mogck&science&30&(2015)& & key& · pdf...

Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&

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KEY&TERMS&FOR&CIRCULATION&AND&IMMUNITY&Term& Definition&&Circulatory!System! !Cardiovascular!System! !Cardiac!Output! !Coronary!Arteries! !Septum! !Atrium! !Ventricle! !Heart!Valves! !Diastole! !Systole! !Artery! !Vein! !Capillary! !Vena!Cavae! !Pulmonary!Artery! !Pulmonary!Vein! !Aorta! !Arteriole! !Venule! !Capillary!Bed! !Varicose!Vein! !Blood!Pressure! !Millimeters!of!Mercury!(mmHg)! !Systolic!Pressure! !Diastolic!Pressure! !Hypertension! !Plasma! !White!Blood!Cell! !


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Platelet! !Erythrocyte! !Biconcave! !Hemoglobin! !Oxyhemoglobin! !Leukocytes! !Protein! !Fibrinogen! !Fibrin! !Blood!clot! !Hemophilia! !Cardiovascular!Disease! !Traditional!Ecological!Knowledge! !Cholesterol! !Plaque! !Low!Density!Lipoprotein!(LDL)! !High!Density!Lipoprotein!(HDL)! !Atherosclerosis! !Coronary!Heart!Disease! !Angina! !Heart!Attack! !Stroke! !Essential!Fatty!Acid! !Aneurysm! !Septal!Defect! !Pathogen! !Antiseptic! !Protozoan! !Fungi! !


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Bacteria! !Antibiotic! !Virus! !Antiviral!Drug! !Antigen! !Macrophage! !TQcell! !Helper!TQcell! !BQcell! !Antibody! !Killer!TQcell! !MemoryQB!and!MemoryQT!Cells! !SuppressorQT!Cells! !Vaccination! !Inoculation! !Autoimmune!Disease! !

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Topic&1:&Circulation&and&Immunity&Lab&Measuring&the&Effect&of&Exercise&on&Heart&Rate&

(Applicable&Readings&pgs.&4R9)&!!

Background&Information&• Discuss!the!4!key!functions!of!the!circulatory!system!• Discuss!at!least!2!scientists!that!influenced!the!science!of!the!heart!(who!they!were,!what!they!did!and!

what!they!discovered)!• Define!cardiac!output!and!explain!how!to!calculate!it!

!Purpose&

• Measure!heart!rate!at!rest,!after!exercise!and!2!minutes!after!exercise!and!determine!the!effect!!Hypothesis&

• Create!an!“IF…&THEN…&BECAUSE…”!statement!predicting!the!effect!of!exercise!on!heart!rate!!Experimental&Design&

• Write!1Q3!sentences!describing!what!went!on!in!the!lab.!Include!your!results!in!this!area!as!well!(leave!space!for!it!so!you!can!come!back!and!include)!

• If!applicable,!draw!a!diagram!of!your!lab!set!up!in!this!area!!Variables&Controlled:*List!at!least!5!things!that!were!kept!the!same!in!your!lab!Manipulated:*List!the!1!or!2!things!you!changed!to!create!the!results!Responding:*What!you!are!trying!to!find!out!in!the!lab!(changed!results)!!Procedure&

• Using!a!watch,!clock!or!phone,!count!the!number!of!beats!in!fifteen!seconds!and!multiply!by!4!to!get!the!beats!per!minute.!It!is!best!to!measure!your!pulse!two!or!three!times!and!calculate!an!average!to!get!the!most!accurate!heart!rate!when!you!are!resting.!Record!this!number!as!your!resting!heartbeat!in!beats!per!minute!(BPM).!!

!1. Make!sure!you!are!seated!and!rested!before!beginning!the!activity.!Locate!your!pulse!by!using!your!

index!finger!and!your!middle!finger.!The!pulse!is!most!easily!found!by!pressing!these!2!fingers!against!the!inside!of!your!wrist!or!against!the!carotid!artery,!which!runs!up!your!neck!on!either!side!of!your!throat.!Each!beat!of!your!pulse!corresponds!to!a!beat!of!your!heart.!(Do!not!use!your!thumb)!

2. Choose!one!of!the!4!activities!listed!below,!and!write!down!the!activity!in!your!chart!provided.!Engage!in!4!minutes!of!this!activity.!At!the!instant!the!activity!ends,!take!your!pulse!again!and!record.!!

! Possible!activities!include:!!• Jumping!jacks!• Running!on!the!spot!!• High!knees!• Squats!with!textbook!press!

3. Continue!to!record!your!pulse!rate!every!minute!for!the!next!5!minutes!or!until!your!pulse!returns!to!its!resting!rate.!!

!Results&

• Record!your!results!in!a!table!similar!to!the!one!shown!below.!Make!sure!to!include!a!descriptive!title!!!&Subject&

Resting&Heart&Rate&(BPM)&

&Type&of&Exercise&

HR&Immediately&after&Exercise&

(BPM)&

HR&&1&min&after&

Exercise&(BPM)&

HR&&2&min&after&

Exercise&(BPM)&

HR&&3&min&after&

Exercise&(BPM)&

HR&&4&min&after&

Exercise&(BPM)&

HR&&5&min&after&

Exercise&(BPM)&

Kendra! 56! High!Knees! 72! 65! 58! 56! 56! 56!Joe! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

Kristina! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !

