module 3-windows operating system

8/3/2019 Module 3-Windows Operating System

1/66

Operating System Reference Guide

Module 3 - Windows Operating System


2/66

Module 3- Windows Operating SystemOperating System Reference Guide

Module 3 Windows Operating System

Overview

Microsoft has introduced several version of Windows operating

system from Windows version 1.0 to Windows server 2003, where

each version is an improvement over the previous.

Additionally, the computer technician will learn about the

system files specific to Windows 98 and Windows NT based

operating systems.


3/66


Module 3 Windows Operating System

Lessons covered in this module

Overview of Windows Operating System

Overview of Installing Windows Operating System

Installing Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, 2000 Professional and XP

System Files and Boot Sequence in Windows Operating System

Optimizing Windows Operating System

Configuring and Installing Hardware Devices

Operating System Utilities


4/66


Lesson 1 - Windows Operating Systemoverview

Introduction

Microsoft has introduced several versions of Windows operating

system starting from Windows version 1.0 to Windows server 2003

of the present day.

Each version of the operating system is an improvement over theprevious version.

Topics covered in this lesson

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Windows Operating Modes

Installing Windows 98 Operating System

Operating System Interfaces


5/66


Topic 1 - Evolution of Microsoft Windows

Microsoft introduced their first version of Windows operating

system named Windows 1.0 in the year 1983. sine then the variousversions of Windows operating system being used are:

Version Year

Win 98 SE 1999

Win ME 2000

Win 2000 Pro 2000

Win XP Pro 2001

Win Server 2003 2003

Windows Vista 2005

Version Year

Win 3.0 1990

Win NT 3.1 1993

Windows for

workgroups 3.11

1993

Windows NT forworkstation 3.5

1994

Win 95 1995

Win 98 1998


6/66


Topic 2 - Windows Operating Modes

There are three modes of processoroperation:

1. Real Mode1. The memory is divided into four

segments. Data segment

(DS), Code segment (CS),

stack segment (SS) and Extra

segment ( ES ).

2. The processor has an advantage

with speed

3. The memory access is slow since

the processor does not use 32-bit

processing

4. Computer starts in real mode


7/66



2. Protected Mode or 386 Enhanced mode

1. The protected mode was introduced with the introduction of

80286 processor in the IBM AT

2. This mode of processor operation is much powerful than the

real mode, and is used in all modern multitasking operatingsystems.

3. The advantages of protected mode are:

1. It allows access to entire system memory

2. It manages multitasking

3. It allows the OS to support virtual memory4. It allows 32-bit access to memory

5. It allows 32-bit drivers for I/O transfers

d l d


8/66



1. Virtual Real Mode

1. Virtual Real mode of operation of processors is an

enhancement of protected mode, which emulates real mode

within protected mode.

2. When DOS programs are needed to be run in the real mode,Windows creates a virtual machine which gets its own 1 MB

address space, an image of the real hardware BIOS routines,

etc.

M d l 3 Wi d O ti S t


9/66


Topic 3 -Installing Windows 98 OperatingSystem

Windows 98 operating system was introduced in June 1998.

It is an upgrade of Windows 95 operating system and has

significant updates, fixes and support for new peripherals.

The steps required to install Windows 98 operating system are:

1. Pre-installation tasks

2. Installation

3. Post-Installation

M d l 3 Wi d O ti S tO i S R f G id


10/66



Pre-installation tasks

1. Identify hardware requirements

2. Verify hardware and software compatibility

3. Decide whether to perform a clean installation or anupgrade

4. If upgrading the system perform the following steps:

Check the system for virus

Disable any programs that run automatically

Uninstall any utilities or tools that protect or encrypt the master

boot record (MBR) or partition table

Back up all critical data on your hard disk

M d l 3 Wi d O ti S tO ti S t R f G id


11/66



Performing Windows 98 Installation

1. Performing a Windows 98 Upgrade from Windows 3.1

2. Performing a Windows 98 Upgrade from Windows 95

3. Performing a Clean installation of Windows 98

Module 3 Windows Operating SystemO ti S t R f G id


12/66


Topic 4 - Operating System Interfaces

Some of the important operating system interfaces are:

1. Desktop

2. The Taskbar and the Start Button

3. My Computer

4. Windows Explorer

5. My Network Places

6. Adding and Removing Programs

7. Starting and Quitting Programs

8. Managing Files and Folders

9. Using Control Panel

10.Choosing Folder Options

11.Customizing the Start Menu

12.Customizing the Taskbar

13.Using Taskbar Toolbars

14.Shortcut Keys

Module 3 Windows Operating SystemOperating System Reference Guide


13/66


Lesson 2 - Overview of Installing WindowsOperating System

Introduction

The process of installing a Windows operating system involves

three steps which are, performing the pre-installation, installation

and post-installation tasks.

