module 1 - peace and conflict in an interdependent world

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+ GLOBAL ISSUES Module 1 AUGUST DECEMBER 2015 MGP. Angélica Ruiz León

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GLOBAL ISSUES

Module 1

AUGUST – DECEMBER 2015

MGP. Angélica Ruiz León

+INTRODUCTION

“All the world’s a stage, and the men and

women merely players”

-William Shakespeare

+Which countries do you identify ?

-Which countries have you already visited?

-Where would you like to go?

-How many recognized countries are there in

the world today?

+Which are the main issues or global

problems for the contemporary

world?

+

Some basic concepts…

International

System

International

RelationsForeign Policy

Is the world too Big…?

…or TOO small ?

It´s all about

perspectives…!

…How would you analyze

the Contemporary World?

+Module 1

International Relations and its fields of study

Background of the New International Order:

The end of the Cold War.

+ International Relations

and its fields of study

How to understand the

contemporary world?

Is the world too big or too small? Why?

How would you analyze the world?

How many perspectives may we use to study the world?

+Integral Development Analysis

Society

Politics

Economy

Culture

ReligionEnvironment

Security

+3 Level analysis

Karen Mingst, (2006), Fundamentos de

las Relaciones Internacionales, México:

CIDE

Conflict, Alliances, International Organizations,

International Treaties, Power Poles…

Type of Government, National Interest, Interest

Groups,

Political Parties, Economic Prosperity,

Education, Security…

Behavior, Leadership, Biological Aspects,

Capacities, Experience,

+Social Pyramid, Social Classes

+World countries

+Environmentally

+World Population

+Religiously/culturally

+Political power (great powers)

Great powers with UN P5 membership and recognized nuclear weapons status: China,

France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Great powers without Security Council vetoes: Germany and Japan.

+Political Issues

Statistic comparissions

CORRUPTION IN THE WORLD…

+Global Peace Index

+Happy people index

+Economic Aspects

Human Development Index

+Economic Aspects (life expectancy at birth)

+BY BLOCKS OF COUNTRIES

+BY BLOCKS OF COUNTRIES

+Internet access per country

+Web pages per country

+Facebook users

+Satelites

+OECD Better Life Index

http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/es/#/11000011111

+Global ActorsStates

Nations

IGO´s

NGO´s

MNC´s

MCM

Individual Leaders

Refugees

Ilegal Groups

+StateInstitutions that work together inside a

territory, having well established population,

that obeys a government, that is recognized

by other states.

+

Territory

Government

Population

Sovereignty (no intervention)

Diplomatic Recognition

+

Newest country of

the world…

Gained independence from Sudan on

July, 9 , 2011

Not recognized by

all as countries..

Taiwan

Vatican City

Kosovo

196 recognized

countries (States)

+

The elements of POWER for a state

are..

State

• Geography

• Natural Resources

• Population

• Strong power (measurable): Industrial Development, Army and Infrastructure.

• Soft Power (not measurable): national unity, support of the population to the State policies, international image and international leadership, diplomatic capacity...

+

NATION NATION-

STATE

STATE

ETHNICITY

RELIGION

LANGUAGE

CUSTOMS

HISTORY

IDENTITY

TERRITORY A Nation

governs

itself in a

specific

territory

Group of people

that share some

of the following

characteristics

Institutions that

govern and control

a group of people

+ The KURDS

Are an example of a nation, but not a

state.

+

Became important after WWII.

IGO´s that are concerned with: economic issues, health, security, education, children, women rights etc…

ONLY STATES can be members.

The government representatives represent the state in the IGO´S.

Example: APEC, WHO, UN, NATO, OAS, UNICEF etc…

Cooperate to solve problems between member states. Create international treaties.

International Governmental

Organizations (IGO´s)

+

Began to appear after WWII

Governments do not pay attention to all

problems, so NGO´s emerge to try to solve

those problems.

Volunteers participate

The organization has clear objectives and

rules

The funding ($) comes from private sponsors

Cannot use violence. Cannot do actions to

earn money. (No lucrativas)

+Multinational Corporations (MNC´s)

• They exist since the XVIII century,

but increased 17 times after WWII.

• An MNC has operations in more than

two countries.

• It´s transnational.

• Agreements with governments.

Sometimes positive, sometimes

negative.

+

+ Individual

Leaders

• Charismatic and respected leaders that can

influence in global public opinion

• Moral authority

• Promote causes

+RefugeesA refugee is a person who is outside their home country

because they have suffered or feared persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, or political

opinion; because they are a member of a persecuted

social category of persons; or because they are fleeing

a war.

