MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Figure 6-50 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-51 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

tRNA

Figure 6-53 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Some tRNA can read more than one codon

minimum set of tRNA is 31 (for 61 codons)

I ... inosine

(third base not so squeezed as in double helix)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-58 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-56 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

(Aminoacyl-AMP)

Charging tRNA

Figure 6-61 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

amino (N-) terminus carboxyl (C-) terminuspeptide bond

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-63 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

16S rRNA secondary structure

rRNAs not ribosomal proteins responsible for most of the reactions:

23S rRNA – ribozyme peptidyl transferase

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-64 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Prokaryotes

nnnnnnAGGAGGUnnnnnnnAUGnnnnnnn UCCUCCA

Shine-Delgarnosequence

Start

FormylMethionin

16S rRNA

Shine-Delgarno sequence

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-72 (part 2 of 5) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Eukaryotes

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

GCCRCCAUGGsurrounding sequence important

Figure 6-72 (part 3 of 5) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-66 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-67 (part 1 of 7) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-67 (part 6 of 7) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

TRANSLOCATION

Coupled transcription-translation in bacteria

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-76 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Eukaryotes

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-79 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MANY ANTIBIOTICS WORK BY INHIBITING BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Table 6-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Exceptions to universal genetic code

Endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

PROTEIN STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-1 (part 1 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Hydrophylic Hydrophobic

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structure

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-82 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 6-86 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Chaperonins/Chaperons needed for proper folding

Hsp … heat shock proteins

Figure 6-87 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Protein glycosylation

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

N-linked glycosylation(in ER)O-linked glycosylation(in golgi)

Proper foldingCell-cell adhesion

O-linked serine N-linked asparagine

Figure 6-88 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Protein degradation in protesome

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

„ubiquitination“ byubiqutin ligase

Signal sequence – some proteins have addressessecreted proteins, mitochondrial etc.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS IN CELL

Structural proteinsCytoskeletonExtracellualr matrix

Mechanical proteinsactin, myosin

Enzymes

Binding proteinstransport, storage

Information processing Proteinsreceptors, signals

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Table 3-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-64 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-66 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-73 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-81a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis

Figure 3-81c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Protein synthesis