modul kimia organik

8/11/2019 Modul Kimia Organik

1/153

DIKTAT MATA KULIAH

K I M I A O R G A N I K

Disusun oleh:

Drs. Adiwarna

JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA

20081


2/153

DAFTAR ISI

TINJUAN MATAKUIA!

M"DU 1 : T#"RI DASAR T#NTAN$ AT"M DAN IKATAN AT"M

a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 2 : J#NIS*J#NIS IKATAN KIMIA a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU + : K"NS#, DASAR S#N-AA "R$ANIK


M"DU / : J#NIS*J#NIS R#AKSI DAAM S#N-AA "R$ANIK a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU : J#NIS*J#NIS S#N-AA "R$ANIK


M"DU : T#"RI T#NTAN$ ST#R#" KIMIA a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 3 : ,USAT 4!IRA

a%ihan

Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 8 : KAR5"!IDRAT a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 6 : ASAM AMIN" DAN ,R"T#IN a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

2


3/153

M"DU 10 : TRI$IS#RIDA a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 11 : AKA"ID a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 12 : T#R,#N"ID a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 1+ : ST#R"ID DAN SA,"NIN a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 1/ : ASAM NUK#AT a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 1 : FA7"N"ID DAN UIN"N"ID a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

M"DU 1 : ,"IM#R a%ihan Ran&'u(an Tes )or(a%i)

KUN4I JAA5AN T#S F"RMATIF

DAFTAR ,USTAKAKAMUS UMUM

+


4/153

TINJAUAN MATAKUIA!

Ma%a 'uliah 'i(ia or&ani' (eru9a'an (a%a'uliah MKDU an& dia;ar'an 9ada se(es%erII. Dihara9'an se%elah (en&i'u%i (a%a'uliah ini (ahasiswa da9a% (e(aha(i %en%an& 'on)i&urasi

ele'%ron dala( a%o( dan (ole'ul< 9roses %er;adina i'a%an 'i(ia< sehin&&a den&an de(i'ian(en&e%ahui si)a% 'eele'%rone&a%i)an< (ua%an )or(al< (o(en di9ol< si)a% 'easa(an dan 'e=asaan(enuru% =rons%ed owr dan ewis.

Se%elah (en&e%ahui dasar*dasar 9e(=en%u'an i'a%an (ahasiswa harus %ahu %en%an&=er=a&ai &u&us )un&si 9ada senawa or&ani'< =er(a>a(*(a>a( rea'si or&ani'< s%ru'%ur senawaor&ani'< 9er(=erian na(a senawa or&ani'< dan 'elo(9o' sennawa or&ani'.

Ma%a 'uliah 'i(ia or&ani' (eeru9a'an (a%a'uliah wa;i= =a&i (ahasiswa an& (en&i'u%i9ro&ra( S1 Te'ni' Ki(ia Fa'ul%as Te'ni' Uni?ersi%as Muha((adiah ;a'ar%a. Se%elah (en&i'u%i(a%a''uliah ini (ahasiswa dihara9'an (a(9u :1. Men&e%ahui 'onse9 dasar %en%an& a%o( dan (ole'ul ser%a 9roses %er;adina i'a%an 'i(ia.2. Men&e%ahui si)a%*si)a% 'i(ia a'i=a% %er;adina i'a%an 'i(ia dan &u&us )un&si 9ada senawa

or&ani'.+. Men&e%ahui s%ru'%ur dan 9e(=erian na(a =er(a>a(*(a>a( senawa or&ani' dan

sin%esana./. 5isa (e(=eda'an senawa or&ani' den&an senawa anor&ani'.. Men&enal %en%an& iso(er< 'irali%as =er=a&ai senawa or&ani' ser%a =isa (enen%u'an si)a%

o9%is a'%isnna.. Men&e%ahui =er(a>a(*(a>a( s%ru'%ur senawa 'ar=ohidra%< (e(=eri na(a< dan =isa

(en&iden%i)i'asi den&an rea&en 'husus.3. Men&e%ahui ;enis*;enis s%ru'%ur asa( a(ino< 9e(=en%u'an i'a%an 9e9%ida (en;adi 9ro%einhiralM"DU 8 : Kar=ohidra%M"DU 6 : Asa( a(ino dan 9ro%ein.M"DU 10 : Tri&liseridaM"DU 11 : Al'aloidM"DU 12 : Ter9enoid