Garry! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !

Zach! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !

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Analysis&of&Results&1. Compare!your!resting!heart!rate!with!the!rest!of!the!group.!Should!a!difference!between!members!

alarm!you?!2. List!some!factors!that!might!contribute!to!the!difference!in!resting!heart!rates!among!class!members!3. Describe!how!your!heart!rate!changed!during!exercising,!and!relate!how!it!was!altered!after!you!

stopped.!!4. How!long!did!it!take!for!your!heart!rate!to!returnto!its!resting!rate.!Compare!your!recovery!time!to!

others!in!the!group.!!5. Explain!why!it!is!necessary!for!each!class!member!to!perform!the!same!exercise!for!the!same!length!of!

time!6. Graph!the!changes!in!your!groups’!heart!rate.!Label!the!axis!appropriately.!!

!Conclusion&

• Create!a!sentence!describing!the!results!of!your!lab.!Start!with!the!phrase&“ACCORDING&TO&THE&EVIDENCE…&“&and!detail!what!occurred!as!a!result!of!your!manipulated!variable.!!Describe!whether!this!supported!or!did!not!support!your!hypothesis.!Mention!any!errors&that!may!have!influenced!your!lab!to!alter!your!results.!!

!Extension&

• Determine!an!appropriate!area!of!life!where!the!knowledge!of!the!impact!of!exercise!on!heart!rate!could!be!applied.!Analyze!this!in!depth.!!

!Error&Analysis&

• If!applicable,!calculate!the!%!Error!in!your!Lab!using!the!equation!below.!Appropriate!%error!is!within!30%!of!the!expected!value.!Explain!whether!your!error!was!within!the!appropriate!percentile.!!

&o %&error&=&theoretical&value&–&experimental&value&x&100%&

&& &&&&theoretical&value&!

• Mention!the!cause!of!error.!Common!sources!of!experimental!error!include:! !- conditions!(ex.!SATP)!not!controlled!- impure!reactants!or!products!- any!measurement!process!- incomplete!reaction!- judgment!of!color!- loss!of!solid!in!filtration!!- incomplete!drying!of!products!- manipulative!skill!

• Explain!detailed!changes!to!the!lab!in!order!to!minimize!the!error!or!a!next!step!to!the!lab!where!applicable.!!

&Sources&• Include!minimum!5!sources!in!MLA!format!in!your!work!and!list!at!the!end!(work!cited!section)!&Follow&Up&Questions&

1. A!female!science!30!student!has!a!resting!heart!rate!of!68BPM.!Determine!her!cardiac!output!in!litres!per!minute.!(assume!60mL/beat)!

2. Refer!to!question!#1.!How!much!blood!would!this!student’s!heart!pump!in!one!year!if!it!maintained!the!resting!heart!rate?!

3. The!average!human!has!approximately!5L!of!blood.!How!long!does!it!take!the!heart!to!pump!this!volume?!

4. If!a!male!raised!his!heart!rate!to!180BPM!through!intensive!exercise,!such!as!running!on!a!treadmill,!how!much!blood!would!his!heart!pump!per!minute?!Assume!that!the!stroke!volume!remains!at!70mL!per!beat.!!

!!

Please*complete*this*lab*for*________________________________________________*and*Print*it*out**or*share*with*Ms.*Mogck*([email protected])*All*calculations*should*be*hand*written*and*attached*to*the*lab*in*the*proper*order.**


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Topic&2:&The&Heart&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&6R12)&

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Aorta!!

Body!

Vena!Cava!

Right!Atrium!

AV!Valve!

Right!Ventricle!

Semilunar!Valve!

Pulmonary!Artery!

Lungs!

Pulmonary!Veins!

Left!Atrium!

AV!Valve!

Left!Ventricle!

Semilunar!Valve!

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&

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Heartbeat&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&13R14)&

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!

Atrium&and&Ventricle&RELAX& & Ventricles&contract&forcing&and&FILL&with&blood& & blood&OUT&of&the&heart&&AV&Valve&opens&due&to&& & & AV&Valve&slams&shut&due&to&low&pressure&& & & & high&pressure&&Semilunar&valve&slams&shut& & Semilunar&valve&forced&due&to&higher&pressure& & & open&due&to&the&blood&&outside&the&heart& & & & leaving&the&ventricle&&

**DUB**& & & & & & **LUB**


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Cardiac&Output!(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&8R9)&

!Cardiac!output!is!the!volume!of!blood!pumped!by!the!heart!in!one!minute,!which!is!equal!to!the!produce!of!stroke!volume!and!heart!rate.!!!The!greater!the!cardiac!output,!the!more!effectively!the!heart!pumps!blood!(meaning!the!healthier!the!heart!)!Average!stroke!volume!for!an!adult!male!is!70mL!per!beat.!The!average!stroke!volume!for!an!adult!female!is!60mL!per!beat.!!!!!

