts o torgdt rohgd ear tfd tfrdd-kahtf
]wiss Erohm Ci`ar. \fdrd ord twa koih kahdtory
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
=:
pacimy ihstrukdhts apdh korndt apdrotiahs (tfd ]H@
tonds tfd ihitiotivd ih tfd trohsomtiahs) ohl stohlihg
eomicitids (]H@ kdrdcy spdmids tfd mahlitiahs ot wfimf
mauhtdrportids moh a`toih ciquility).
III.= ohl(iii) prdvdhts lisruptiahs ih poykdht ohl sdttcdkdht,
dspdmioccy ear ciquility ldmit systdks. Ih vidw ae tfd
korndt erimtiahs tfot maucl orisd erak ihstitutiah-
spdmim ohl systdkim euhlihg ciquility pra`cdks ohl
tfdir ihtdrldpdhldhmd, occ mdhtroc `ohns ottdkpt ta
ihstitutiahocisd o sauhl ciquility kohogdkdhterokdwarn. \fd spdmim ihstitutiahoc sdtup, fawdvdr,
vorids ta o grdot ldoc omrass mauhtrids ih tdrks ae
koturity ohl erdqudhmy ae apdrotiahs, mauhtdrporty
orrohgdkdhts, ohl dcigi`cd maccotdroc (Oppdhlix \o cd
III.0). Ciquility kohogdkdht erokdwarns typimoccy
ihvacvd koxikuk ommakkalotiah witf okpcd
lismrdtiahory pravisiahs, portimucorcy wfdh sfart-tdrk
ihtdrdst rotds sdrvd os tfd apdrotihg torgdt.
III.=7. ]tohlihg eomicitids (]Es) ord trohspordht,
ovoico`cd ta ohns ohl atfdr mauhtdr portids witfautlismrdtiahory furlcds, ohl ord gdhdroccy mahsildrdl
os tfd soedty vocvd ae o ciquility kohogdkdht systdk.
Uirtuoccy occ mdhtroc `ohns fovd o stohlihg mrdlit
eomicity wfimf dxtdhls euhls ta tfd ldmit mauhtdrporty
ot o pdhoc rotd (d.g., korgihoc cdhlihg eomicity ae tfd
DM@, prikory ohl sdmahlory mrdlit eomicitids ae tfd
Edl). Dcigi`cd maccotdrocs ohl tdhar ae `arrawihgs,
fawdvdr, vory omrass mauhtrids. \fd stohlihg ldpasit
eomicity, tfaugf cdss ih usd, fdcps ta ldhd o ffaar rotd
ih tfd ihtdr-`ohn korndt, dspdmioccy ih ciquility
surpcus mahlitiahs. \fd koih olvohtogd ae o ]E is tfot
it givds tfd mdhtroc `ohn o wihlaw ta ihtdrvdhd ih
`atf lirdmt iahs, wfdh hddldl, ta omfidvd tfd
apdrotihg ihtdrdst rotd torgdt, witf vacoticity ih ihtdr-
`ohn rotds rdstrimtdl ta tfd marrilar. Pdlumihg tfd
vacoticity ih tfd ihtdr- ohn kahdy korndt rotd wficd
omfidvihg tfd ihtdrdst rotd torgdt is atf oh a`bdmtivd
ohl ocsa o mfoccdhgd ear demidht ciquility kohogdkdht.
\fdrd is dvildhmd ae osykkdtrim mrdlit ohl ldpasit
]Es ih sakd mauhtrids.
III.=6. Ih ollitiah ta ]Es, lismrdtiahory apdrotiahsae o mdhtroc ohn maucl d mcossidl uhldr twa raol
fdols, viz., (o) tfd koih rdhohmd apdrotiahs ohl
?0 Kargoh, Zdtdr B. (0:?=)2 Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarns ih Osio2 Dxpdridhmd, Cdssahs, ohl Issuds,OL@I Warnihg Zopdr ]drids,Ha.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
=?
(`) atfdr lismrdtiahory apdrotiahs. Thldr tfd koih
rdhohmd apdrotiahs, tfd kast makkah ihstrukdhts
ord AKAs, wfimf ord mahlumtdl ah o prd-ohhauhmdl
lotd `y o mdhtroc `ohn witf vacuhtory portimipotiaherak ohns ohl prikory ldocdrs (ZLs). Ildoccy, AKAs
ord usdl ear atf cdhlihg ohl `arrawihg, ohl ihmculd
`atf autrigft purmfosd ohl rdpurmfosd ogrddkdhts,
ldpdhlihg upah tfd hoturd ae ciquility rdquirdkdhts
strumturoc ar erimtiahoc. ]akd mauhtrids usd `atf
sfart tdrk ohl cahg tdrk rdpas (d.g.,TN) ohl atfdrs
usd mdhtroc ohn iccs (]witzdrcohl) ohl sto`icisotiah
`ahls (Nardo) ta kohogd ciquility. Atfdr lismrdtiahory
apdrotiahs ta kohogd ciquility ord koihcy ih rdspahsd
ta uhdxpdmtdl sfart-tdrk ldvdcapkdhts rdquirihg
hah-stohlorl, hah-rdgucor apdrotiahs. ]umf apdrotiahs
ihmculd eardx-swops (Oustrocio, ]ihgopard), tdrk
ldpasits (Oustrocio), makpucsary ldpasits (Kdxima),
ollitiahoc caohs ohl ldpasits (]wdldh) ohl euhlihg
ear cdhlihg (TN).
III.=9. Okahg tfd tdrks ohl mahlitiahs, dcigi`icity
ae maccotdroc is ahd ae tfd kast ikpartoht ospdmts ae
ciquility kohogdkdht. Occ kobar mdhtroc ohns ihmculd
pu`cim sdmtar sdmuritids ae tfdir awh mauhtry os dcigi`cd
maccotdroc. ]ihmd kil-0::7, tfd dcigi`icity erokd fos
`ddh wildhdl ih sdvdroc mauhtrids ta ihmculd hohmiocdhtity ld`t (Bopoh, Kdxima, ]wdldh ohl TN), mavdrdl
`ahls (Oustrocio ohl TN), atfdr ossdt omndl sdmuritids
(Oustrocio, Moholo, Kdxima ohl TN), marparotd ld`t
ohl caohs ohl atfdr mrdlit mcoiks (Moholo ohl TN)
ohl mrass-`arldr maccotdroc (Oustrocio, Bopoh, Kdxima
ohl ]ihgopard). Witf ihmrdosdl ommdptohmd ae
livdrsidl sdmuritids os maccotdroc, mauhtrids fovd ocsa
olaptdl lieedrdht pacimids rdcotihg ta primihg, ihitioc
korgihs ohl foirmuts.
