RECAP

•What are earthquakes?

•Name and describe the theory that explains earthquakes?

•Where do earthquakes frequently occur?

•Differentiate focus and epicenter.

•Define the following:•Seismology•Seismologist•Seismograph

•Name and describe the different types of seismic waves.

• Differentiate Intensity from Magnitude.

•What scales are used to measure both?

VOLCANOESare Hot Stuff

Volcanoes

•mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings (called volcanic vents) in the earth's surface.

What’s inside a volcano?

• Magma Chamber- molten rock that feeds a volcano

• What is the difference between magma and lava?

What are the parts of a Volcano?

1. VENT- the vent is the opening from which lava flows. Dust, ash, and rock particles can also be thrown out of the vent.

2. Crater- the top of the volcano. It is a funnel shaped pit. It is formed when the material explodes out of the vent

3. Volcanic cone- is the pile of lava, dust, ashes, and rock around the vent. It can be found in different shapes.

Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools

Composite ConeThe volcano is built up of alternate layers of LAVA and ASH. They can explode with great violence.

Mt St Helens - USA

Conelet

Dyke

Crater

Ash layer

Lava Layer Flank eruption

LavaFlow

Crust

Pyroclastic Flow

Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools

Shield ( Basic) Cone

Shield Volcanoes are enormous featuresbuilt up only from layers of lava. They produce lots of lava but they tent not to erupt violently.

Mauna Loa Hawaii -USA

250 miles

10,000m

Composite volcano to scale

Layers of Lava Lava Flow

Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for non commercial use in schools

Ash and Cinder ConeParacutin - Mexico

Layers of Ash and Cinder

Volcanic Bombs

Pipe

The volcano is built up of layers of ASH. When it erupts it is normally with great explosive force.

3,000m

Hawaii

Hot spots

Classify Mauna Loa & Kilauea

Materials from Erupting Volcanoes

• Steam / Water Vapor• CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, HCl, CH4, NH4Cl• Lava• Dust and Ash• Hardened Lava = Cinders• Bombs

In the Philippines

• 46 known volcanoes – 13 are considered active

Philippine Volcanoes

• Taal• Mayon• Makiling• Bulusan• Canlaon / Kanlaon• Hibok-Hibok• Apo• Banahaw

Venus

Mercury

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Mars

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Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

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Past Volcanism on Mercury

Abundance of surface cratersNo craters more that 50 km in diameterEvidence of lava-filled cratersVolcanic rock samples predate EarthRock samples dated @ >3000 million years ago

VenusM

ercury

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Volcanic Activity on Venus

80% of the planet’s surface shows volcanic activitySeveral million volcanoes have been detectedVenus is (debatably) volcanically extinctMany volcanoes are several hundred km across, and thousands of km high

NASA Photo: A Volcano on Venus

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Martian VolcanoesMars is almost volcanically extinct; this is debatable Martian volcanoes are probably all shield-cone typesMars has at least 3 volcanoes larger than those on EarthMars has the largest volcano in the solar system: Olympus Mons

Olympus Mons:

A Shield Volcano

on Mars

Earth’s Largest Volcano: Mauna Loa

9 km high 120 km across

Olympus Mons:24 km high

550 km acrossx 3 =

Venus

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SunPluto

Volcanoes on Io: A moon of Jupiter

The most volcanically active place in the solar system

At least 8 active volcanoes have been mapped

Plumes extend ≈ 280 km above Io’s surface

Molten rock spews out faster than the speed of sound

The size of Io is ≈ Earth’s moon

Io: One of Jupiter’s Moons

Io:

Images from Galileo’s Mission

(“Raw” images) (Digitally remastered)

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Volcanoes on Other Moons of Jupiter:Europa and Ganymede have “Cryovolcanism!”

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Triton: The seventh (and largest)of Neptune’sMoons also

features “Ice Volcanoes!”

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