Cardiac&Output&=&Stroke&Volume&x&Heart&Rate&&&&Example&&A!typical!human!male!has!a!stroke!volume!of!70mL!per!beat!and!a!resting!heart!rate!of!72!beats!per!minute.!!!a.!Calculate!the!cardiac!output.!Express!your!answer!in!liters!per!minute.!!!

CO&=&SV&x&HR&CO&=&70mL/beat&x&72beats/min&x&1L/1000mL&=&5.04L/min&CO&=&5.04L/min&!!!!!b.!Calculate!the!volume!of!blood!that!would!be!pumped!in!ONE!DAY!based!upon!the!cardiac!output.!!!

#L&–&5.04L/min&x&24hours&x&60mins/hr&=&7257.6L&#L&=&7257.6L


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Aorta!!

Body!

Vena!Cava!

Right!Atrium!

AV!Valve!

Right!Ventricl

e!

Semilunar!Valve!

Pulmonary!

Artery!

Lungs!

Pulmonary!Veins!

Left!Atrium!

AV!Valve!

Left!Ventricl

e!

Semilunar!Valve!

Topic&2&Practice&Questions**!

1.!Beginning!from!the!vena!cava,!indicate!the!order!of!the!structures!that!blood!passes!through.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2.!If!an!Olympic!athlete!has!an!increased!stroke!volume!of!100mL,!calculate!his!cardiac!output!at!rest!(50BPM),!with!light!exercise!(115BPM)!and!with!highQintensity!exercise!(180BPM).!Assume!the!stroke!volume!remains!constant.!!! !

Rest&&& & & Light&& & & Heavy&CO&=&100mL&x&50BPM& CO&=&100mL&x&115BPM& CO&=&100mL&x&180BPM&CO&=&5000mL/min& CO&=&11500mL/min& CO&=&18000mL/min&!!3.!Explain!why!you!expect!an!Olympic!athlete!to!have!a!lower!resting!heart!rate!than!a!person!with!an!inactive!lifestyle.!!&

The&athlete’s&heart&is&stronger&and&therefore&sends&more&blood&volume&to&the&body&on&each&beat,&working&more&effectively&!!4.!Compare!the!systole!and!diastole!portions!of!the!heart!cycle!!

Systole&=&contraction,&blood&out,&SL&open,&AV&shut,&LUB&&Diastole&=&relaxation,&filling&with&blood,&AV&open,&SL&shut,&DUB&!!5.!Describe!the!purpose!of!a!chest!strap!or!other!type!of!heart!rate!monitor!when!a!person!is!exercising.!

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Detects&the&electrical&signal&of&the&heart&and&monitors&heart&rate&during&exercise.&


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Topic&3:&Blood&Vessels&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&20R24)&

!Complete!the!following!table:!!!Structure! Physical*Description* Purpose*of*the*Blood*Vessel*

&Aorta&&

&The&largest&artery&in&the&body,&carries&O2&rich&blood&to&the&body&

&O2&blood&to&the&body&

&

&Pulmonary&Artery&

&

&Vessel&that&brings&

deoxygenated&blood&to&the&lungs&

&CO2&blood&to&the&lungs&

&

&Vena&Cavae&

&

&Large&vessel&that&carries&O2&poor&blood&to&the&

heart&

&CO2&blood&to&the&heart&

&

&Pulmonary&

Vein&&

&Vessel&that&carries&O2&rich&blood&from&the&lungs&to&the&heart&

&O2&blood&to&the&heart&

&Artery&

&

&Thick&walled&vessel&that&carries&blood&away&from&

the&heart&

&Blood&out&of&heart&

&Vein&&

&Thin&walled&vessel&that&carries&blood&towards&

the&heart&

&Blood&into&heart&

&Capillary&

&

&Tiny&blood&vessels&that&assist&in&diffusion&due&to&

high&surface&area&

&Diffusion&

&

&Arteriole&

&

&Joins&arteries&to&capillary&beds&

&Blood&to&capillaries&

&Venuole&

&

&Joins&veins&to&capillary&

beds&

&Blood&from&capillaries&

&


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Major&Arteries&and&Veins&!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!

Diffusion&of&gases&&

O2&in&CO2&out&

Diffusion&of&nutrients&and&wastes&&

Nutrients&and&O2&in&&Waste&and&CO2&out&


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Structural&Difference&Between&Arteries&and&Veins&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!

!!!

Thick&elastic&walls&to&withstand&blood&pressure&&As&arteries&branch,&they&get&smaller&and&lower&pressure&

Thin&walls&due&to&low&blood&pressure&&Veins&contain&1Rway&valves&to&stop&the&backflow&of&blood&&Pressure&is&assisted&by&skeletal&muscle&contractions&


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Vericose&Veins*!