M"DU 1+ : S%eroid dan sa9oninM"DU 1/ : Asa( nu'lea%M"DU 1 : Fla?onoid dan @uinonoidM"DU 1 : ,oli(er

/


5/153

M"DU II. T#"RI DASAR T#NTAN$ AT"M DAN IKATAN AT"M

Kon)i&urasi #le'%ron dala( A%o(Menuru% Mendele;e? ele>%ron dala( sua%u a%o( a'an (en&isi or=i%al (ulai dari %in&'a%ener&i %erendah %erle=ih dahulu dari or=i%al 1s< 2s 29< +s< +9< /s< +d< /9< s< /d

Tin&'a% ener&i %er%in&&i)9s/ds/9+d/s+9

+s292s1s

Tin&'a% ener&i %erendah"r=i%al s (a'si(u( %erisi 2 ele'%ron< or=i%al 9 (a'si(u( %erisi (a'si(u( ele'%ron< or=i%al d(a'si(u( %erisi 10 ele'%ron< or=i%al ) (a'si(u( %erisi (a'si(u( 1/ ele'%ron."r=i%al s =er=en%u' lin&'aran< or=i%al 9 =er=en%u' elli9 an& %ersusun dala( %i&a di(ensi< or=i%al d

=er=en%u' elli9 an& le=ih lon;on& an& %ersusun dala( li(a di(ensi< dan or=i%al ) =er=en%u'san&a% lon;un& an& %ersusun dala( 3 di(ensi

"r=i%al s "r=i%al 9

"r=i%al d

"r=i%al d "r=i%al )

4on%oh or=i%al s adalah a%o( hindro&en an& (e(9unai 1 ele'%ron B =iru C dan 1 9ro%onB(erahC.

T%i

n&

'a%

en

er&i


6/153

Kon)i&urasi ele'%ron dala( (ole'ul

Susunan %in&'a% ener&i dasar dala( sua%u a%o( da9a% di;elas'an den&an %eori or=i%al a%o( dan%in&'a% ener&ina. Ada %i&a 9rinsi9 an& harus di9enuhi dala( 9en&isian ele>%ron 9ada sua%u

or=i%al a%o( :1. #le>%ron (en&isi or=i%al %in&'a% ener&i %erendah %erle=ih dahulu.B 9rinsi9 Au)=auC2. !ana (a'si(u( dua ele>%ron (ene(9a%i sua%u or=i%al den&an s9in an& =erlawanan

arah. B9rinsi9 e'slusi ,auliC.+. ,en&isian ele>%ron 9ada or=i%al =er%in&'a% ener&i sa(a harus %erisi sa%u*sa%u ele>%ron

%erle=ih dahulu B A%uran !undC.

"r=i%al (ole'ul5ila dua a%au le=ih a%o( =er&a=un& (e(=en%u' (ole'ul unsur a%au senawa (a'a or=i%alele>%ron (ole'ul adalah (eru9a'an &a=un&an dari or=i%al ele>%ron a%o(*a%o( 9enusun(ole'ul %erse=u%.

4on%oh 1. or=i%al (ole'ul !2

1s 1s ! ! !2

4on%oh 2. "r=i%al (ole'ul 42 29

29 29 29 s

s s s

s s s 4 4 s 42!i=rida (ole'ul

5ila dua ele>%ron dari dua a%o( =er&a=un& (e(=en%u' i'a%an (a'a a'an %er=en%u'hi=rida or=i%al. 5en%u' hi=rid or=i%al %er&an%un& 'e9ada asal or=i%al ele>%ron 9e(=en%u'i'a%an< ;i'a 'edua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s (a'aa'an %er=ewn%u' hi=rid or=i%al s*s< ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o(

=erasal dari or=i%al s dan 9 (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hi=rid or=i%al s*9< ;i'a dua ele>%ron%ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=ridor=i%al s*d ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s dan )(a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al s*)< ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari duaa%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 9 dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al 9*d< ;i'a duaele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 9 dan ) (a'a a'an%er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al 9*) ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal

dari or=i%al d dan ) (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al d*) ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida'=er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al d dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=ridor=i%al d*d ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al ) dan )(a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al )*). ;i'a ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o(


7/153

=erasal dari or=i%al +s dan +9 (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al s9+< ;i'a ele>%ron %ida'=er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 2s dan 29 (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=ridor=i%al s92.

