modules 1-4 - summer work ap psychology mr. cruikshank

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Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

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Page 1: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Modules 1-4 - Summer WorkAP PsychologyMr. Cruikshank

Page 2: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

- The science of behavior and mental processes- Behavior: Observable actions of a person or

an animal- Mental processes: thoughts, feelings,

sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences

Psychology – What is it?

Page 3: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Is Psychology a science??▫Science

An objective way to answer questions Based on observable facts/data and well

described methods•YES!

Psychology – What is it?

Page 4: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•A set of questions about mental functioning▫ trace back to philosophy▫ Aristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions,

etc.

•A set of theories and procedures for asking and answering questions▫ the scientific method▫ evolved over centuries, first in physics

•A product of history▫ philosophy asked many of the basic questions▫ physiology used similar methods

Psychology – What is it??

Page 5: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Major question asked by many philosophers:▫How are the mind and the body related??

•Many different theories•Dualism – Mind and body are two separate

entities, however they are interrelated▫origins in medieval religion ▫soul is seat of intellectual function and will▫mind is product of the soul

mind not subject to scientific inquiry▫to challenge this was punishable by death

Developments from Philosophy

Page 6: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Dualism – Mind and body are separate•Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) came up

with a theory of modified dualism▫since animals have no soul, much behavior

does not require soul▫the body can therefore control much

behavior led him to study reflexes

▫the soul’s main function is thought, a uniquely human attribute

Developments from Philosophy

Page 7: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• Other theories developed about the relationship between the mind and the body

• Materialism: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) ▫mind is a product of the brain▫soul is not involved in human behavior

• Empiricism: ▫knowledge and intellect are acquired, comes from

experience▫science flourishes through observation/experiment ▫sensory experiences produce elementary ideas▫elementary ideas become associated into complex

thought and ideas

Developments from Philosophy

Page 8: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• Another MAJOR question asked by early philosophers was: Where do our ideas come from?

• Empiricism vs. Nativism• Nativism: elementary ideas are innate• Empiricism: our minds are a blank slate, to be

filled by our experiences• If nativism is true…

▫What is the purpose of education?▫Can intellect be changed by experience

• NATURE VS. NURTURE

Developments from Philosophy

Page 9: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Developments from Philosophy

Page 10: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Charles Darwin (1809-1882)•Theory of natural selection

(1859)▫ physical characteristics evolve

through natural selection▫ behavioral patterns also influence

selection▫ inborn knowledge and behavioral

tendencies with survival value are passed on

•Human beings are part of nature and can be understood through the methods of science

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 11: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Foundations of Modern Psychology

•Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry•19th century developments in physiology

demonstrated the approach to use ▫ based on scientific methods, controlled laboratory

experiments▫ influential beliefs from early physiology

reflexology - all human behaviors occur through reflexes localization of function - specific structures of the brain serve

specific functions in the control of mental experiences and

behavior •Separated from philosophy in 19th century

▫ influences from physiology remain

Page 12: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)▫ First psychology lab in Leipzig,

Germany▫ wrote the first psychology

textbook▫ applied laboratory techniques to

study of the mind

▫Used introspection – self-examination of one’s own emotional states and mental processes No longer in use – too

unreliable/subjective

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 13: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• Edward Titchener▫Was an English student of

Wundt▫Set up a psych lab at

Cornell in 1892.▫Established a school of

thought known as structuralism

• Structuralism – Consciousness can be broken down into basic parts using introspection techniques

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 14: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•William James▫American Harvard

Professor▫Wrote a well-respected

textbook Principles of Psychology (1890).

▫Founded school of thought known as functionalism Stressed looking at the

function/purpose of behavior and tried to apply findings to practical situations.