III.
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
=0
pacimy mahsildrotiahs dvdhtuoccy. \fdsd ihstrukdhts
ord toicardl ta ldoc witf voriaus dxigdhmids2 surgds ih
mopitoc ffaws> mrdlit occamotiah> pra-mymcimocity ohl
ihtdrmahhdmtdlhdss> ohl tfd zdra cawdr `auhl ah tfdhakihoc ihtdrdst rotd, ta hatd o edw.
III. mrdlit rdgistry> figfdr
risn wdigfts ear sdhsitivd sdmtars), supdrvisary
kdosurds (ah-sitd ohl aee-sitd ihspdmtiah ae `ohns)
ohl karoc suosiah. Kard rdmdhtcy, ih arldr ta foct
tfd lawhworl spiroc ae cdhlihg ohl `arrawihg tfot
fos pcogudl dmahakids sihmd tfd rdmdssiah, mdhtroc`ohns fovd omtivotdl smfdkds ta nimn-stort tfd rdoc
dmahaky, `dst dxdkpcieidl `y tfd Euhlihg ear
Cdhlihg ]mfdkd (EC]) ihitiotdl ih tfd TN ih Bucy
0:?0 ta occaw makkdrmioc `ohns ta `arraw euhls ot
o mfdop rotd erak tfd mdhtroc `ohn ohl cdhl ta
spdmidl fausdfacls ohl rks.
III. rdsdrvd rdquirdkdhts ah
eardigh murrdhmy ihstrukdhts ohl voriohts ae tfd
\a`ih tox.
III.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
==
mocc rotd, wfimf is ocighdl ta tfd rdpa rotd tfraugf2
(i) o marrilar orauhl tfd rdpa rotd ae ?:: `osis paihts
o`avd tfd rdpa rotd ear tfd Korgihoc ]tohlihg Eomicity
(K]E) ohl ?:: `osis paihts `dcaw tfd rdpa rotd eartfd rdvdrsd rdpa rotd, ohl (ii) eucc ommakkalotiah
ciquility kohogdkdht oc`dit witf oh ihlimotivd
makeart zahd ae +/- ahd pdr mdht ae hdt ldkohl ohl
tikd cio`icitids (HL\C) ae tfd `ohnihg systdk> ohl
(m) trohskissiah ae mfohgds ih tfd rdpa rotd tfraugf
tfd wdigftdl ovdrogd mocc rotd ta tfd uctikotd gaocs
ae kahdtory pacimy witfaut ohy spdmim ihtdrkdliotd
torgdt.
III.
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
= ohl ld
eomtakahdtizotiah ae tfd smoc ldmit ta tfd dxtdht
ae 06 pdr mdht ae tfd avdrocc `arrawihg pragrokkd
ae tfd Gavdrhkdht ah ovdrogd vio ihbdmtiahs ae
prikory ciquility tfraugf AKAs. Pdoc pacimy rotds
fovd `ddh pdrsistdhtcy hdgotivd ih figf ihffotiah
dpisalds, os tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn lads hat eaccawo rucd tfot moh cikit tfd smapd ear ihffotiah tacdrohmd
(Mfort III.?)?7.
III.4
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
=5
kaldc, os ocsa ear MZI ihffotiah tfrdsfacls ae vd pdr
mdht ohl six pdr mdht). Dstikotdl mademidhts erak
dxtoht ihtdrdst rotd rucds ih Ihlio suggdst tfot2 (i)
iholdquotd wdigft wos pcomdl ah ihffotiah kohogdkdht
ih tfd post, ohl (ii) tfd WZI wos tfd kdtrim usdl ta
kdosurd ihffotiah, rdsuctihg ih pacimy rotds tfot wdrd
aetdh hdgotivd ih rdoc tdrks vis--vistfd MZI?9. It koy
`d hdmdssory, tfdrdeard, ta stort witf o sikpcd pacimy
rucd ih tdrks ae o rdoc pacimy rotd os o mahtdxt spdmim
`dhmfkorn ear tfd KZM0:, ohl tfdh groluoccy kavd
ta o \oycar typd rucd oetdr sdmurihg primd sto`icity ohl
ohmfarihg ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs. Thldr o ffdxi`cd
ihffotiah torgdtihg erokdwarn, tfd ihtdrdst rotd rucd
sfaucl ossigh o sighimohtcy grdotdr wdigft ta ihffotiah
kohogdkdht vis--vis atfdr a`bdmtivds. \fd autmakd
ae sumf o erokdwarn is dxpdmtdl ta rdsuct, ah ovdrogd,
ih pasitivd rdoc rotds ae rdturh wfdh ihffotiah is o`avd
torgdt.
III.44. \urhih g ta tfd mahlu mt ae ciqu ilit y
kohogdkdht apdrotiahs ohl trohskissiah ae pacimy
ikpucsds, tfdrd fos ocsa `ddh `camndl trohskissiah
ae pacimy rotd muts ta suppart grawtf lud ta tfd mdhtrocprdkisd ae nddpihg tfd systdk ih o ldmit kald ohl
tfd mocc rotd ocighdl ta tfd rdpa rotd, tfdrd`y
suggdstihg tfd eaccawihg cikitotiahs2
?. Ciquility kohogdkdht tfraugf tfd COE (i.d., up
ta dxmdss ]CP faclihgs pcus ollitiahoc ommdss ta
ciquility erak tfd K]E wihlaw y lippihg 0 pdr
mdht `dcaw tfd rdquirdl ]CP) fos kold `osd
kahdy dxpohsiah dhlagdhaus. \fd pacimy
stohmd, os rdffdmtdl ih mfohgds ih tfd rdpa rotd,
ohl tfd mahlumt ae ciquility kohogdkdht ord
aetdh kutuoccy ihmahsistdht ohl mahecimtihg.
Aetdh, ihmrdosds ih pacimy rotd fovd `ddh
eaccawdl up witf lismrdtiahory kdosurds ta dosd
ciquility mahlitiahs.
0. \fd erokdwarn is ahd-sildl `y ldsigh, suito`cd
ahcy ta trohskissiah ae o tigftdhihg stohmd
tfraugf tfd pdrsistihg ciquility ldmit kald ih
wfimf tfd systdk is ndpt> mahsdqudhtcy, tfd
dosihg stohmd ae pacimy `dtwddh Amta`dr 0:??
ohl Koy 0:?= lil hat trohskit ta orrdstihg tfd
grawtf scawlawh.
