molecular genetics. you must know… the structure of dna the major steps to replication the...
TRANSCRIPT
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MOLECULAR GENETICS
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YOU MUST KNOW…• THE STRUCTURE OF DNA• THE MAJOR STEPS TO REPLICATION• THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION
• HOW DNA IS PACKAGED INTO A CHROMOSOME
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CONCEPT 16.1• DNA IS THE
GENETIC MATERIAL
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DISCOVERY THAT DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
• HERSHEY AND CHASE STUDIED BACTERIOPHAGES THAT ARE MADE OF ONLY DNA AND PROTEIN
• USED RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF PHOSPHORUS TO TAG THE DNA AND RADIOACTIVE SULFUR TO TAG THE PROTEIN
• RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ONLY THE DNA ENTERED BACTERIA INFECTED BY THE VIRUS, THE PROTEIN DIDN’T
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DNA STRUCTURE• WATSON AND CRICK - CREDITED• FRANKLIN AND WILKINS AIDED TO
THEIR SUCCESS BY WORKING IN FIELD OF X-RAY
CHYSTALLOGRAPHY
(VISUALIZE MOLECULES
3-D)
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FEATURES OF DNA• DOUBLE HELIX –
TWISTED LADDER• SIDES OR BACKBONE
ARE MADE OF 5C- SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE) AND PHOSPHATE
• RUNGS ARE MADE OF PAIRS OF NITROGEN BASES (A-T, G-C)
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DNA• ANTIPARALLEL - LEFT SIDE OF THE
STRUCTURE IS IN THE READING POSITION BUT THE RIGHT SIDE IS OPPOSITE, UPSIDE-DOWN DIRECTION
• LEFT SIDE RUNS 5’ TO 3’, RIGHT SIDE RUNS 3’ TO 5’
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CONCEPT 16.2• MANY PROTEINS WORK
TOGETHER IN DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR
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REPLICATION• MAKING OF DNA FROM AN EXISTING
DNA STRAND• DNA REPLICTION IS
SEMICONSERVATIVE
(EACH OF THE DAUGHTER MOLECULES HAS ONE
OLD STRAND AND ONE
NEW STRAND)
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• REPLICATION OF DNA BEGINS AT SITES CALLED THE ORIGINS OF REPLICATION
• INITIATION PROTEINS BIND TO THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION AND SEPARATE THE TWO STRANDING, FORMING A REPLICATION BUBBLE
• DNA REPLICATION PROCEEDS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS ALONG THE DNA STRAND UNTIL THE MOLECULE IS COPIED
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• DNA POLYMERASES CATALYZES THE ELONGATION OF NEW DNA AT THE REPLICATION FORK
• DNA POLYMERASE ADDS NUCLEOTIDES TO THE GROWING CHAIN ONE BY ONE, WORKING IN A 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION
• DNA REPLICATION OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY ALONG THE 5’ TO 3’ STRAND (LEADING STRAND)
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• THE STRAND THAT RUNS 3’ TO 5’ IS COPIED IN SERIES OF SEGMENTS AND TERMED THE LAGGING STRAND
• THE LAGGING STRAND IS SYNTHESIZED IN SEPARATE PIECES CALLED OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS THAT ARE SEALED TOGETHER BY DNA LIGASE FORMING A CONTINUOUS DNA STRAND
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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ACCURACY OF DNA
REPLICATION• THE SPECIFICITY OF BASE PAIRING• MISMATCH REPAIR – SPECIAL REPAIR
ENZYMES FIX INCORRECTLY PAIRED NUCLEOTIDES
• NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR – INCORRECTLY PLACED NUCLEOTIDES ARE EXCISED OR REMOVED BY ENZYMES TERMED NUCLEASES AND THE LEFT OVER IS FILLED IN WITH THE CORRECT NUCLEOTIDES
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• DNA POLYMERASE CAN ADD NUCLEOTIDES ONLY TO THE 3’ END OF A MOLECULE• 5’ END OF THE DNA IS NOT COMPLETED• EVERY TIME A CHROMOSOME IS
REPLICATED FOR MITOSIS, A SMALL PORTION OF THE TIP OF THE CHROMOSOME IS REMOVED
• TO AVOID LOSING TERMINAL GENES, THE ENDS ARE “CAPPED” WITH TELOMERES (DO NOT CONTAIN GENES)
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CONCEPT 16.3• A CHROMOSOME
CONSISTS OF A DNA MOLECULE
PACKED
TOGETHER WITH
PROTEINS
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BACTERIAL DNA AND
EUKARYOTE DNA• BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME IS ONE
DOUBLE-STRANDED, CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULE WITH A SMALL AMOUNT OF PROTEIN
• EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES ARE LINEAR DNA WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN
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EUKARYOTE CHROMOSOMES
• FIRST LEVEL OF PACKING IN CHROMOSOMES INVOLVES DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEINS CALLED HISTONES
• DNA/PROTEIN COMPLEX RESEMBLES BEADS ON A STRING AND IS CALLED A NUCLEOSOME
• THE STRING LOOPS AND FOLDS
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• AS DNA BECOMES MORE HIGHLY PACKAGED, IT BECOMES LESS ACCESSIBLE TO TRANSCRIPTION ENZYMES
• THIS REDUCES GENE EXPRESSION