No longer in use but gave rise to behaviorism

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 15: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•G. Stanley Hall (American)▫Established the first psych lab in the US at Johns

Hopkins (1883)▫Established the first psych journal in the US▫Founded the American Psychological Association

(APA) in 1892 and was its first president•Mary Whiton Calkins

▫Completed Ph.D. in Psych under James at Harvard but not granted degree because she was a woman

▫Received a lesser degree from Radcliffe. ▫First woman president of the APA in 1905

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 16: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 17: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

John B. Watson (1878–1958)

John B. Watson•Founder of Behaviorism•Studied only observable and objectively described acts•Emphasized objective and scientific methodology

Page 18: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

•Behaviorist•Russian Physiologist•Studied learning

through associations in animals

•Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

Page 19: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

•Behaviorist

•American psychologist at Harvard

•Focused on learning through rewards and observation

•studied learning and effect of reinforcement

B.F. Skinner

Page 20: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

•Austrian physician that focused on illness

•Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

•Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

Page 21: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Freud’s Influence

• Influence on “pop culture”▫Freudian slips▫Anal-retentive

• Influence on psychology▫Psychodynamic theory▫Unconscious thoughts▫Significance of childhood experiences

Page 22: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow(1902-1987) (1908-1970)

•Helped to create Humanistic Psychology•Stressed the study of conscious experience and

an individual’s free will•Healthy individuals strive to reach their

potential.

Page 23: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Wolfgang Kohler

•Created Gestalt Psychology

•The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

•Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Wolfgang Kohler

(1865-1965)

Page 24: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

What do you see?

You See the whole picture first rather than the individual dots that make it up. – Gestalt Psychology

Page 25: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• Margaret Floy Washburn▫First woman to earn a PhD in psychology▫2nd woman president of the APA

• Francis Cecil Sumner (US) ▫First African American Ph.D. in psychology▫Clark University▫Started Psych department at Howard University

• Kenneth Clark (US)▫Documented the harmful effect of school

segregation on Black children.▫First African-American APA president (1971)

Foundations of Modern Psychology

Page 26: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Basic Research▫Aim is to increase our scientific knowledge

base.▫Study is conducted to satisfy curiosity and

answer questions we have about behavior or mental processes.

•Applied Research/Psychology▫Aim is to solve practical problems▫Looks for ways that research psychology

can be made useful and helpful

Psychology’s Subfields

Page 27: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Distribution of Fields:

Subfields in Psychology

Clinical 36%

Other Psychology

15%

Biological and

Experimental

16%

Industrial/Organizational 3%

Social/Personality 8%

Educational 3%

Developmental 6%

Counseling 10%

School 3%

Page 28: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• Colleges and universities

• Clinical settings• Elementary and

secondary schools• Business• Government

Professional Work Settings

PrivatePractice

Government

Universities &College

Business& Industry

School

Employment Settings of Psychologists

Page 29: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Psychology Careers

• Clinical Psychologists▫Largest group of practitioners▫Involved in the diagnosis and treatment of

psychological disorders▫Duties include psychological testing,

interviewing and therapy• Psychiatrist

▫Medical doctor dealing with psychological disorders

▫Provide medical treatments as well as psychological treatment

▫Only one who can prescribe medicine!

Page 30: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Psychology Careers• Counseling Psychologists

▫Often work with clients whose problems are of a moderate degree

▫Many specialize in marital or family counseling• School Psychologists

▫Concerned with social, intellectual, and emotional development of students

▫Often test students for special programs• Educational Psychologists

▫Involved in teacher training, curriculum design and other related educational processes

Page 31: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Psychology Careers• Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

▫Work in business and industry▫Attempt to improve productivity▫May develop employee selection programs, work

with advertisers, study consumer behavior, etc.• Social Psychologists

▫Experimental psychologists who study social situations

▫Study topics such as conformity, obedience, leadership style

• Developmental Psychologists▫Research behavior changes occurring across the life

span that are due to maturation and development.