Vericose&veins&are&caused&by&dysfunctional&valves&&Gravity&pulls&the&blood&backwards&and&the&vessel&weakens&and&twists&&Often&times&people&who&are&on&their&feet&throughout&the&day&get&them:&teachers,&nurses,&waitresses&&A&fix&is&to&wear&compression&sock,&which&hold&the&vessels&tighter&in&the&muscles&


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Blood&Pressure&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&26R31)&

&The!normal!range!of!blood!pressure!for!adults!is!a!systolic!pressure!between!90!and!135mmHg!with!a!diastolic!pressure!between!50!and!90mmHg.!In!the!space!below,!write!the!minimum!and!maximum!average!blood!pressures:!!!

Minimum&90/50& & & Maximum&135/90&!!!!!!Blood!pressure!values!in!excess!of!140/90!are!considered!to!be!high!blood!pressure!or!hypertension.!!What!are!some!causes!of!high!blood!pressure?!Why!should!people!try!to!avoid!hypertension?!How!can!we!prevent!hypertension!in!our!lives?!(Loving&Heart&Activity)&&&

Stress,&lack&of&sleep,&lack&of&exercise,&high&cholesterol,&excessive&salt,&poor&eating&habits&&Fixes:&workout,&meditate,&diet,&medication,&lots&of&water&&&&&&&Measuring&Blood&Pressure:&&Read!page!30Q31!in!your!textbook.!In!groups!of!4,!perform!the!procedure!and!write!down!the!results!of!your!group!in!the!table!provided.!Predict!the!effect!of!exercise!on!your!blood!pressure.!!

&Group&Member& Resting&Blood&

Pressure&!!!

!!

!!!

!!

!!!

!!

!!!

!!

!!


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Topic&3&Practice&Problems!!1.!It!is!a!common!misconception!that!arteries!always!carry!oxygen!rich!blood!and!veins!always!carry!oxygen!poor!blood.!Explain!why!this!concept!is!not!true!in!the!case!of!pulmonary!circulation.!!!

Pulmonary&arteries&carry&deoxygenated&blood&to&the&lungs&to&become&oxygenated&&Pulmonary&veins&bring&red&blood&from&the&lungs&to&be&distributed&!!2.!A!capillary!is!a!microscopic!structure.!Its!walls!are!comprised!of!only!one!layer!of!very!thin!cells.!Explain!why!it!is!important!for!the!walls!of!capillaries!to!be!thin.!!!

Diffusion&needs&to&occur&and&it&is&easier&through&a&tiny&layer&of&cells&!!!!3.!Identify!some!factors!that!can!cause!a!person’s!blood!pressure!to!increase.!!!

Stress,&lack&of&sleep,&lack&of&exercise,&high&cholesterol,&excessive&salt,&poor&eating&habits&&!!!!4.!!Explain!why!it!is!more!dangerous!if!an!artery!–!rather!than!a!vein,!is!cut!in!an!accident.!!!

Arteries&have&high&pressure,&therefore&if&you&cut&an&artery&you&will&lose&blood&faster&and&your&body&will&not&receive&oxygen&required&for&life.&&!!!!!


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Topic&4:&Blood&and&Clotting&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&34R41)&

!You!have!been!given!an!envelope!containing!information!that!will!allow!you!to!complete!the!chart!below.!Write!the!applicable!information!into!your!chart!!!!

Component! AKA! Description! What!it!Does!for!Us!

!Plasma!!

(55%!of!blood)!!

&Pale&Yellow&Fluid&

&Water&(92%)&+&dissolved&gases&+&proteins&(7%&R&

fibrinogen,&serum&albumin&and&serum&globulin)&+&

sugars&+&vitamins&(0.1%)&+&minerals&(0.9%)&+&hormones&&

&Makes&our&blood&fluid&&Transports&nutrients&+&waste&

&

!Red!Blood!Cells!!

(44%!of!blood)!

&Erythrocytes&

&1.&No&nucleus&2.&Disk&shaped&cells&packed&with&about&280million&iron&containing&hemoglobin&3.&Life&span&of&120&days&&

&Specialized&for&oxygen&transport&&If&too&few&red&blood&cells&or&too&little&hemoglobin&anemia&occurs&

&!

White!Blood!Cells!

(less!than!1%!of!blood!but!double!when!responding!to!infection)!

&Leucocytes&

&1.&Contain&a&nucleus&however&appear&to&be&colorless&2.&Part&of&the&body’s&response&to&infection&

&Granulocytes&consist&of&neutrophils,&basophils&and&eosinophils&&Monocytes&become&macrophages&which&leave&the&bloodstream&to&patrol&Engulf&and&destroy&foreign&bodies&

&!

Platelets!!!!