The pre-installation step involves identifying the hardwarerequirement, performing hardware and software compatibility

check, selecting installation method etc.

.


Performing the Pre-Installation Tasks

Performing the Installation or Upgrade of the operating system

Performing Post-Installation Tasks



14/66


Topic 1 - Performing the Pre-Installation Tasks

1. Identifying hardware requirements

2. Verifying hardware and software compatibility

3. Deciding whether to perform a clean installation or an upgrade

4. Determining how to back up and restore existing data, if necessary.

5. Selecting an installation method.

6. Determining how to partition the hard disk and what file system to

use

7. Determining yourcompanys network role.

8. Decide on yourcomputers language and locale settings.

9. Plan for post-installation tasks.



15/66


Topic 2 - Performing the Installation orUpgrade of the operating system

The Windows operating system installation process consists of a

textual mode which inspects the hardware of the computer followed

by End User License Agreement (EULA).

The user needs to accept the EULA to proceed to the next step of

the installation.

During this mode the hard disk is partitioned using the specified file

system and copies a portion of the files to the local hard disk,

including a base set of files for running the graphical portion.



16/66


Topic 3 - Performing Post-Installation Tasks

Identifying Installation Problems

Patches, service packs and updates

Updating drivers

Restoring User Data Files



17/66


Lesson 3 - Installing Windows NT 4.0Workstation, 2000 Professional and XP

Introduction

Windows NT 4.0 has the same interface as Windows 95 but itcontains features such as advanced security features,advanced network support, full 32-bit operating system,advanced multitasking, etc.

Windows 2000 is based on Windows NT kernel and is sometimesreferred to as Windows NT 5.0.

Windows XP is short for Windows Experience and available in twoversions, namely Windows XP Home Edition and Windows XPProfessional.



18/66


Lesson 3 - Installing Windows NT 4.0Workstation, 2000 Professional and XP


Installing Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

Installing Windows 2000 Professional

Installing Windows XP Professional

Dual-Boot Configurations



19/66


Topic 1 - Installing Windows NT 4.0Workstation

Installing Windows NT 4.0 Workstation involves the three steps,

pre-installation tasks, performing installation and post-

installation.

Pre-Installation tasks

Performing the Installation of Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

Performing Post-Installation Tasks



20/66


Topic 2 - Installing Windows 2000 Professional

Installing Windows 2000 Professional involves the three

steps namely pre-installation tasks, performing installationand post-installation.


Performing Windows 2000 Installation process

Step by step installation of windows



21/66


Topic 3 - Installing Windows XP Professional


Performing Windows XP Installation

Performing a Clean Installation of Windows XP Professional

Performing an Upgrade installation to Windows XP Professional



22/66

p g yOperating System Reference Guide

Topic 4 Dual-Boot Configurations

A computer can be configured with more than one operating

system such that user can choose to run one of the operatingsystem from the list of choices given when the computer starts

up. This is dual boot.

The program that makes dual booting or multiple booting

possible is called boot loader

Dual boot is possible with two Windows OSs or with one

Windows and one Linux OS.

Dual Boot with Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000Professional

Dual Boot with Windows XP Professional and Linux



23/66

p g yp g y

Lesson 4 - System Files and Boot Sequence inWindows Operating System

Introduction

The boot sequence of Windows operating system involves

loading various system files, which in turn load the operating

system.



24/66

p g yp g y

Lesson 4 - System Files and Boot Sequence inWindows Operating System

Topics covered in this lesson .

System files specific to Windows 9x OS

System files specific to Windows NT based OS

Boot Sequence in Windows OS

Alternative Boot Methods

File Systems

Disk Partitions

Registry

Creating Emergency Repair Disk (ERD)



25/66

p g yp g y

Topic 1 - System files specific to Windows 9xOS

1. Msdos.sys

2. Emm386.exe

3. Himem.sys

4. IO.sys

5. Win.ini

6. Win.com

7. System.ini

8. Command.com

9. Config.sys

10.Autoexec.bat



26/66

p g y

Topic 2 - System files specific to Windows NTbased OS

1. NTLDR

2. Boot.ini

3. Bootsect.dos

4. Ntdetect.com

5. Ntbootdd.sys

6. System files



27/66

Topic 3 - Boot Sequence in Windows OS

1. POST performs a check on all hardware components.

2. Master Boot Record (MBR) loads into memory.

3. IO.sys loads into memory and loads Registry into memory.

Also starts CPU in real mode.