Page 32: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Psychology Careers

• Health Psychologist▫Factors in prevention and treatment of illness▫Relationships between doctor/patient/family

• Forensic Psychologists▫Study topics include criminal behavior,

eyewitnesses, victims, jury selection• Sport Psychologist

▫Maximize athletic performance▫Benefits of exercise

• Human Factors Psychologist▫Making technology user friendly▫Works with companies who create new technology

Page 33: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Psychological Perspectives

•Method of classifying a collection of ideas

•Also called “schools of thought”•Also called “psychological

approaches”•To view behavior from a particular

perspective

Page 34: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Perspectives

•Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena

•Psychology has multiple perspectives▫Neuroscience▫Psychoanalytic▫Behavioral▫Humanistic▫Cognitive▫Social-Cultural▫Evolutionary▫Behavior Genetics

Page 35: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Study the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior

•Looks at the physical causes of behavior▫Brain Chemistry/Anatomy▫Genetics▫Hormones

•Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences

Neuroscience Perspective

Page 36: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Focuses on environmental causes•Behavior comes from learning

▫Rewards and Punishment, Observational Learning

•Observable behavior is very important•Not interested in internal world

Behavioral Perspective

Page 37: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior ?

•Focuses on internal sentences, thinking/rationality and processing information

•Behavior is shaped by our way of thinking/interpreting information▫How do we process what is happening

around us?

Cognitive Perspective

Page 38: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Humanistic approach▫developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl

Rogers▫behavior reflects innate ‘actualization’ ▫focus on conscious forces and self

perception• All humans are good• Approach stresses interpersonal relations• Important concepts: self-esteem, free will, choice,

self-direction – Our behavior is motivated by our desire to fulfill our needs (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

Humanistic Perspective

Page 39: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind

• behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences

• drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior▫ Traumatic experience in childhood was repressed

to the unconscious and is shaping our behavior today

• Early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations

• Also looks at parental relationships

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Page 40: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

• The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups

• How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture?

• Looks at group roles/expectations, along with family traditions

• Gender Roles/socioeconomic class• Peer Pressure/Family Pressure/Media Influences

Socio-cultural

Page 41: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

•Goes back to Darwin’s theory of natural selection

•Genes predispose us to act•Our motive is survival and to pass on

genes•All behavior is driven by survival of

species▫A behavior that we do today was helpful for

our ancestors to survive

Evolutionary Perspective

Page 42: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Behavior Genetics

• Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment

• Combines biology and behaviorism• Emphasis on the importance of both

genetic and environmental factors on behavior

Page 43: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank
Page 44: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Perspectives Timeline

Page 45: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

The Scientific Method of Research

• Definition: Assumptions, attitudes and procedures that guide researchers in generating questions to investigate, in generating evidence and in drawing conclusions▫Assume behavior follows consistent patterns with

cause and effect▫Attitude of open mindedness and critical thinking▫Procedure of steps to follow in order to arrive at

the truth.• Empirical Evidence – data that is the result of

objective observation, measurement, and experimentation

• Pseudoscience – a FAKE or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence

Page 46: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Problems that can occur:• Hindsight bias – the tendency to believe after learning

the outcome, that one would have foreseen it. ▫ Common Sense is often wrong!

• Overconfidence – we tend to think we know more than we do

• Rule of Falsifiability – to scientifically test a claim there must be identifiable evidence that could prove the claim false.

• We must have critical thinking when doing research. Do not blindly accept arguments/conclusions.▫ Instead, examine the evidence and look for alternative

solutions/explanations

Page 47: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Problems that can occur:• Barnum Effect

▫“There’s a sucker born every minute”▫Statements can gull people into thinking they have

been accurately assessed by the speaker or test when in fact the outcome could apply to anyone.

▫ Individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people

▫Provide partial explanations for the widespread acceptance of some beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, and some types of personality tests

Page 48: Modules 1-4 - Summer Work AP Psychology Mr. Cruikshank

Other Biases

• Confirmation Bias – our tendency to search for information that confirms our beliefs and ignore those that don’t

 • Researcher Bias – the tendency to notice evidence which

supports one particular point of view or hypothesis • Volunteer Bias – People who volunteer to participate in a

survey are different from those who do not

• Participant Bias – Tendency of research subjects to respond in certain ways because they know they are being observed.▫ Do you act the same way in the classroom that you do at home?▫ Also known as Hawthorne Effect