=. Zravisiah ae avdrhigft ciquility ah oh dhlurihg
`osis ot tfd avdrhigft rdpa rotd ocsa makprakisdl
ciquility/trdosury pcohhihg `y `ohns tfdksdcvds
rdsuctihg ih tfis euhmtiah dihg ih deedmt sfietdl
ta tfd P@I ohl tfdrd`y stuhtihg tfd grawtf ae
tfd korndt spdmtruk ta tfd avdrhigft sdgkdht
?9 It is ikpartoht ta hatd tfot ovoico`cd pu`cisfdl rdsdormf ah pacimy rdomtiah euhmtiahs ae tfd \oycar-typd earkucotiah ear Ihlio fovd hat ddh dstikotdl
usihg tfd MZI> tfd dstikotds gdhdroccy rdcotd ta ditfdr tfd WZI ar tfd GLZ ldffotar. Kardavdr, o pacimy rdomtiah euhmtiah ear Ihlio, os ih occ atfdr mauhtrids,
dkpcayihg tfd ihtdrdst rotd os tfd pacimy ihstrukdht, tdhl ta fovd o figf mademidht ear ihtdrdst rotd skaatfihg, wfimf is ighardl ih tfd ohocysis fdrd.(sdd Go`ridc dt oc., 0:?0, ih Axearl Fohl`aan ae tfd Ihlioh Dmahaky, M. Gfotd, (Dl.), Axearl2 Hdw Yarn). Ikpartohtcy, dstikotdl \oycar rucd porokdtdrs
(ar ohy atfdr dkpirimoc dstikotds) hddl ta dxfi`it strumturoc sto`icity ear o mdhtroc `ohn ta dxpcait tfd dstikotdl rdcotiahsfip ear tfd mahlumt ae pacimy
systdkotimoccy, ut os tfd Cumos mritiqud suggdsts, tfd dstikotdl porokdtdrs ord aetdh hat strumturoc, i.d., hat pacimy ihvorioht.
0: Givdh tfd uhmdrtoihty o`aut tfd dstikotdl hdutroc rdoc ihtdrdst rotd, ohl ossukihg tfot it wicc `d pasitivd ear Ihlio, o sikpcd pasitivd rdoc pacimy rotd
rucd koy hat `d ohti-ihffotiahory wfdh ihffotiah pdrsistdhtcy ohl sizo`cy dxmddls tfd ihffotiah torgdt. Fawdvdr, ih vidw ae tfd hdgotivd rdoc pacimy rotd
prdvoicihg ih tfd rdmdht dpisald ae figf ihffotiah, tfd kast ikkdliotd rdquirdkdht waucl d ta dhsurd tfot tfd rdoc pacimy rotd dmakds pasitivd, ohl ahmd
tfd rdgikd mfohgd is ih pcomd, tfd stohlorl \oycar typd rucd-`osdl oppraomf witf oh opprapriotd wdigft ossighdl ta ihffotiah maucl d usdl y tfd KZM.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
=7
ocahd, lis-ihmdhtivisihg tfd ldvdcapkdht ae o
tdrk kahdy korndt> tfd COE ta o ldgrdd fos
`dmakd o mahluit ear gokihg mdhtroc `ohn
ciquility ohl su`stitutihg ear deearts ta ommdsskorndt ciquility.
III.45. Ih arldr ta ikpravd trohskissiah ae pacimy
rotd mfohgds ihta tfd spdmtruk ae ihtdrdst rotds ih tfd
dmahaky, tfd dxmdssivd eamus ah tfd avdrhigft
sdgkdht ae tfd kahdy korndt ih tfd dxistihg
erokdwarn fos ta `d ovaildl, wfimf wicc `d passi`cd
ahcy ie tfd P@I ld-dkpfosisds avdrhigft rdpas ear
ciquility kohogdkdht ohl pragrdssivdcy mahlumts its
ciquility kohogdkdht prikoricy tfraugf tdrk rdpas
ae lieedrdht tdhars. Ldvdcapkdht ae o tdrk kahdy
korndt tfraugf o tdrk-rdpa lrivdh ciquility
kohogdkdht erokdwarn maucl fdcp ih dsto`cisfihg
korndt-`osdl dhmfkorns, wfimf ih turh waucl fdcp
ikpravd trohskissiah, ie voriaus hohmioc ihstrukdhts
ohl, ih portimucor, ohn ldpasits ohl caohs ord primdl
aee tfdsd dhmfkorns.
III.47. Oh avdrocc ossdsskdht waucl, tfdrdeard,
suggdst tfot ih arldr ta ik`ud mrdli`icity ohl
deedmtivdhdss ihta tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn ae
kahdtory pacimy ih tdrks ae omfidvihg ohl dsto`cisfihg
tfd hakihoc ohmfar (ollrdssdl ih Mfoptdr II), it is
dssdhtioc ta ollrdss ikpdlikdhts ta trohskissiah
(mavdrdl ih Mfoptdr IU) ohl ldoc witf tfd mfoccdhgds
maherahtihg it tfraugf ldsigh mfohgds ohl rdhdkdhts
ih tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn, witf ffdxi`icity ih tfd usd
ae ihstrukdhts, portimucorcy ih tfd mahtdxt ae ciquility
kohogdkdht ohl its mahsistdhmy witf tfd gaoc(s) ae
kahdtory pacimy.
III.46. \fd rdmdht dxpdridhmd witf tfd usd ae
dxmdptiahoc kahdtory kdosurds ta mahtoih dxmfohgd
korndt vacoticity ohl tfdir su`sdqudht harkocizotiahrdprdsdhts o `rdon erak tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn put
ih pcomd sihmd Koy 0:??. \fis dxpdridhmd strdhgtfdhs
tfd rotiahocd ear rdvokpihg tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn
sa os ta dhsurd its mahsistdhmy ohl syhmfrahimity witf
kahdtory pacimy a`bdmtivds ohl stohmd. \fd P@Is
murrdht apdrotihg erokdwarn is pivatdl orauhl o
torgdt ear arrawdl rdsdrvds ih rdcotiah ta hdt ldkohl
ohl tikd cio`icitids. Mahlitiahoc upah tfis apdrotihg
torgdt, it fos occawdl `auhldl kavdkdht ih tfd moccrotd `dtwddh tfd tdrk rdpa rotd ohl tfd K]E rotd,
deedmtivdcy dsmfdwihg uhcikitdl ommakkalotiah ot
tfd rdpa rotd ae tfd post. Ihmrdosihgcy, tfd tdrk rdpa
is goihihg korndt ommdpto`icity, syhmfrahizdl os it is
witf tfd rdsdrvd rdquirdkdht mymcd, wficd occawihg o
skaatf trohsitiah owoy erak ciquility pravisiah ot
tfd K]E rotd. \fd tdrk rdpa rotd fos ocsa pravdl ta
`d o kard usdeuc ihlimotar ae uhldrcyihg ciquility
mahlitiahs sihmd primd lismavdry ae tfd tdrk prdkiuk
is tfraugf vorio`cd rotd oumtiahs, uhcind tfd avdrhigft
rdpa rotd wfimf is o eixdl rotd. \fd summdsseucapdrotiah ae tfd tdrk rdpa rotd sfaucl ihmdhtivizd tfd
ldvdcapkdht ae o euccdr spdmtruk ae tdrk kahdy
sdgkdhts, tfdrd`y dho`cihg korndt osdl dhmfkorns
ta `d dsto`cisfdl ear primihg `ohn ldpasits ohl
eomicitotihg trohskissiah ae pacimy ikpucsds ta mrdlit
korndts. \fd korndt fos ocsa olbustdl ta tfd hdw
ciquility kohogdkdht dhvirahkdht wdcc. Ih tfis
systdk, eucc ommakkalotiah ae ciquility ldkohl
mahtihuds `dmousd ae tfd ommdss ta tfd K]E. It is
hdmdssory, tfdrdeard, tfot tfd K]E rotd koy d sdt ih
o kohhdr tfot it dmakds o trucy pdhoc rotd, ommdssdl`y `ohns uhldr dxmdptiahoc mirmukstohmds.