+Ilegal Groups, Crime & Guerrillas

Group of people that doesn´t belong to the

government and use violence to get to their

objectives.

Organized Crime, Terrorist Groups and Guerrilla

and Liberation Groups.

They have political (ETA)or economical

objectives(Mafias, organized crime).

ORGANIZED CRIME: International trafficking of

drugs, weapons, humans, money laundry, etc.

TERRORIST GROUPS: Use violence to get to

their political objectives. Their target are mostly

government and military.

+

International SystemModels

Models of International System Structures

Two poles of power. Hostility between the two poles is the main characteristic of a

bipolar system. Each of them tries to eliminate the other bloc by undermning it if possible

and by fighting it if necessary. The risks are acceptable. In order to increase power it is

necessary to bring new members into your bloc, and preventing others from jining the

rival bloc.

BIPOLAR

1947- 1991

COLD WAR

Models of International System Structures

One pole of power. The central power establishes and

enforces rules and dominates military and economic

instruments.

UNIPOLAR

Large power

Small power

Dominant link

Short term or potential link

1992 – 1997

U.S. Dominance

Triangular relationship. Optimally trying to have good relations with both other

players, or minimally try to avoid having hostile relations with both other players.

Try to prevent close cooperation between the other two players.

TRIPOLAR SYSTEM

Prevention of good

relations between other

two players

Models of International System Structures

Maybe

today…

EU,

USA,

Asia

Four or more poles. The rules of the game are to oppose any actor or alliance that

threatens to become hegemonic. This is also the central principle of balance-of-

power politics. Optimally increase power and minimally preserve power.

MULTIPOLAR BALLANCE OF POWER

Models of International System Structures

1815 - 1914

Maybe

today.

+New World Order Theories

After the Cold War (1991 today), there was severe

rearrangements in relationships and global power centers;

movements that still occur in the present. In the new reality,

various theories have emerged about the new world order. We

will discuss some of the most relevant…

+“The end of History” -- Fukuyama

In 1989, in an article entitled "The End

of History" published in "The National

Interest" the philosopher Francis

Fukuyama argued that, taking into

account the fall of the Berlin Wall,

the disintegration of the Soviet

Union and the gradual entry China the

global capitalist economic

environment, it was evident that the

capitalist liberalism prevailed. It was

a matter of time that all countries

adopt this model, which would end the

great conflict.

+

Today, nearly 25 years after the fall of the USSR, it is known that there is no unanimity by the "end of history".

The Neoliberalism (or free capitalism) allowed the emergence of prosperous societies, but is still unable to process the number of conflicts that remain.

The Global neoliberalism can create as many conflicts as it solves and does not necessarily lead to more prosperous and ordered societies.

There are other forces (religious fundamentalism, nationalism) that are outside the traditional ideological confrontations, and whose actions can not process or assimilate neoliberalism easier and faster.

“The end of History” - FAILURES

POVERTY PERSISTS IN

A FREE CAPITALIST WORLD!!

+Tripolar world

This theory stated that the world of the twenty-firstcentury would be defined by the imposed order fromthree poles of political and military economic power andits peripheral regions of influence. They are based onthe importance of trade blocs how the economy isglobalized. These three poles are:

The American (U.S.A.): the nations of NAFTAFundamentally USA and Canada, having LatinAmerica as a peripheral region of influence.

The European pole: constituted by the EuropeanUnion, having as peripheral regions of influence to theBalkans, Africa, the Middle East and Russia.

The polo Dragons: consisting Japan China SouthKorea and Taiwan, having as the peripheral regions tothe rest of Asia

+

The criticisms of this model are multiple:

Ignores such place that can occupy India, thesecond most populous country on earth, where ithas been conducting an equivalent to China'seconomic revolution.

Likewise speak of a consolidated in the Far Eastpolo tries to ignore that each of these countrieshas its own policies and interests

China's relations with Japan and Taiwan areoften very tense.

On the other hand consider that pole like a single,solid entity has no relation to reality.

Tripolar world - FAILURES

+The clash of civilization

-- Hungtington

In 1993 in an article entitled “The Clash of

Civilizations" in Foreign Affairs, Samuel Huntington

argues that the world is divided into cultural and

religious backgrounds who have followed

different trends and are going to confront in the

future. Huntington predicted that the main impact

will be between the Christian Western

civilization and Islamic civilization.

+

The definition of civilizations is questionable, for example Huntington speaks of Latin American civilization without considering the enormous diversity among indigenous majority countries (Bolivia and Guatemala); the mostly mestizos (Mexico) and mostly creoles (Argentina and Chile). Also talking about African civilization is a simplification and failed vision.