M"DU II

II. J#NIS*J#NIS IKATAN KIMIATeori %en%an& i'a%an 'i(ia

I'a%an 'i(ia an%ar a%o(*a%o( =isa %er;adi a9a=ila ele>%ron 'uli% %erluar dari sua%u a%o( adaan& %ida' =er9asan&an. Sua%u a%o( =isa =eri'a%an den&an =e=era9a a%o( lain ;i'a a%o(%erse=u% (e(9unai =ana' ele'%on %erluar B?alensiC %a' =er9asan&an. 4on%ohna 4!/.

29

29 29

! ! ! ! 2 s

2 s 2s

1s 1s

4 1s 4!/Se=elu( (e(=en%u' (ole'ul 4!/ 9ada (ulana ;i'a i'a%an %er;adi an%ara a%o( 'ar=ondala( 'eadaan dasar den&an a%o( hindro&en hana a'an %er=en%u' (ole'ul 4!2< na(un'ar=on sendiri =isa (en&ala(i e'si%asi dari 'eadaan dasar.

29

29 29 ! ! s

s s

s

s4 s

4!2

3


8/153

29

29 29 29 ! ! 1s 2s

1s2 s 2s 1s 2s

1s 1s 1 s 1s / ! 4 4 1s $round s%a%e #Ei%ed s%a%e 4!/

Jenis*;enis i'a%an 'i(ia

I'a%an ionI'a%an ion %er;adi dala( sua%u (ole'ul ;i'a (ole'ul %erse=u% (en&ala(i 9olarisasi (ua%anele'%ros%a%i'. !al ini %er;adi 9ada (ole'ul an& %erdiri dari a%o(*a%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) dana%o( ele'%rone&a%i) (e(=en%u' (ole'ul 9olar. Mole'ul 9olar a9a=ila dilaru%'an dala(

9elaru% 9olar (a'a ;ara' a%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) dan ele'%rone&a%i) (en;adi le=ih ;auh%ron%er'uar dari a%o( ele'%ro 9osi%i) =eredar 9ada in%i a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) sehin&&a a%o(ele'%ro9oasi%i) a'an 'e'uran&an ele>%ron dan 'ele=ihan 9ro%on 'eadaan se9er%i ini(e(=en%u' (nua%an 9osi%i)< se=ali'na a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) a'an (enari' sa%u ele>%rona%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) an& =eredar 9ada in%i a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) sehin&&a %er=en%u'lah(ua%an ne&a%i?e a'i=a% a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) 'ele=ihan ele>%ron se9er%i rea'si =eri'u% :

11Na8"! !2" 10NaB!2"C2 6"!*A%o( Na%riu( an& (e(9unai 11 ele'%ron dan 11 9ro%on< 9ada (ole'ul NaB!2"C2

#le'%ron a%o( Na%riu( hana 10 ele'%ron an& (en&i%ari or=i% in%i a%o( Na%riu( sehin&&aa%o( na%riu( 'e'uran&an 1 ele'%ron sehin&&a (en;adi =er(ua%an BC sedan&'an a%o(o'si&en an& (e(9unai 8 ele'%ron 9ada (ole'ul "!* a%o( o'si&en (e(9unai 6ele'%ron sehin&&a =er(ua%an B*C. Senawa or&ani> 'e=anna'an %ida' ada an& =eri'a%an

9olar %e%a9i hana =eri'a%an se(i 9olar.I'a%an 'o?alen

I'a%an 'o?alen adalah 9e(asan&an ele>%ron %un&&al dua a%o( a%au le=ih (e(=en%u'

(ole'ul %an9a %er;adina 9olarisasi ele>%ron. Kedua ele>%ron an& =er9asan&an dari duaa%o( =ero%asi (en&i%ari in%i dari (asin&*(asin& a%o( 9enusunna. 4on%ohna (ole'ul4!/. :

! .