Pdmakkdhlotiahs
III.49. \fd Makkittdd rdmakkdhls tfot, os oh
avdrormfihg prdrdquisitd, tfd apdrotihg erokdwarn
fos ta su`sdrvd stohmd ohl a`bdmtivds ae kahdtory
pacimy. Ommarlihgcy, it kust d rdldsighdl orauhl tfd
mdhtroc prdkisd ae o pacimy rucd. Wficd sdvdroc voriohts
ord ovoico`cd ih tfd citdroturd ohl ih mauhtry promtimds,
tfd Makkittdd is ae tfd vidw tfot o sikpcd rucd
ldhdl ih tdrks ae o rdoc pacimy rotd (tfot is dosicymakkuhimotdl ohl uhldrstaal), is suito`cd ta Ihlioh
mahlitiahs ohl is mahsistdht witf tfd hakihoc ohmfar
rdmakkdhldl ih Mfoptdr II. Wfdh ihecotiah is
o`avd tfd hakihoc ohmfar, tfd rdoc pacimy rotd is
dxpdmtdl, ah ovdrogd, ta `d pasitivd. \fd KZM maucl
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
=9
rotd oumtiahdl tdrk rdpas `y eurtfdr moci`rotihg tfd
ovoico`icity ae ciquility ot tfd avdrhigft rdpa rotd os
hdmdssory.
III.5=. \fd a`bdmtivd sfaucl d ta ldvdcap o spdmtruk
ae tdrk rdpas ae voryihg koturitids witf tfd ?
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Mfoptdr IIIArgohisotiahoc ]trumturd, Apdrotihg Erokdwarn ohl Ihstrukdhts ae Kahdtory Zacimy
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
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Mfoptdr IUOllrdssihg Ikpdlikdhts ta \rohskissiah ae Kahdtory Zacimy
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
Nfuhlronopok ohl Boih, 0:?0>
Nfuhlronopok, 0:??> Nopur ohl @dfdro, 0:?0> ]ihgf,
0:?? ohl Ndctzdr, 0:?0)?0. \fd `raol mahsdhsus
dkdrgihg erak tfdsd stulids is tfot kahdtory pacimy
9 Fovrhdn, \. ohl K. Pushn (0:?0)2 \rohskissah Cogs ih Kahdtory Zacimy2 O Kdto Ohocysis, Mzdmf Hotiahoc @ohn Warnihg Zopdr]drids, Ha.?:.?: @aglohsni, B., O. O. \ak`ihi ohl ]. P. M. Wdrcohg (0:::)2 Ikpcdkdhtihg Ihffotiah \orgdtihg ih @rozic, Warnihg Zopdr]drids Ha.?, @ohma Mdhtroc la@rosic.?? Fawdvdr, trohskissiah cogs ih mrass-mauhtry stulids koy hat `d strimtcy makporo`cd os tfdy ldpdhl ah tfd sizd ohl tikihg ae tfd pacimy omtiahs.?0 Nopur, K. ohl F. @dfdro (0:?0)2 Kahdtory \rohskissiah Kdmfohisk ih Ihlio2 O _uortdrcy Kaldc,P@I Warnihg Zopdr Ha. 9.
Nfuhlronpok, B. N. (0:??)2 Mrdlit Mfohhdc ae Kahdtory \rohskissiah ih Ihlio - Faw Deedmtivd ohl Cahg is tfd Cog1,P@I Warnihg Zopdr Ha. 0:.
Nfuhlronpok, B. N. ohl P. Boih (0:?0)2 Kahdtory Zacimy \rohskissiah ih Ihlio2 O Zddp Ihsild tfd @comn @ax, P@I Warnihg Zopdr Ha. ??.
Kafohty, L. (0:?0)2 Dvildhmd ah Ihtdrdst Potd Mfohhdc ae Kahdtory Zacimy \rohskissiah ih Ihlio, P@I Warnihg Zopdr Ha. 5.
Zotro, K. L. ohl K. Nopur (0:?:)2 O kahdtory pacimy kaldc witfaut kahdy ear Ihlio, IKE Warnihg Zopdr Ha.?:/?6=, Ihtdrhotiahoc Kahdtory Euhl.
Ncdtzdr, N. (0:?0)2 Eihohmioc Erimtiahs ohl Kahdtory Zacimy \rohskissiah ih Ihlio, \fd Axearl Fohl`aan ae tfd Ihlioh Dmahaky, Dl. y Mfdtoh Gfotd
Pdsdrvd @ohn ae Ihlio (0::4)2 Pdpart ah Murrdhmy ohl Eihohmd, 0::=-:
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Mfoptdr IUOllrdssihg Ikpdlikdhts ta \rohskissiah ae Kahdtory Zacimy
Cogs2 0
Hucc Fypatfdsis2 A`s. E-]totistim Zra`.
Hah-Eaal Mrdlit Grawtf lads hat Grohgdr Mousd Deedmtivd Zacimy Potd 4< :.?7699 :.6=57Deedmtivd Zacimy Potd lads hat Grohgdr Mousd Hah-Eaal Mrdlit Grawtf 4< =.95=09 :.:04 (m) eardx swops
moh `d o gaal sfart-ruh taac `ut tfdir demomy ih tfd
cahg-ruh is mahstroihdl `y liemuctids ih wihlihg up
swop pasitiahs> ohl (l) eardx ihtdrvdhtiah moh givd
sakd rdspitd, portimucorcy wfdh rdsdrvds ord pdrmdivdlta d oldquotd.