&Clotters&

&1.&Fragments&of&cells&formed&from&the&breakdown&of&bone&marrow&2.&No&nucleus&&3.&Break&down&quickly&in&the&blood&&

&Play&a&key&role&in&clotting&to&plug&injury&

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Substances&released&by&the&broken&blood&vessels&attract&PLATELETS&

Collecting&platelets&rupture&and&release&chemicals&that&produce&an&enzyme&called&THROMBOPLASTIN&

Thromboplastin&(in&the&presence&of&Ca2+)&reacts&with&PROTHROMBIN&to&create&THROMBIN&

Thrombin&is&an&enzyme&that&activates&the&blood&protein&FIBRINOGEN&(found&in&plasma)&to&become&FIBRIN&

Fibrin&creates&an&insoluble&net&trapping&escaping&blood&&


! 20!

Topic&4&Practice&Problems!!!Use!the!following!information!to!answer!questions!1Q2!!The*majority*of*blood*collected*at*a*blood*donation*clinic*is*not*left*as*whole*blood.*It*is*instead*separated*by*a*centrifuge*into*its*components*of*red*blood*cells,*plasma*and*platelets.*In*this*way,*your*single*donation*of*one*blood*unit*can*help*3*other*people.***1.!Burn!victims!suffer!a!significant!loss!of!skin!tissues!and!are!therefore!highly!susceptible!to!deadly!dehydration.!What!blood!component!best!addresses!this!problem?!!

Plasma&=&55%&of&blood,&liquid&portion&!!2.!A!cancer!patient!receiving!radiation!treatment!is!often!unable!to!produce!enough!of!a!key!blood!component!that!prevents!uncontrollable!internal!bleeding.!Identify!the!blood!component!give!to!this!patient!in!a!transfusion.!!!

Platelets&=&clotting&factor&!3.!List!the!four!components!of!blood!in!decreasing!order!of!their!relative!volume!in!whole!blood!(from!most!abundant!to!least)!!!

Plasma&=&55%&Red&blood&cells&=&44%&&White&blood&cells&=&1%&Platelets&=&fragments&!!4.!Carbon!monoxide!is!a!colorless,!odorless!gas!produced!during!the!combustion!of!fossil!fuels,!including!gasoline.!Carbon!monoxide!binds!to!the!hemoglobin!in!red!blood!cells!much!faster!and!more!strongly!than!does!oxygen.!Based!on!your!knowledge!of!the!role!of!red!blood!cells,!explain!why!exposure!to!carbon!monoxide!can!be!so!dangerous.!!!

If&carbon&monoxide&binds&to&the&hemoglobin,&the&RBC&will&not&be&able&to&bind&to&oxygen&and&deliver&it&to&tissues.&This&will&cause&internal&suffocation&and&death&of&tissues&!5.!Vampire!bats!and!leeches!are!both!parasites!that!feed!on!animal!blood.!After!they!use!their!sharp!teeth!to!cut!the!surface!of!the!animal’s!skin,!they!release!a!bloodQthinning!chemical!called!an!anticoagulant!that!not!only!stops!blood!from!clotting,!but!also!allows!greater!blood!flow!by!dilating!blood!vessels.!Explain!why!an!anticoagulant!might!be!useful!for!treating!circulatory!system!problems.!!!

Anticoagulats&stop&clots&from&forming.&If&a&person&is&at&risk&of&blood&clots&(heart&attack,&stroke)&due&to&plaque&buildup,&an&anticoagulant&may&be&used&to&stop&this.&


! 21!

Topic&5:&Heart&Health&Flyer&Assignment&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&42R53)&

!!

Cardiovascular!disease!is!one!of!many!disorders!that!affect!the!heart!and/or!the!blood!vessels.!The!purpose!of!this!project!is!to!allow!you!to!learn!about!different!types!of!cardiovascular!disorders,!the!student!research!!!What*do*you*need*to*do:**

• Create!a!pamphlet,!poster,!advertisement,!video!or!informational!speech!that!describes!in!detail!your!assigned!cardiovascular!disease!

• Add!your!information!to!the!google!docs!page,!so!that!everyone!has!the!information!needed!to!study!for!the!diploma!

• Present!your!information!in!a!quick!5!minute!presentation!!!Topic*Options:**

!Scurvy!

Atherosclerosis!and!Cholesterol!(Coronary!Heart!Disease)!

!

!Heart!Attack!

!Stroke!

!Cholesterol!(good!vs!bad)!

!Aneurysm!

!!

Septal!Defect!!

!Valvular!Heart!Disease!

!Atrial!Fibrillation!

!!

Anemia!!

!Edema!

Paroxysmal!Supraventricular!Tachycardia!(PSVT)!

!Porphyria!

!

!TIA!(Mini!Stroke)!

!WolffQParkinsonQWhite!Syndrome!

!Hemophilia!

!

!HIV!Q!AIDS!

!Leukemia!!

!

!Research*Requirements:**

• An!introduction!of!the!disorder!or!disease!(when!it!was!discovered!and!by!whom)*• Symptoms!of!the!disease*• Cause!of!the!disease!*• Prevention!of!the!disease*• Cures,!medication!and!common!treatment*• Prognosis!of!the!disease*• Sources!(in!MLA!format)*

*Visual*Requirements:**

• Minimum!3!pictures!• Visual!Title!of!the!Disease!itself!• Subtitles!to!separate!each!portion!of!your!research!