There is not a theoretical basis for conceptualizing theterm civilization, weakening the main approach of thetheory.

The Civilization concept revolves mainly aroundreligion but also integrates economic elements, Ex:we can´t say Latin American civilization is equal to theEuropean- Christian civilization.

The clash of civilization

-- FAILURES

+

As can be seen the three previous theories

are not enough to set an accurate vision of

the new world order.

+

Centripetal and

Centrifugal Forces

+Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

This model considers that the main contemporary conflicts and

structures of the international system depend on the tensions

and balances among the countries.

According to the physical principles, centrifugal forces are those

that tend to disperse, and centripetal forces are those that tend to

unite or cohere.

+ C&C Forces Model

Centripetal

Economic blocs

Colective securityorganizations

Globalization and neoliberalism

Centrifugal

Nationalism

Alterglobalization

Fundamentalism

Terrorism

+Centripetal Forces (Integration)

Economic blocs: free

commere among its memers,

lower arancels, markets growth

and market diversification. Free

flow of merchandise, investment,

services and sometimes

populations.

+Collective security organizations: The only

collective security organization that persists nowadays is NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed by the USA,

Canada and Western Europe. During the Cold War, Warsaw

Pact was another example. The first effective military operation

for NATO was a collective attack in Afghanistan after Sept. 11,

2001. Today, many critics say there is no need for the existence

of NATO, since it´s major enemy (Warsaw Pact) has

disappeared.

+Globalization and neoliberalism: The

concept of Globalization includes many aspects of

the contemporary life, such as economics, culture,

society and politics.

Lifestyles standardization

Global instant communications

Cultural manifestations: music, cinema,

Consumerism and products expansion

Massive expression of public opinion

Global markets

+

Nationalism: it is the seek of a nation for

creating their own state or to be recognized with an especific status.

Sesession: a nation or territory pretends to separate from a state, in order to create a new independent state

Quebec in Canada

Irredetism: a states tries to incorporate populations of its same nation (culture), that are located in another country

Chechenia in Pakistan / India

Autonomism: a nation pretends to have a special status, acording to it´s characteristics (culture) but without trying to become an independent country.

Kurds in Turkey

Tamils in Sri Lanka

CENTRIFUGAL FORCES (Dispersion)

+

Alterglobalism: it considers that there is not a single

globalized world, but there is a diversity of traditions

and lifestiles.

Big Multinationals (MNC´s) are devasting the world

resources.

Defend diversity: cultural, lingüistic, biodiversity, and

even food diversity..

Protests against the most powerful countries.

Tend to be anarquical and against industrialization.

+

Fundamentalism: strict

interpretation of the religious or

ideological texts. It includes also

political intentions.

Christian fundamentalism

Muslim fundamentalism

Marxism

Terrorism: It works as a tool or a way

for a small group of individuals that pretend

political interests and use violence in order

to get them. Generally attack against

civilians, with the interest of creating a

state of panic, and taking control of their

institutions.

How have authors

defined the world

dynamics ?

MAIN THEORIES OF

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

+Theories and Perspectives about the

World

Realism LiberalismRealism

Liberalism

Constructivism

Marxism

Other theories Emphasis on POWER Emphasis on PRINCIPLES

Sovereingty

Military Power

Geography

Natural Resourcess

Industrial capacity

Population

Diplomacy

Government Strength

Freedom

Human Rights

Development

Cooperation

Education

Environment

Democracy

Disarmament

Self-determination

+

Read chapters 1 and 3 from the textbook:

“International Politics on the World Stage”

by John T. Rourke McGraw Hill

Please, answer the followingquestions and discuss with your

classmates

+CHAPTER 1

Why is important for us to understand world politics?

Which countries depend more of international trade?

Which country spends more on Health than on Education? (Mexico,

Canada, China or US)

Which was the population for the 1960s (during Cold War)? 3billo

Can a particular person anywhere in the world impact on the issues

of a country? How?

What is a policy maker and what do they do?

In International Relations Theories are realism and liberalism similar

or opposite?

Mention the key concepts for Realism and Liberalism and how each

theory perceives the conflict.

+

CHAPTER 3

Which are the tree main levels of analysis in World Politics?

Which factors are considered for Individual Level?

Which issues are considered for the Biological Factor? Mention an example of each one.

Is Ego and Ambition an important factor for an politician? Why?

Which aspects are considered as part of the State-Level Analysis?

What is a bureaucracy?

For the international or systemic perspective, which are the main models of Power Relations among countries? Explain