=. Ihlioh Dxpdridhmd
U.?5 Ih rdmdht ydors, Ihlio fos eomdl dpisalds ae
surgds ih mopitoc ffaws ohl sulldh rdvdrsocs ohl fos
usdl o mak`ihotiah ae dxmfohgd rotd ffdxi`icity, mopitoc
mahtracs, kahdtory kdosurds, komra-pruldhtioc taacs
ohl rdsdrvds ta kohogd tfdk. ]ihmd 0::0-:=, Ihlio
fos eomdl eaur `raol pfosds ae vacoticd mopitoc
kavdkdhts, domf rdquirihg lieedrdht kahdtory pacimy
5 IKE (0:?=)2 Gca oc Ikpomt ohl Mfoccdhgds ae Thmahvdhtiahoc Kahdtory Zacimids, IKE Zacimy Zopdr, Amta`dr. Ovoico`cd ot www.ike.arg/dxtdrhoc/hp/pp/dhg/0:?=/:9:=?=.ple,Ihtdrhotiahoc Kahdtory Euhl2 Wosfihgtah L.M.
7 Ih Bohuory 0:?
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
49
rdspahsds6
(Mfort U. dxmfohgd korndt ihtdrvdhtiah ohl portioc
stdricisotiah> cawdrihg ae ihtdrdst rotd mdicihgs ah HPI
ldpasits> kohogdkdht ae dxtdrhoc ld`t tfraugf prd-
poykdht> kaldrotiah ih tfd ommdss ae marparotds ohl
ihtdrkdliorids ta dxtdrhoc ld`t> ohl grdotdr ffdxi`icity
ih dxmfohgd rotd kavdkdhts.
U.?9 ]tdricisihg tfd ciquility ikpomt ae sustoihdl
ommrdtiahs ta rdsdrvds wos tfd ndy kahdtory pacimy
mfoccdhgd, ohl o mak`ihotiah ae figfdr MPP, rdvdrsd
rdpas ohl apdh korndt apdrotiahs uhldr tfd Korndt
]to`icisotiah ]mfdkd (K]])9ocahgsild sakd dxmfohgd
rotd opprdmiotiah wos usdl ear tfis purpasd, wfimf
eomicitotdl listri`utiah ae stdricisotiah masts omrass tfd
hohmioc systdk, tfd Pdsdrvd @ohn ohl tfd Gavdrhkdht
(Mfort U.4).U.0: Pdvdrsd rdpas ohl autrigft AKA socds
ldkohldl tfd ovoico`icity ae oldquotd stamn ae
gavdrhkdht sdmuritids witf tfd P@I, wfimf dmokd o
mahstroihihg eomtar ih stdricisotiah apdrotiahs os tfd
vacukd ae mopitoc ihecaws dxpohldl. Kardavdr,
rdvdrsd rdpa apdrotiahs ihvacvdl stdricisotiah masts,
ikpomtihg tfd prat ae tfd P@I, witf ikpcimotiahs ear
P@Is apdrotiahoc ihldpdhldhmd. Tsihg tfd COE os oh
6 Lurihg tfd pdrial ae surgds ih mopitoc ihffaws (0::=-:7), tfd rdoc deedmtivd dxmfohgd rotd ae tfd rupdd (PDDP-=5 murrdhmy, trold `osdl) opprdmiotdl
`y ??.7 pdr mdht. Ih tfd ikkdliotd oetdrkotf ae tfd gca`oc mrisis, rdffdmtihg hakihoc ldprdmiotiah ae tfd rupdd, tfd PDDP ldprdmiotdl `y ??.? pdr mdht`dtwddh ]dptdk`dr 0::6 ohl Opric 0::9. ]u`sdqudhtcy, `dtwddh Koy 0::9 ta Kormf 0:?=, tfd PDDP opprdmiotdl `y ?4.9 pdr mdht usihg WZI os ldffotar,
corgdcy rdffdmtihg figfdr ihffotiah lieedrdhtioc vis-o-vistfd ihffotiah ae Ihlios kobar trolihg porthdrs.
9 \fd P@I ih mahsuctotiah witf tfd Gavdrhkdht ae Ihlio ihtralumdl o hdw ihstrukdht ae stdricisotiah, viz., tfd Korndt ]to`icisotiah ]mfdkd (K]]),
wfimf dkpawdrdl tfd P@I ta issud Gavdrhkdht \rdosury @iccs ohl kdliuk lurotiah lotdl sdmuritids ear tfd purpasd ae ciquility o`sarptiah. \fd smfdkdwarndl y ikpauhlihg tfd pramddls ae oumtiahs ae \rdosury `iccs ohl Gavdrhkdht sdmuritids ih o sdporotd ildhtio`cd K]] mosf ommauht koihtoihdl ohl
apdrotdl y tfd P@I. \fd okauhts mrdlitdl ihta tfd K]] mosf ommauht wdrd opprapriotdl ahcy ear tfd purpasd ae rdldkptiah/`uy omn ae tfd \rdosury@iccs/lotdl sdmuritids issudl uhldr tfd K]]. \fd ihtralumtiah ae K]] summddldl raolcy ih rdstarihg tfd COE ta its ihtdhldl euhmtiah ae loicy ciquility
kohogdkdht.
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Mfoptdr UMahlumt ae Kahdtory Zacimy ih o Gca`ocisdl Dhvirahkdht
5:
ihstrukdht ae stdricisotiah tdhldl ta drald its uticity
os o loy-ta-loy ciquility olbustkdht taac apdrotihg ot
tfd korgih (P@I, 0::=)?:. It wos ih tfis mahtdxt tfot
tfd P@I ihtralumdl K]]??. Os tfd su`sdqudht
dxpdridhmd sfawdl, tfd K]] `raugft witf it
apdrotiahoc mahstroihts tfot ikpomtdl tfd mahlumt ae
stdricisotiah.?0
=.0. Kahdtory Zacimy Pdspahsd ta Iholdquotd Mopitoc
Ihffaws/ ]ulldh Mopitoc Autffaws
U.0? \frdd dpisalds ae lryihg up ae mopitoc ohl/arrdvdrsocs ord lismdrhi`cd ih tfd rdmdht dxpdridhmd.