!Google*Docs*Requirement:*

• Complete!the!portion!of!the!chart!dealing!with!your!assigned!topic* !


! 22!

! 3&Complete&description&

includes&quality&information&&>Sci&30&Level&&

2&Valid&description&however&missing&1&or&2&major&points&<Sci&30&Level&

1&Description&is&

missing&information&and&is&not&complete&<Sci&20&Level&

0&The&section&is&not&included&in&the&assignment&and/or&below&Science&10&level&

RESEARCH! ! ! ! !INTRODUCTION&of&the&disorder&or&disease&

(when&it&was&discovered&and&by&

whom)*

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! 23!

Topic&5&Practice&Problems&!1.!!A!woman!with!a!family!history!of!heart!and!circulatory!problems!visits!her!doctor.!List!at!least!4!things!the!doctor!might!ask!about!the!patient’s!lifestyle,!and!describe!changes!the!doctor!might!suggest!to!reduce!the!risk!of!the!patient!developing!a!circulatory!disease.!!!

Do&you&exercise?&How&is&your&stress?&What&is&your&diet&like?&Do&you&have&family&history&of&heart&issues?&&&Changes&=&increase&exercise,&reduce&salt&and&fat,&increase&fibre&!!2.!Match!each!of!the!following!terms!with!a!description!of!its!circulatory!problem!

• Plaque! ! ! ! ! Heart!Attack!• Artherosclerosis! ! ! Stroke!• Angina!! ! ! ! Aneurysm!• Septal!defect!

!

&Angina&

!A!chest!pain!during!exertion!due!to!constricted!coronary!arteries!!

&Stroke&

&

A!death!of!brain!cells!due!to!a!blood!clot!in!an!artery!supplying!the!brain!with!blood!!

&Septal&Defect&

!A!hole!between!2!halves!of!the!heart!that!hasn’t!yet!closed!after!birth!!

&Artherosclerosis&

!A!hardening!of!he!arteries!due!to!a!buildup!of!plaque!in!the!vessel!!

&Plaque&

A!material!with!a!rough,!hard!surface!that!forms!on!the!inside!of!the!arteries!due!to!the!buildup!of!cholesterol!and!fatty!substances!!

&Heart&Attack&

!A!condition!that!is!caused!by!a!blockage!in!the!coronary!arteries!!

&Aneurysm&&

&

!A!weakened!budge!in!the!blood!vessel!that!could!rupture!!

!


! 24!

Topic&6:&The&Immune&System&*(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&55R59)&

*There!is!an!ongoing!battle!within!our!body!every!day!!Watch!the!video!carefully,!because!this!is!the!entire!topic!!

!

The&Bad&Guys:&Pathogens&*Pathogens!are!an!agent,!especially!a!virus!or!bacterium,!that!causes!disease.!Pathogens!are!usually!carried!by!vectors,!which!are!organisms!that!carry!pathogens!form!one!host!to!another.!!!Brainstorm:***What*are*some*major*pathogens*that*create*sickness*or*death*is*our*world?**

Ebola,&HIV,&STIs,&Cold,&Flu,&West&nile,&Mad&cow,&Food&poisoning&&******&

Mind&Map&It!&&Using!what!you!know,!quickly!list!5!diseases,!and!research!what!type!of!pathogen!they!are!and!how!to!get!rid!of!them!!!


! 25!

Microscopic&Pathogens&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&60R62)&!Using!your!textbook!or!the!internet,!complete!the!chart!below!(and!on!the!next!page):!!!

! Characteristics& Reproduction&and&Transport&

How&to&Kill&Them&

Examples& Pictures&

*Protozoans*

&&Single&Cell&&Contains&a&nucleus&&

&&Requires&a&host&to&reproduce&

&Difficult&to&kill&because&they&live&within&a&cell&

&&Malaria&

!

!!

*Fungi**

&&Cell&Wall&&No&photosynthesis&

&

&&Spores&

&&Fungicide&

Mold&&Mushrooms&&Athlete’s&foot&&Yeast&

!!

*Bacteria**

&Single&cell&with&cell&wall&and&cytoplasm&&No&nucleus&Spiral,&rod&or&cone&

&Exponential&Asexual&&&Flagellum&transport&

&Antibiotics&

&Toxins&make&you&sick&&Tuberculosis&&

Diarrhea&&!

*Viruses**

Tiny&particles&&Protein&coat&surrounding&genetic&material&&

Multiplies&in&a&cell&after&injecting&DNA&&Cell&becomes&a&virus&factory&

&Antiviral&

&HIV&&AIDS&

!


! 26!

Defense!!&Defense!!&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&64R65)&*The!body!has!various!ways!of!dealing!with!the!attack!of!pathogens.!Like!a!fence!around!your!house,!our!first!line!of!defense!stops!pathogens!from!actually!entering!our!body!!!!

The&Body’s&First&Line&of&Defense:&&&

&&

&Platelets&–&clots&close&up&injuries!


! 27!

