module 2 impacts of ias. learning outcomes by the end of this module you should be able to:...
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MODULE 2
Impacts of IAS
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Learning Outcomes
• By the end of this module you should be able to:
– understand the different types of impacts
– know the costs associated with IAS
– give examples of problematic species
– identify the indirect effects of IAS
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Categories of IAS impacts
• Economic
• Environmental
• Social
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Economic impacts
• In the US the economic costs of invasive plants and animals are estimated at US$137 billion per year.
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Economic impacts
• These include:
– Primary production
– Trade
– Infrastructure damage
– Management
– Other sectors
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Primary production
• Agriculture
– up to 40% of global agricultural production lost due to IAS
– up to 49% of production in Africa
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Primary production
• Leafy spurge
– competes with native plants
– increases erosion
– toxic to animals
– causes skin irritation
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Primary production
• European rabbit
– annual cost to Australia’s agricultural production is US$373 million
– feeds on many crops, including wheat and livestock forage
– causes erosion
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Primary Production
• Field rat
– Feeds on harvested grain and destroys crops
– In Indonesia consumes 17% of rice crop
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Forestry
• IAS impacts include:
– timber losses
– cost of herbicides and pesticides
– worldwide cost of $100 billion per year
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Primary Production
• European gypsy moth
– causes extensive defoliation
– eats the leaves of approximately 500 plants and trees
– a major pest in North American forests
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Primary Production
• Comb jelly
– comprises up to 95% of the biomass in the Black Sea
– was responsible for the collapse of the anchovy fishery, which was worth $US 250 million/year
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Primary Production
• Sea lamprey
– predate upon sport fish in the Great Lakes of North America
– extract blood and fluids from host fish
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Trade
• Export restrictions for IAS infested countries
• Hawaii
– loss of millions of dollars in fruit exports when fruit flies discovered
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Tourism
• Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata)
– a threat to conservation and ecotourism
– invades natural areas
– reduces biodiversity
– compromises game-viewing in nature reserves and national parks
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Tourism
• SARS outbreak
– caused $17 billion loss to China’s tourism industry in 2003
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Property / Infrastructure
• Brown Tree Snake
– causes $US 1-4 million damage to power lines on Guam
– power outages every 3 days on average
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Property / Infrastructure
• Zebra mussel
– clogs water intakes and discharge pipes
– competes with native mussels
– cost of control is $US 10 billion over 10 years
Fouled pipe
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Property / Infrastructure
• Formosan subterranean termite
– infestations weaken the structure of houses
– cause $US1 billion/year of damage in the United States
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IAS Management
• Globally, billions of dollars are spent to prevent, eradicate and control IAS impacts
• Although the costs of prevention are often high, they are minor compared to the costs if an IAS were to become established
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Social Impacts
• Human health
– introduced infectious diseases can have a devastating impact
– AIDS, smallpox, cholera
AIDS ribbon Smallpox Cholera
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Social Impacts
• Recreation
– invasive plants interfere with recreational activities in parks and protected areas
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Culture
• Invasive species can impact on the cultural values and activities of an area
• Examples:
- loss of native grasses used in basket making
- the loss of species harvested for ritual
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Livelihoods
• Loss of biodiversity due to IAS affects peoples’ livelihoods
Mile-a-minute weed overgrowing a fence in Palau
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Environmental Impacts
• Ecosystems and biodiversity
– within an ecosystem all species are connected
– a disruption to one species can affect a whole range of other species
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Species level impacts
• IAS can affect native species by:
– changing their abundance
– changing their geographical range
– causing local or global extinction
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Ecosystem level impacts
• IAS can change the balance and structure of ecosystem
– common wasps have invaded New Zealand beech forests
– they monopolize high-energy honeydew produced by scale insects
– native species are unable to feed on this important resource
Wasp feeding on honeydew
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Processes
• Predation
• Herbivory
• Disease (pathogens)
Black petrel killed by feral cat
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Processes
• Physical processes (fire regimes, nitrogen cycles)
• Competition
• Hybridisation
• Parasitism
The mallard duck hybridises with many native duck species
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Concluding remarks
• Many IAS are detrimental to the economy as well as human health and the environment
• Unlike other environmental ‘pollutants’ IAS have an increasing impact over time
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Summary
• Invasive Alien Species have had enormous negative impacts.
• IAS are found in nearly every habitat and occur in all major taxonomic groups.
• Invasive species can have adverse economic, social and ecological impacts.
• Billions of dollars are spent annually to prevent, control and manage IAS.
• The introduction of an IAS can cause major ecosystem changes.