Eirst, lurihg tfd Osioh mrisis ohl sohmtiahs oppcidl
oetdr tfd Zanfroh humcdor tdsts, i.d.,?997 ohl ?996,
tfd Ihlioh rupdd mokd uhldr sdvdroc `auts ae
prdssurd. @dsilds ihtdrvdhtiahs ih tfd spat ohl tfd
earworl sdgkdhts ae tfd eardx korndt, kahdtory
pacimy kdosurds wdrd usdl ta tigftdh lakdstim
ciquility ohl kahdtory mahlitiahs (Oppdhlix \o`cd
U.0). Ih Ougust ?996, tfd smfdkd ae Pdsurgdht Ihlio
@ahls (PI@s) wos couhmfdl ta ottromt mopitoc ffaws erak
tfd hah-rdsildht Ihlioh liosparo.
U.00 ]dmahl, tfd nhamn-ah deedmts ae tfd gca`oc
hohmioc mrisis rdquirdl prd-dkptivd mrisis prdvdhtiah
kdosurds, prikoricy ih tfd eark ae oldquotd ossurohmd
ah konihg ovoico`cd atf rupdd ohl T] laccor ciquility
ih tfd lakdstim korndts. Ldspitd dxmfohgd korndt
prdssurds ossamiotdl witf mopitoc autffaws, ihtdrdst
rotd ldedhmd ae tfd dxmfohgd rotd wos hat rdsartdl ta
ih vidw ae tfd risns ta hohmioc sto`icity ohl grawtf.
Kardavdr, tfdrd wos o sighimoht kaldrotiah ih WZI
ihffotiah oetdr tfd gca`oc hohmioc mrisis, wfimf wos
portcy tfd rdsuct ae tfd mrisis-lrivdh mrosf ih gca`oc
makkality primds. Thprdmdldhtdl kahdtory dosihg
avdr o sfart tikd spoh wos tfd mfasdh rdspahsd,
eomicitotdl `y tfd fdolraak mrdotdl `y tfd groluoc
witflrowoc ae kahdtor y ommakkalotiah erak
]dptdk`dr 0::< ta Ougust 0::6 ih rdspahsd ta
ihffotiah. Witf rdvdrsd rdpas, AKA socds, MPP muts,
uhwihlihg ae K]] `ocohmds ohl tfd apdhihg up ae
spdmioc ciquility wihlaws ohl cihds ae mrdlit ta opdx
rdeihohmihg ihstitutiahs, tfd patdhtioc ommdss ta
ciquility erak tfd P@I wos os figf os orauhl ?: pdr
mdht ae GLZ.U.0= \firl, tfd corgd ldprdmiotiah ae tfd rupdd
oetdr Koy 00, 0:?= ahd ae tfd figfdst okahg kobar
DKD murrdhmids rdquirdl omtiahs ah kuctipcd erahts,
lrivdh `y tfd urgdhmy ae mur`ihg spdmucotivd
prdssurds ah tfd dxmfohgd rotd, horrawihg tfd MOL
ohl hlihg dxmdptiahoc dxtdrhoc hohmihg. \opdr-
lrivdh mopitoc autffaws prikoricy ih tfd eark ae
ld`t parteacia ffaws horrawdl tfd sprdol `dtwddh
?: Pdpart ae tfd Warnihg Graup ah Ihstrukdhts ae ]tdricisotiah (Mfoirpdrsah2 Tsfo \farot), 0::=.
?? \fd Pdsdrvd @ohn fol dxokihdl twa atfdr stdricisotiah aptiahs ear Ihlio tfot waucl fovd rdquirdl okdhlkdht ta tfd P@I Omt ahd, ta pravild ear
ffdxi`icity ih ldtdrkihotiah/rdkuhdrotiah ae MPP `ocohmds sa tfot ihtdrdst maucl `d poil ah ldpasit `ocohmds ae smfdlucdl `ohns witf tfd P@I> ohl
twa, issuohmd ae P@Is awh popdr, wfimf wos hat eovaurdl lud ta ha sustoiho`cd pragrdss ah smoc mahsacilotiah ohl tfd risn ae korndt erogkdhtotiah
stdkkihg erak issuihg atf Gavdrhkdht popdrs ohl P@I popdr.
?0 \fd rdquirdkdht ta ga pdrialimoccy ta tfd Gavdrhkdht ear cikit ihmrdosds ih rdspdmt ae sdmuritids pravildl uhldr tfd smfdkd ohl tfd tikd cog ihvacvdl
ih oppravoc pramdssds sdvdrdcy mirmuksmri`dl tfd deedmtivdhdss ae kahdtory pacimy ih tdrks ae tikihg ae s tdricisotiah apdrotiahs. It ocsa olldl ta tfd smoc
masts. \fd issud ae rihg-edhmihg ae euhls tfot wdrd roisdl tfraugf sdmuritids ffawihg ihta tfd mahsacilotdl euhl ae Ihlio `dmokd o tfarhy cdgoc issud.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
5?
tfd G-sdm yidcl ohl T] \rdosury yidcl sighimohtcy>
tfd su`sdqudht ihmrdosd ih kahdy korndt ihtdrdst
rotds ohl G-sdm yidcls ih rdspahsd ta kahdtory pacimy
omtiahs mahtri`utdl ta dxpdmtotiahs ae eurtfdrldprdmiotiah, lrivdh `y uhmavdrdl ihtdrdst rotd pority
mahlitiahs (Mfort U.5, Oppdhlix \o`cds U.= ohl U. (`) tfd mopomity ae tfd P@I ta
stdricisd/kohogd tfd lakdstim ciquility ikpomt ae hdt
eardx korndt ihtdrvdhtiahs waucl fovd ta `d
ougkdhtdl sighimohtcy ih rdspdmt ae `atf ihffaws
ohl autffaws> (m) tdxt `aan ihtdrdst rotd ldedhmd ae
tfd dxmfohgd rotd wicc fovd ta `d oh ihstrukdht ae
tfd rst rdsart ih arldr ta `uy tikd, ut its usd ohlsustoiho`icity fos ta d mahlitiahdl y tfd ossdsskdht
ae masts ta tfd dmahaky erak risihg ihtdrdst rotds ohl
hohmioc sto`icity mahsildrotiahs> (l) ie oh dxtdrhoc
dvdht dhtoics tfd risn ae o gca`oc rdmdssiah wfimf moh
lokpdh lakdstim grawtf praspdmts ohl roisd hohmioc
sto`icity mahmdrhs, prdpordlhdss ear o swiet kahdtory
dosihg koy `d hdmdssory, dvdh ie tfd dxmfohgd rotd
makds uhldr prdssurd witfaut makprakisihg tfd
kdliuk-tdrk gaoc ae primd sto`icity> ohl (d) ie tfd
eardigh dxmfohgd rdsdrvds ord hat pdrmdivdl ta `d
oldquotd, kahdtory kdosurds ta ovdrt o erdd eocc ihtfd dxmfohgd rotd koy hat d vdry deedmtivd. Ih tfdsd
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Mfoptdr UMahlumt ae Kahdtory Zacimy ih o Gca`ocisdl Dhvirahkdht
50
mahlitiahs tfd risns ae o eoicdl kahdtory ldedhmd ae
tfd dxmfohgd rotd koy gdt fdigftdhdl ihta shaw`occihg
mahsdqudhmds prapdccdl y uhilirdmtiahoc dxpdmtotiahs
ohl fdrlihg.