Immune&Response**

There!are!10!different!types!of!cells!you!MUST!know!when!discussing!immune!response.!Prior!to!learning!the!immune!response,!define!the!following!words.!Leave!the!diagram!area!blank!for!now,!as!it!will!help!you!to!create!a!key!for!the!diagram!to!come!!!

Cell*Type* Definition* Diagram*(representation)*

&Antigen&

&

A&complex&molecule&on&the&surface&of&a&pathogen&that&triggers&an&immune&response&&

!

&Macrophage&

&

WBC&that&engulfs&dead&cells&or&presents&antigens&&&&

!

&T&Cell&&

WBC&from&the&thymus&that&destroys&invaders&and&coordinates&and&immune&response&

!

&Helper&T&Cell&

&

WBC&that&coodinates&actions&of&the&immune&response&and&sends&chemical&messages&&&

!

&B&Cell&

&

WBC&that&produces&antibodies&&&&

!

&Antibody&

&

Protein&made&by&B&cells&that&bind&to&a&specific&antigen&to&immobilize&a&cell&&&

!

&Killer&T&Cell&

&

WBC&that&releases&proteins&that&punch&holes&in&a&cell&membrane&&&&

!

&Memory&B&Cells&

&

WBC&that&stays&in&the&blood&to&prevent&future&infection&by&remembering&the&antibody&response&

!

&Memory&T&Cells&

&

WBC&that&stays&in&the&blood&to&prevent&future&infection&by&remembering&a&specific&antigen&&

!

&Suppressor&T&Cells&

&

A&WBC&that&sends&a&message&to&stop&the&immune&response&when&complete&&

!

&


! 28!

Immune&Response&–&remember&this&diagram&and&explanation!!!&&

1.&Pathogen&enters&the&body&

2.&WBC&patrol&and&recognize&foreign&antigens&&

3.&Macrophage&engulfs&pathogen&and&destroys.&If&they&cannot&destroy&it,&the&macrophage&presents&the&foreign&antigens&

4.&Helper&T&cells&recognize&antigens&and&sends&chemical&messages&for&help&

5.&B&cells&multiply&in&bone&marrow&and&produce&antibodies&

6.&Antibodies&fit&lock&and&key&to&antigens&and&immobilize&the&cell&to&be&killed&

7.&Killer&T&cells&destroy&cells&by&sending&proteins&to&punch&holes&in&the&cell&

8.&Macrophage&engulfs&dead&cell&&

9.&Memory&B&cells&keep&blueprint&of&the&antibody.&Memory&T&cells&keep&the&blue&print&of&the&antigen;&both&for&faster&immune&response&in&future&infection&

10.&Suppressor&T&cells&stop&the&immune&response&


! 29!

Topic&6&Practice&Problems&&!1.!!Create!a!table!to!compare!and!contrast!similarities!and!differences!between!bacteria!and!viruses.!Include!minimum!2!sims!and!2!diffs!in!your!answer.!!!

Similarities:&no&nucleus,&makes&you&sick&&Differences:&viruses&inject&DNA&into&cell,&&bacteria&multiply&exponentially&!2.!!Explain!how!the!following!problems!impair!the!body’s!ability!to!fight!against!disease!causing!organisms.!!a.!a!person!with!hemophilia!has!blood!that!does!not!clot!properly!!

Clots&may&cause&heart&attack&/&stroke&Open&wounds&allow&pathogens&in&!b.!the!skin!is!badly!damaged!so!that!tissues!are!exposed!!

Open&wounds&(barrier&not&present)&&!c.!someone!who!has!HIV!has!many!helper!TQcells!destroyed!by!the!virus!!

No&immune&response,&get&sick&and&die&!3.!Explain!why!Indigenous!populations!in!North!America,!Central!America!and!Australia!were!particularly!susceptible!to!the!smallpox!virus.!!!

The&aboriginal&population&had&never&encountered&anything&like&it&(antigens)&so&their&immune&system&is&not&prepared&to&combat&these&strong&pathogens&!4.!Samples!of!the!smallpox!virus!are!known!to!exist!today!in!only!a!couple!of!labs.!!a.!Describe!3!concerns!associated!with!keeping!stocks!of!pathogenic,!disease!causing!agents.!!!

Contagious&to&society&(dangerous)&Mutations&could&create&super&bug&or&something&very&bad&!b.!Describe!3!benefits!for!keeping!these!stocks.!!

&

Find&a&cure&Controlled&(safe)&&


! 30!

Topic&7:&Disorders&and&Treatments&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&66R69)&

&!

Vaccination&is!an!injection!that!exposes!the!body!to!the!antigens!from!a!disease!causing!pathogen!so!that!memory!cells!and!antibodies!can!be!made!to!provide!immunity.!Using!your!knowledge!of!the!immune!response,!predict!the!response!of!the!body!and!how!a!vaccine!actually!works.!!!

Inoculation&is!a!process!of!producing!immunity!by!introducing!antigens!of!an!infectious!agent!through!a!cut!in!the!skin.!For!example,!the!smallpox!disease!was!fended!off!using!cowpox!inoculation.!!