4. Win.com loads and transfers the CPU to protected mode.

5. GDI, Windows Kernel and Virtual device drivers are loaded.

6. Explorer.exe loads to display the GUI (Windows Interface)



28/66

Topic 4 - Alternative Boot Methods

1. Boot to Safe Mode

2. Boot to Safe Mode with Networking

3. Boot to Safe Mode with Command Prompt

4. Enabling Boot Logging

5. Enable VGA Mode

6. Last Known Good Configuration

7. Debugging Mode



29/66

Topic 5 - File Systems

A file system is a method of storing and organizing the data in

order to easily locate and access the files from the storagedevices

FAT16

VFAT

FAT32

HPFS (High Performance File System)

New Technology File System NTFS version 4

New Technology File System (NTFS) Version 5.0



30/66


FAT16

1. got its name from the logical structure called File Allocation

Table

2. The left column assigns a hexadecimal number to each sector

3. The right column consists of status information of thecorresponding sector

4. Can address a maximum of 64K (216) locations on the hard disk

5. Newer FAT16 that supports clustering could support 2 GB

6. Working of FAT16



31/66


VFAT

1. supported by Windows 95 and Windows NT

2. Allows using file names longer than 8 bit

FAT32

1. FAT32 file system uses 32-bit numbers to represent clusters in thefile allocation table

2. Large partition size of upto 4 terabytes can be created

HPFS (High Performance File System)

1. Developed by Microsoft for OS/2 1.2

2. Maintains a 512 byte allocation unit

3. Directory allows file names to be long and lowercase

4. Not recommended on small systems with less than 4 MB RAM



32/66


New Technology File System NTFS version 4

Uses an enhanced file allocation table called Master File Table

(MFT

Access Control List (ACL)

Enables file and folder compression to save hard disk space

Creating Volume Set

New Technology File System (NTFS) Version 5.0

Supports EFS (Encrypting File System)

Disk Quota

Volume Mount Point



33/66

Topic 6 - Disk Partitions

Partitioning the hard disk involves dividing the hard disk

space into logical section. This provides the flexibility toorganize the hard drives of the computer

Partitions ranging from 1 to 24 and can be assigned the drive letters C: toZ

Creates a master boot record (MBR) and a partition table

Volume boot sector

Types of partition

Primary Partition ( Max of 4 partitions)

Active Partition

Extended Partition



34/66


Tools used to Partition Hard Disk

Fdisk Disk Administrator

Creating simple partitions

Striping two drives together to enhance performance

Extending volume sizes without losing data

Spanning a single drive letter over multiple drives. This process is

called creating volume sets



35/66


1. Disk Management

1. Click Start Settings Control Panel

2. In the Control Panel window double-click Administrative Tools double-click Computer Management

3. In the Computer Management window click on the DiskManagement icon



36/66

Topic 7 - Registry

It is a hierarchical database that stores all the configuration

information of the computer. information in the registry includethe hardware configured on the computer, the software

application installed on the computer, the property sheet

settings for folders and application icons

Structure of a Registry

Registry keys


T i 8 C ti E R i Di k


37/66

Topic 8 - Creating Emergency Repair Disk(ERD)

The Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) can help you to repair or

recover a system that can't load Windows 2000. The ERDhelps you repair problems with system files and thepartition boot sector

To create an Emergency Repair Disk

To restore your settings from the Emergency Repair Disk


L 5 O ti i i Wi d O ti


38/66

Lesson 5 - Optimizing Windows OperatingSystem

Introduction

Optimizing Windows operating system is the process of runningthe computer at its best with the given hardware.

It can be done by performing several tasks that makes the

system run better.