Pdmakkdhlotiahs
U.04 Ih vidw ae tfd mrass mauhtry ohl Ihlioh
dxpdridhmd witf gca`oc spiccavdrs lrivihg dpisalds ae
corgd ohl vacoticd mopitoc ihffaws os wdcc os autffaws,
o ffdxi`cd sdttihg ae kahdtory pacimy y tfd P@I ih tfd
sfart-ruh is worrohtdl. \fis prdsogds rdolihdss ta usd
o rohgd ae ihstrukdhts ot its makkohl, occawihg
ffdxi`icity ih tfd ldtdrkihotiah ae tfd dxmfohgd rotd
wficd kohogihg vacoticity tfraugf mopitoc ecaw
kohogdkdht (MEK) ohl komra-pruldhtioc kdosurds(ihmculihg sdmtar spdmim rdsdrvd rdquirdkdhts)
U.05 Witf rdgorl ta ihffaws tfot ord dxmdssivd ih
rdcotiah ta dxtdrhoc hohmihg rdquirdkdhts ohl tfd
hddl ear stdricisdl ihtdrvdhtiah2 (o) tfd P@I sfaucl
`uicl o stdricisotiah rdsdrvd aut ae its dxistihg ohl
dvacvihg parteacia ae GaI sdmuritids omrass tfd rohgd
ae koturitids, `ut ommdhtuotdl taworls o strind
mopo`icity ta ropilcy ihtdrvdhd ot tfd sfart dhl> ohl
(`) tfd P@I sfaucl ihtralumd o rdkuhdrotdl stohlihg
ldpasit eomicity, os rdmakkdhldl ih Mfoptdr-III, wfimf
wicc deedmtivdcy dkpawdr it witf uhcikitdl stdricisotiah
mopo`icity.
U.07 Os o ueedr ogoihst autffaws, tfd P@Is strotdgy
sfaucl `d ta `uicl oh oldquotd cdvdc ae eardigh
dxmfohgd rdsdrvds, oldquomy `dihg ldtdrkihdl hat
ahcy ih tdrks ae its dxistihg kdtrims ut ocsa ih tdrksae ihtdrvdhtiah rdquirdkdhts sdt `y post dxpdridhmd
witf dxtdrhoc sfamns ohl o ldtoicdl ossdsskdht ae toic
dvdhts tfot kotdriocisdl ih tfd mauhtry dxpdridhmds.
Os o sdmahl cihd ae ldedhmd, swop orrohgdkdhts,
ihmculihg witf rdgiahoc hohmihg ihitiotivds, sfaucl
`d omtivdcy pursudl. Wficd rdtoihihg tfd ffdxi`icity ta
uhldrtond uhmahvdhtiahoc kahdtory pacimy kdosurds
os ldkahstrotdl ih rdspahsd ta ohhauhmdkdht deedmts
ae _D topdr `ut witf mcority ih makkuhimotiah ohl
`dttdr ma-arlihotiah, tfd Makkittdd rdmakkdhls tfot
tfd P@I sfaucl rdspahl prikoricy tfraugf mahvdhtiahoc
pacimy kdosurds sa os ta dhsurd makkah sdt ae sfordl
dxpdmtotiahs `dtwddh tfd korndts ohl tfd P@I, ohl
ta ovail tfd risn ae eoccihg `dfihl tfd murvd
su`sdqudhtcy wfdh tfd dxmdptiahoc kdosurds ord
uhwauhl.
U.06 Ih ollitiah ta tfd o`avd, tfd P@I sfaucl
dhgogd praomtivdcy ih tfd ldvdcapkdht ae vi`roht
hohmioc korndt sdgkdhts, ihmculihg tfasd tfot ord
kissihg ih tfd spdmtruk, witf rdgucotary ihitiotivds
tfot mrdotd ldptf ohl ihstrukdhts, sa tfot risns ord
primdl, fdlgdl, ohl kohogdl ahsfard.
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
5=
Mfoptdr UI
Pdmakkdhlotiahs
\fd rdmakkdhlotiahs ae tfd Makkittdd ord sdt aut
ih tfis Mfoptdr.
\fd Mfaimd ae Hakihoc Ohmfar
(?) Ihffotiah sfaucl `d tfd hakihoc ohmfar ear
tfd kahdtory pacimy erokdwarn. \fis hakihoc ohmfar
sfaucl d sdt y tfd Pdsdrvd @ohn os its prdlakihoht
a`bdmtivd ae kahdtory pacimy ih its pacimy stotdkdhts.
\fd hakihoc ohmfar sfaucl `d makkuhimotdl
witfaut ok`iguity, sa os ta dhsurd o kahdtory pacimy
rdgikd sfiet owoy erak tfd murrdht oppraomf ta ahdtfot is mdhtdrdl orauhl tfd hakihoc ohmfar. ]u`bdmt
ta tfd dsto`cisfkdht ohl omfidvdkdht ae tfd hakihoc
ohmfar, kahdtory pacimy mahlumt sfaucl d mahsistdht
witf o sustoiho`cd grawtf trobdmtary ohl hohmioc
sto`icity (Zoro Ha2 II.04).
\fd Mfaimd ae Ihffotiah Kdtrim
(0) \fd P@I sfaucl olapt tfd hdw MZI (mak`ihdl)
os tfd kdosurd ae tfd hakihoc ohmfar ear pacimy
makkuhimotiah. \fd hakihoc ohmfar sfaucl `d
ldhdl ih tdrks ae fdolcihd MZI ihffotiah, wfimfmcasdcy rdecdmts tfd mast ae civihg ohl ihecudhmds
ihecotiah dxpdmtotiahs rdcotivd ta atfdr ovoico`cd
kdtrims (Zoro Ha2 II.=5).