!!!

!

1.&Dead&or&harmless&form&of&pathogens&are&injected&&2.&The&immune&system&responds&producing&antibodies&&3.&Memory&cells&ensure&that&the&antigen&is&remembered&&4.&Future&infection&is&stopped&with&a&rapid&immune&response&


! 31!

Auto&Immune&Disease&is!a!disorder!in!which!the!immune!system!produces!antibodies!against!the!body’s!own!cell.!!!Auto!Immune!Diseases!are!more!common!in!women!than!in!men.!Using!your!online!resources,!Google!8!auto!immune!diseases!and!summarize!what!they!are:!!!

Disorder& Description&

Celiac!Disease!!!

Immune&system&attacks&intestinal&villi,&damages&people&who&do&not&absorb&nutrients&

Rheumatoid!Arthritis!!!

Immune&system&attacks&the&body’s&tissues&/&joints&

Diabetes!Mellitus!Type!I!

!

Immune&system&attacks&pancreas,&body&cannot&metabolize&sugars&

Multiple!Sclerosis!!

!

Immune&system&attacks&the&nervous&system,&causing&inflammation&

Lupus!!!

Immune&system&attacks&joints,&skin,&kidneys,&blood,&brain&and&heart&

Grave’s!Disease!!

Immune&system&attacks&thyroid&causing&goiter&and&tremors&and&metabolism&changes&

Psoriasis!!!!!

Immune&system&attacks&skin,&dead&skin&builds&up&on&the&body&

Crohn’s!Disease!!!

Immune&system&attacks&the&GI&tract,&directed&at&the&microbial&particles&

!&

Allergies&are!caused!by!an!overactive!immune!response!to!otherwise!normal!antigens.!Examples!of!allergies!include!dust,!pollen!or!dairy!products!!!!


! 32!

Topic&7&Practice&Questions&&!

1.!Explain!how!an!autoimmune!disease!differs!from!an!infectious!disease.!!!

Autoimmune&is&an&immune&response&attacking&the&body’s&cells.&Infection&is&caused&by&microscopic&pathogens&!2.!Explain!how!the!following!methods!can!be!used!to!assist!the!body’s!ability!to!fight!against!diseaseQcausing!organisms!a.!vaccinations!given!at!birth!!

Immune&response&will&be&faster&at&responding&to&infection&!b.!antibiotics!prescribed!when!you!have!an!infection!!

Antibiotics&kill&bacterial&pathogens&!c.!antiseptics!used!during!operations!!

Kill&pathogens&to&avoid&exposure&&


! 33!

Chapter&1&Review&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&71R75)&

&!1.!Describe!3!ways!in!which!arteries!and!veins!differ.!!!

Arteries:&thick,&pump&blood&out,&high&pressure&&Veins:&thin,&pump&blood&in,&low&pressure&!!2.!List!the!4!main!components!of!blood.!Rank!these!components!by!their!relative!proportion!in!a!blood!sample!from!the!largest!proportion!to!the!smallest.!!!

Plasma&(55%):&liquid&&RBC&(44%):&erythrocytes&&WBC&(1%):&leukocytes&&Platelets:&pieces&of&cells&!!3.!Use!a!flow!chart!to!describe!the!clotting!process!!

Injury&" &Platelets&(encounter&rough&surface)&" &Thromboplastin&Ca2+&ions&" &Prothrombin&" &Thrombin&" &Fibrinogen&" &Fibrin&" &Clot&!!4.!Distinguish!between!a!heart!attack!and!a!stroke!!

Heart&attack&=&blockage&in&heart&causing&damage&due&to&loss&of&oxygen&&Stroke&=&blockage&in&brain&stopping&oxygen,&brain&cells&die&!!5.!Explain!how!a!vaccination!works!to!protect!the!body!from!pathogens!!

Vaccination&creates&memory&B&and&T&cells&from&an&immune&response&to&a&harmless&pathogen.&This&helps&your&body&to&stop&attacks&in&the&future&!!


! 34!

OPTIONAL*REPLACEMENT*MAJOR*PROJECT**This*project*can*replace*a*lab/project/quiz*you*have*completed*

(and*handed*in)*if*it*results*in*an*improvement.**!

Option&1:&&Build!a!3D!model!of!the!heart,!representing!all!the!major!parts!listed!in!your!diagrams.!In!your!diagram,!include!pathway!(where!the!blood!heads!to!next)!as!well!as!whether!the!blood!is!oxygenated!or!nonQoxygenated.!!!Option&2:&&Create!a!colorful!and!attractive!comic!strip!with!a!series!of!six!to!eight!sequential!panels!that!explain!what!happens!to!Robbie!the!Red!Blood!Cell!as!he!moves!through!the!circulatory!system!from!the!vena!cavae!to!the!toe!and!back!again.!!!The!purpose!of!this!is!to!teach!a!person!of!about!a!grade!3!level!about!the!circulatory!system!which!they!have!never!learned!before!.!!

mogck&science&30&(2015)& & key& · pdf...

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