4. / !. ! C !

!I'a%an hdro&en

I'a%an hdro&en adalah i'a%an a%o( hdro&en dala( (ole'ul senawa asa( ewis den&ana%o(*a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) dala( dasa ewis. I'a%an hdro&en %er;adi a9a=ila ele>%ron daria%o( hdro&en dala( sua%u (ole'ul =eredarar 9ada or=i% ele>%ron a%o(. I'a%an hdro&en

8


9/153

di'enal dari si)a% air an& (e(9unai %i%i' didih le=ih %in&&i dari (ole'ul lain se9er%i ! 2Sdan 4!/< air den&an =era% (ole'ul 18 (e(9unai %i%i' didih 100 o4 sedan&'an !2Sden&an =era% (ole'ul +/ (e(9unai %i%i' didih 2 o4 dan 42!den&an =era% (ole'ul +0(e(9unai %i%i' didih 2 o4 * 4

i'a%an ?anderwallsondon )or>e

5en%u'*=en%u' hi=rida (ole'ul!i=ridisasi adalah 9en&&a=un&an ele>%ron an& %ida' =er9asan&an dala( or=i%al sua%ua%o( den&an ele>%ron an& %a' =er9asan&an dari a%o( lain. "r=i%al an& %er=en%u' darihi=ridisasi ini dise=u% h=rid or=i%al. !=rida or=i%al =isa =er=en%u' s*s< s*9< s*d< s*)< 9*9%ron %a' =er9asan&an 9ada or=i%al dala(sua%u (ole'ul dari a%o(*a%o( 9enusunna. 5en%u' hi=rida (ole'ul 9ada senawa

or&ani> adalah s9+< s92< dan s9. S9+ ada 9ada senawa al'ana< s92 ada 9ada senawaal'ena< dan s9 ada 9ada senawa al'una.!i=ridisasi s9+9ada (ole'ul al'ana =erar%i 1 dari / ele'%ron or=i%al S hdro&en (asu' 'eor=i%al 2S dan + ele'%ron or=i%al S dari hdro&en (asu' 'e + or=i%al , a%o( 'ar=on. 29

29 29 29 ! ! 1s 2s

1s2 s 2s 1s 2s


!i=ridisasi s929ada (ole'ul al'ena =erar%i 1 dari + ele'%ron or=i%al S hdro&en (asu' 'eor=i%al 2S dan + ele'%ron or=i%al S dari hdro&en (asu' 'e + or=i%al , dari a%o( 'ar=on. 29

29 29 29 ! ! 1s 2s 1s

2 s 2s 1s 2s

1s 1s 1 s 1s / ! 4 4 1s $round s%a%e #Ei%ed s%a%e *4!+!i=ridisasi s9+9ada (ole'ul al'ana =erar%i 1 dari / ele'%ron or=i%al S hdro&en (asu' 'eor=i%al 2S dan + ele'%ron or=i%al S dari hdro&en (asu' 'e + or=i%al , dari a%o( 'ar=on. 29

29 29 29

6


10/153

! ! 1s 2s 1s

2 s 2s 1s 2s

1s 1s 1 s 1s / ! 4 4 1s $round s%a%e #Ei%ed s%a%e *4!2

,olarisasi dan ele'%rone&a%i)i%as.Dari se'iian =ana' (ole'ul senawa or&ani> hana sedi'i% se'alli an& di%e(u'an

=eru9a senawa di9olar. A'an %e%a9i 'e=ana'an (ole'ul senawa or&ani> adalah 9olar.!al ini (enun;u'an (es'i9un %ida' =isa (en&i'u%i (ua%an )or(al a%o(*a%o(< na(undis%ri=usi ele>%ron 9ada i'a%an a%o(*a%o( %er%en%u adalah (eru9a'an =en%u' an& %ida'