Some of the tasks that affect the performance of the computersignificantly include, managing the virtual memory,


Virtual Memory

Managing Virtual Memory Performing Disk Defragmentation

Overview of Caches

Managing Temporary Files



39/66

Topic 1 - Virtual Memory

1. Processing speed of computer is proportional to the RAM

2. physical memory of the computer is not sufficient to run allthe applications simultaneously

3. Virtual Memory looks for areas of RAM that have not beenused recently and copies them onto the hard disk

4. Portion of hard disk where RAM image is stored is called

page file5. Files have a .swp extension

Virtual Memory in Windows 9x

Virtual Memory in Windows NT

Virtual Memory in Windows 2000

Virtual Memory in Windows XP


T T i 2 M i Vi t l M i 3


40/66

Top Topic 2 - Managing Virtual Memory ic 3 -Performing Disk Defragmentation

Performing Disk Defragmentation

Windows XP Professional provides two methods ofdefragmenting:

Disk Defragmenter, which is a snap-in tool

To start Disk Defragmenter, open Computer Management clickDisk Defragmentericon present inStorage



41/66

Topic 3 - Performing Disk Defragmentation

To use Defrag.exe do the following:

1. At a command prompt, change to the disk that you want to

defragment.

2. Type defrag and name of the volume. The following figure

displays the output of Defrag E:



42/66

Topic 4 - Overview of Caches

A disk cache is a small amount of memory that is used to

hold data that is frequently accessed from the hard disk

Disk Caching in Windows 9x

Disk Caching in Windows NT/2000/XP



43/66

Topic 5 Managing temporary files

A temporary file (temp file) is designed to store information

for a short period of time and is later deleted automaticallywhen the associated application is closed

To identify the location of the temporary files

1. Click Start Run and type CMD or COMMAND to open thecommand prompt.

2. At the command prompt, type SET. This command returns all

the environment variables of your system.

3. Locate the TEMP and TMP variable in the output. The variable

will point to the directories on the hard disk.

4. After identifying the location of the temporary files, useWindows Explorer to delete the temp files


Lesson 6 Configuring and Installing


44/66

Lesson 6 - Configuring and InstallingHardware Devices

Introduction

Hardware devices include the components that are connected

to the computer when it was manufactured and the peripheral

devices that are added later.

Examples of hardware include Sound Card, Universal Serial Bus(USB), Modem, CDROM drive, Keyboard, Network adapter,

printer etc.

The devices can be connected to the computer using the slots

and ports present in the computer.


Lesson 6 Configuring and Installing


45/66

Lesson 6 - Configuring and InstallingHardware Devices


Plug and Play devices

Overview of Device Drivers

Configuring Hardware Devices

Viewing Installed Device

Device Driver Signing

Updating Device Drivers

Rolling Back a Driver



46/66

Topic 1 - Plug and Play Devices

Plug and Play is a term used to describe a computer's ability tohave new devices added to it without having to reconfigure orrestart the computer.

The plug and play feature is also referred to as PnP and hotswapping

Automatic detection and installation of hardware and software

on a computer should meet the following four requirements

System Hardware

Peripheral Hardware

System BIOS

The operating system



47/66

Topic 2 - Overview of Device Drivers

1. Device drivers are software that enable operating system to

interact with the hardware devices of the computer.

2. A device is supported by one or more device drivers whichare supplied by the device manufacturer

3. Device drivers can be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit basedon the operating system architecture



48/66

Topic 3 - Configuring Hardware Devices

Automatic Configuration of Device

Manual Configuration of Device

Manual Configuration of a non-plug and play device



49/66

Topic 4 - Viewing Installed Devices

Windows 98

1. Click Start Settings Control Panel.

2. In the Control Panel window, double-click on the System icon.

This opens the System Properties screen.

3. In the System Properties window, click the Hardware tab and

clickDevice Managerbutton. This opens the Device Manager

Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000 professional

1. Click Start Settings Control Panel

2. In the Control Panel window double-click on System icon. This

opens the System Properties window.

3. In the System Properties screen click Hardware tab and then

click on Device Manager button. This displays the Device

Manager



50/66

Topic 5 - Device Driver Signing

Device driver signing is a process by which the operating

system vendors verify the software and hardware productsThe driver files that are provided with Windows XPProfessional have a digital signature from Microsoft.

These signatures ensure that the file

1. Has passed compatibility tests administered by the Windows

Hardware Quality Lab

2. Has not been altered or overwritten by another programs

installation process



51/66

Topic 5 - Device Driver Signing

To access the driver signing option

Right-click on My Computer, click properties, Click theHardware tab ( fig 1). Click the driver signing button( fig 2 )

Fig 1 Fig 2



52/66

Topic 6 - Updating Device Drivers

1. Click Start, right-click My

Computer, and clickProperties.

2. In System Properties screen,

click the Hardware tab, and

then clickDevice Manager.