Hukdrimoc \orgdt ohl Zrdmisiah
(=) \fd hakihoc ohmfar ar tfd torgdt ear ihffotiah
sfaucl `d sdt ot < pdr mdht witf o `ohl ae +/- 0 pdr
mdht orauhl it (o) ih vidw ae tfd vuchdro`icity ae tfd
Ihlioh dmahaky ta suppcy/dxtdrhoc sfamns ohl tfd
rdcotivdcy corgd wdigft ae eaal ih tfd MZI> ohl (`) tfd
hddl ta ovail o ldecotiah `ios ih tfd mahlumt aekahdtory pacimy. \fis torgdt sfaucl d sdt ih tfd erokd
ae o twa-ydor farizah tfot is mahsistdht witf tfd hddl
ta ocohmd tfd autput masts ae lisihffotiah ogoihst tfd
spddl ae dhtrdhmfkdht ae mrdli`icity ih pacimy
makkitkdht (Zoro Ha2 II.
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Mfoptdr UIPdmakkdhlotiahs
5 (`) eaal ohl eudc ocsa rdffdmt
tfd ikpomt ae ldkohl prdssurds ohl hat bust tfd ikpomt ae suppcy mahstroihts> ohl (m) trohskissiah ae eaal
ohl eudc ihffotiah ta ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs ohl wogd sdttihg `dfoviaur. \fd orgukdhts ogoihst tfd usd ae
fdolcihd MZI ihffotiah ihmculdl2 (o) tfd occ-Ihlio MZI is o hdw ihldx ohl its prapdrtids portimucorcy its
rdcotiahsfip witf atfdr vorio`cds ord hat vdry mcdor> (`) tfdrd ord komra risns ae sfietihg ta tfd hdw MZI ot o
tikd wfdh grawtf is wdon ohl tfd pacitimoc dhvirahkdht is uhmdrtoih tfd ndy risn is ae roisihg ihtdrdst rotd
sighimohtcy, mahlitiahdl `y tfd figf MZI ihffotiah `ut, passi`cy, hat `dihg o`cd ta cawdr ihffotiah ldspitd o
strahg ohti-ihffotiahory stohmd> (m) pu`cim prdedrdhmd ih o ldkamromy kottdrs ohl pdapcd koy ommdpt figfdr
ihffotiah ie tfot fdcps ih figfdr grawtf.
Occ suppartdl tfd hddl ear o ra`ust ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs survdy, ohl kdosurds ta lddpdh tfd korndt ear
ihffotiah ihldxdl `ahls sa os ta a`toih korndt `osdl ihearkotiah ah ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs. It wos edct tfot
tfis wicc fdcp ikpravd uhldrstohlihg ae rdcotiahsfips `dtwddh MZI ar its spdmim makpahdhts ohl ihffotiah
dxpdmtotiahs.
(=) \fd Ihffotiah \orgdt
\fdrd wos o vidw tfot tfd P@I ocrdoly fos oh ikpcimit ihffotiah torgdt aetdh makkuhimotdl ih tdrks
ae 4 pdr mdht os its makeart cdvdc. Wfot koy `d rdquirdl uhldr o hdw erokdwarn, tfdrdeard, is mcority
ah sihgcd vdrsus kuctipcd a`bdmtivds ohl ommauhto`icity ah ottoihihg tfd torgdt. Atfdrs edct tfot sdttihg
tfd torgdt cdvdc is hat oh dosy mfaimd. ]akd suggdstdl mordeuc moci`rotiah ae tfd tikd potf avdr wfimf tfd
torgdt koy `d pursudl, `dihg kihleuc ae lisihffotiah masts. Atfdrs wdrd ae tfd vidw tfot makporihg tfd
Kdximoh ohl @rozicioh dxpdridhmd waucl suggdst tfot Kdxima fos o cawdr ihffotiah torgdt (wfimf lads hatoccaw kumf smapd ta ommakkalotd suppcy sfamns), tfdrdeard, its pdrearkohmd ah primd sto`icity is `dttdr. Ih
mahtrost, @rozic fos o figfdr ihffotiah torgdt, wfimf cdovds smapd ear ommakkalotihg suppcy sfamns, cdolihg
ta rdcotivdcy figfdr ovdrogd ihffotiah.
(
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Pdpart ae \fd Dxpdrt Makkittdd ta Pdvisdohl ]trdhgtfdh tfd Kahdtory Zacimy Erokdwarn
7=
ta dvacvd. Ih tfis mahtdxt, tfd dxokpcd ae @rozic wos prdsdhtdl ta suggdst tfot mauhtrids fovd kigrotdl ta
oh I\ rdgikd witfaut `dihg mahstroihdl `y trohskissiah wdonhdssds ohl comn ae mcority ah faw ta ohmfar
ihffotiah dxpdmtotiahs. Ah ikpravihg trohskissiah, ahd vidw uhldrsmardl tfd hddl ta ldvdcap tfd tdrk
kahdy korndt, ohatfdr vidw suggdstdl ollihg `arrawihgs erak tfd P@I ta tfd mocmucotiah ae tfd `osd rotd.
\fdrd wos ocsa o vidw tfot tfd corgd ohl grawihg sizd ae tfd poroccdc dmahaky koy `d o kobar ikpdlikdht
ta trohskissiah.
(5) Ciquility Kohogdkdht
It wos figfcigftdl tfot ih o pdrial ae eoccihg pralumtivity, kard pravisiah ae ciquility koy hat `d o sacutiah
ta tfd grawtf scawlawh. \fd P@I sfaucl tromn pralumtivity trdhls ohl kust rdmaghisd tfot ciquility
ihbdmtdl ot hdgotivd rdoc ihtdrdst rotds kust `d usdl pralumtivdcy> atfdrwisd it wicc `d ihffotiahory. Ahd
vidw dkpfosisdl tfot ciquility mahlitiahs ord kard ikpartoht tfoh dvdh tfd rdpa rotd, ohl o pacimy ae
nddpihg tfd systdk ih pdrkohdht ciquility ldmit kald hddl hat `d ildoc ear occ pfosds ae tfd `usihdss
mymcd. Ohatfdr vidw uhldrsmardl tfd a`viaus mahhdmtiah `dtwddh ciquility ohl ossdt primds ohl suggdstdl
tfot tfd hdw erokdwarn kust rdmaghisd tfis.
(7) Atfdr Issuds
Lurihg tfd lismussiahs sdvdroc atfdr spdmim paihts wdrd figfcigftdl, sumf os2 (o) ffdxi`icity ih tfd erokdwarn
ta rdspahl ta spiccavdrs erak tfd kahdtory pacimy stohmd ae tfd rdsdrvd murrdhmy mauhtry (i.d., tfd T])> ohl
(`) usd ae mrdlit pacimy os oh olbuhmt ta kahdtory pacimy oikdl ot ollrdssihg suppcy mahstroihts> ohl (m) usd
ae komra-pruldhtioc pacimids ear hohmioc sto`icity a`bdmtivds.
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Ohhdx
7