si(e%ris. #le'%ron*ele'%ron Dalla( a%o( %ida' =er9asan&an se>ara sa(a oleh 'edua in%ia%o(.Sehinn&&a den&an de(i'ian i'a%an 'i(ia 9ada a%o(*a%o( san&a% di%en%u'an oleh 'ondisia%au si%uasi a9a'ah an& %er=en%u' i'a%an 'o?alen a%au ioni>. 5elu( ada 9en;elasan%er9erin>i (en&enai 'onse9 i'a%an 'o?alen 9olar< a'an %e%a9i di9er'ira'an i'a%an an&%er;adi (eru9a'an 'elan;u%an dari 'e(un&'inan an%ara i'a%an 'o?alen se(9urna den&andis%ri=usi ele'%ron an& si(e%ris a%au se=ali'na< dan i'a%an ioni> se(9urna a%ause=ali'nna. Se=a&ai >on%ohhna i'a%an *4*4* 9ada e%ana adalahh si(e%ris< oleh 'arena i%u(eru9a'an i'a%an 'o?alen se(9urna< dua ele>%ron an& =eri'a%an di9asan&'an =ersa(aan%ara 'edua a%o( 'ar=on an& se%ara. Se=ali'na i'a%an 9ada Na*4l adalah (urni ioni>dan %er=en%u' &aa %ari' (edan ele'%ros%a%i' an%ara ion Na%riu( an& =er(ua%an 9osi%i)

den&an ion 'lorida an& =er(ua%an ne&a%i?e.

*4:4* *4:4l+ Na:4l*

,ada i'a%an *4*4l 'e(un&'inan =esar %er;adi 9enari'an ele>%ron a&a' 'ua% oleh sua%ua%o( dari 9ada a%o( lainna.,er=edaan 'e9olaran a%o(*a%o( an& =eri'a%an (en&a'i=a%'an %er;adinnaele'%rone&a%i)i%as.

Ta=el 1. . #le'%rone&a%i)i%as dari =e=era9a ;enis unsurUnsur ele'%rone&a%i)i%as unsur #le'%rone&a%i)i%as! 2.2 M& 1.+i 1.0 Al 1.5e 1. Si 1.65 2.0 , 2.24 2. S 2.

N +.0 4l +.1" +./ 5r +.0F /.0 I 2.

Na 1.0 F /

10

S

i

)

a

%

i

o

ni

'


11/153

Unsur an& (e(9unai ele'%rone&a%i)i%as dia%as 2. dina%a'an dina%a'an le=ihele'%rone&a%i) sedan&'an unsur an& (e(9unai ele'%rone&a%i)i%as di=awah 2.dina%a'an se=a&ai unsur ele'%ro9osi%i).

Dari %a=le dia%as %erliha% =ahwa an%ara a%o( 'ar=on dan hdro&en (e(9unai

ele'%rone&a%i)i%as ha(9er sa(a (a'a ia'a%an 4*! adalah i'a%an non 9olar. Unsur*unsuran& =erada 9ada se=elah 'anan %a=le a%o( =er'ala se9er%i o'si&en< )lorin< dan 'lorinadalah le=ih ele'%rone&a%i) di=andin&'an den&an 'ar=on< sehin&a ;i'a a%o( 'ar=on

=eri'a%an den&an a%o( dia%as a'an (enari' ele>%ron le=ih 'ua% 'earahna dari 9ada a%o('ar=on. Sehin&&a =ila a%o( 'ar=on =eri'a%an den&an salah sa%u a%o( ini< (a'a %er=e%u'lahi'a%an %er9olarisasi< sehin&&a dala( 9en&&a(=aranna ele>%ron %er%ari' 'earah a%o(ele'%rone&a%i) ini dari 9ada a%o( 'ar=on. A%o( 'ar=on a'an (en;adi =er(ua%an 9arsil

9osi%i) an& dila(=an&'an den&an B+C dan a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) a'an (en;adi =er(ua%an9arsil ne&a%i?e an& dila(=an&'an den&an BC. Se=a&ai >on%oh (ole'ul !+4*4l =eri'u% :

!2%rons or=i% a%o(s in >louds o) dis%in>% sha9es and siGes. The ele>%ron >louds are laered oneinside %he o%her in%o uni%s >alled shellsB%hin' nes%ed Russian dollsC< wi%h %he ele>%rons o>>u9in&%he s(alles%< inner(os% shell ha?in& %he lowes% energy stateand %he ele>%rons in %he lar&es%%rons are no% ;us% in si(9le or=i%around %he nu>leus as we i(a&ine %he (oon %o >ir>le %he ear%h< =u% ins%ead o>>u9 s9a>e as i) %hewere a wa?e on %he sur)a>e o) a s9here.