3. In Device Manager, right-click

the device that you want to

update, and then click

Properties

4. On the Driver tab, clickUpdate Driver to open the

Hardware Update Wizard, and

then follow the instructions in

the wizard



53/66

Topic 7 - Rolling Back a Driver

1. Open Device Manager.

2. In the details pane, expand the hardware category to which

the device driver belongs, right-click the device driver, and

then clickProperties.

3. On the Driver tab, clickRoll Back Driver.



54/66

Lesson 7 - Operating System Utilities

Introduction

The operating system utilities are the tools that are used to

manage the hardware and the software installed on the

computer.


Disk Management Utilities

System Management Utilities

File Management Utilities



55/66

Topic 1 - Disk Management Utilities

1. FDISK.EXE

Fdisk.exe is an MSDOS command which is used to configure

hard disk

2. ScanDisk

Scandisk is a Microsoft utility which is designed to check the

integrity of a computer hard disk

On windows 95/98

On WINDOWS 2000 and XP

3. CHKDSK4. Disk Cleanup

5. Backup and Restore Utility


l


56/66

Topic 2 - System Management Utilities

1. Device Manager

2. System Monitor

3. MSCONFIG.EXE

4. REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE

5. SYSEDIT.EXE

6. SCANREG

7. Event Viewer

8. Task Manager


i 2 S ili i


57/66


Device manager

The Device Manager allows you to check the information on thehardware and update the device drivers

To access Start-> Settings->Control Panel->System ->Hardware

Device manager


T i 2 S M U ili i


58/66


System Monitor

The System Monitor tool is used to collect and view real-timeabout memory, disk, processor, network, and other activitiesin the form of a graph, histogram, or report

To access Start->Settings->Control Panel->Administrative Tools->

Performance

System monitor


T i 2 S M U ili i


59/66


MSCONFIG.EXE

MSCONFIG utility allows the user to view the programs thatare interacting with the computer when it starts

To access clickStart -> Run -> Type Msconfig and click OK

MSCONFIG.EXE


T i 2 S t M t Utiliti


60/66


REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE

Used to edit the registry. To access Click Start -> Run type Regedit and click OK

SYSEDIT.EXE

The sysedit.exe or the System Configuration Editor allows to

modify the four windows configuration files, namely, the

Autoexec.bat, Config.sys, Win.ini and System.ini

To access click Start -> Run -> Type sysedit and click OK

Sysedit.exe




61/66


SCANREG

Scanreg.exe or Windows Registry Checker creates backup of systemfiles and registry configuration information when the computer startssuccessfully.

Available in Windows 98/ME

Event Viewer

This tool is used to view and manage logs of system, program,

and security events on your computer

To access Click Start -> Control Panel -> Performance andMaintenance->Administrative Tools

Threetypes oflogs




62/66


Task Manager

The Task Manager program is used to provide information aboutthe processes and programs running on a computer, as well as

the general status of the computer

To access Right click on an empty area of the Task Bar and chooseTask Manager form the Pop-up menu

Task manager


T i 3 Fil M t Utiliti


63/66

Topic 3 - File Management Utilities

File management utilities are used to manage the files

present on the computer

EXTRACT.EXE

EDIT.COM


C l i


64/66

Conclusion

Summary

There are three modes of processor operation, namely, RealMode, Protected Mode, and Virtual Mode.

Installing Windows 98 operating system involves performing the

three steps, namely, Pre-Installation, Installation and Post-

Installation tasks

The various pre-installation steps include:

Identify hardware requirements

Verify hardware and software compatibility

Decide whether to perform a clean installation or an upgrade

Determine how to back up and restore existing data

Select an installation method.

Determine how to partition the hard disk and the file system

Determine yourcompanys network role.


C l i


65/66

Conclusion

When the computerdoesnt start, you need to press the F8 keyto boot the computer using alternate methods such as, Safe

Mode, Safe Mode with Networking

The six types of registry keys are

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,

HKEY_CURRENT_USER,

HKEY_USERS,

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG,

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_DYN_DATA

The ERD helps you repair problems with system files and the

partition boot sector


C l i


66/66

Conclusion

To optimize the windows performance several tasks such asmanaging the virtual memory, defragmenting disks, using

caches, and managing temporary files are done

Plug and Play is a term used to describe a computer's ability to

have new devices added to it without having to reconfigure or

restart the computer

Device driver signing is a process by which the operating system

vendors verify the software and hardware products

Disk Management utilities are tools that are used to manage the

hard disk of the computer. Some of the utilities includeDefrag.exe, Fdisk.exe, Scandisk, CHKDSK

module 3-windows operating system

Documents