I) ou ;u(9 a ;u(9ro9e ou >ould i(a&ine %ha% %he wa?e in %he ro9e is in i%s )unda(en%al)re@uen>. The hi&h and low 9oin%s )all ri&h% in %he (iddle< and %he 9la>es where %he ro9e doesnH%(o?e (u>h B%he n!#esC o>>ur onl a% %he %wo ends. I) ou sha'e %he ro9e )as% enou&h in a r%h(i>

11


12/153

wa< usin& (ore ener& %han ou would ;us% ;u(9in& ro9e< ou (i&h% =e a=le %o (a'e %he ro9e?i=ra%e wi%h a wa?elen&%h shor%er %han %he )unda(en%al. -ou %he( (i&h% see %ha% %he ro9e has(ore %han one 9la>e alon& i%s len&%h where i% ?i=ra%es )ro( i%s hi&hes% s9o% %o i%s lowes% s9o%.Fur%her(ore< ouHll see %ha% %here is one or (ore 9la>es Bor nodesC alon& i%s len&%h where %he ro9esee(s %o (o?e ?er li%%le< i) a% all.

"r >onsider s%rin&ed (usi>al ins%ru(en%s. The sound (ade = %hese ins%ru(en%s >o(es )ro( %hedi))eren% was< or $!#es%he s%rin&s >an ?i=ra%e. e >an re)er %o %hese di))eren% 9a%%erns or (odeso) ?i=ra%ions as l"near har$!n"%s&$oin& )ro( %here< we >an re>o&niGe %ha% a dru( (a'es sound

= ?i=ra%ions %ha% o>>ur a>ross %he 2*di(ensional sur)a>e o) %he dru(head. #E%endin& %his nowin%o %hree di(ensions< we %hin' o) %he ele>%ron as ?i=ra%in& a>ross a +*di(ensional s9here< and %he

9a%%erns or (odes o) ?i=ra%ion are re)erred %o as sher"%al har$!n"%s. The (a%he(a%i>al analsiso) s9heri>al har(oni>s were wor'ed ou% = %he Fren>h (a%he(a%i>ian e&endre lon& =e)oreanone s%ar%ed %o %hin' a=ou% %he sha9es o) ele>%ron or=i%als. The al&e=rai> eE9ressions hede?elo9ed< 'nown as e&endre 9olno(ials< des>ri=e %he %hree di(ension sha9es o) ele>%ronor=i%als in (u>h %he sa(e wa %ha% %he eE9ression '()y(* +des>ri=es a >ir>le Bor< )or %ha% (a%%er >he(is%s need ne?er a>%uall wor' wi%h %hese e@ua%ions< =u% i% hel9s%o unders%and where %he 9i>%ures we use %o %hin' a=ou% %he sha9es o) %hese or=i%als >o(e )ro(.

Electron shells

#a>h di))eren% shell is su=di?ided in%o one or (ore !r,"tals< whi>h also ha?e di))eren% ener&le?els< al%hou&h %he ener& di))eren>e =e%ween or=i%als is less %han %he ener& di))eren>e =e%weenshells.

on&er wa?elen&%hs ha?e less ener& %he s or=i%al has %he lon&es% wa?elen&%h allowed )or an

ele>%ron or=i%in& a nu>leus and %his or=i%al is o=ser?ed %o ha?e %he lowes% ener&.#a>h shell in an or=i%al has a >hara>%eris%i> sha9e< and are na(ed = a le%%er. The are: s< < #< and-.

As one 9ro&resses u9 %hrou&h %he shells Bre9resen%ed = %he 9rin>i9le @uan%u( nu(=er nC (ore%9es o) or=i%als =e>o(e 9ossi=le.

S orbital

The s !r,"talis %he or=i%al lowes% in ener& and is s9heri>al in sha9e. #le>%rons in %his or=i%al are

in %heir )unda(en%al )re@uen>.

P orbital

The neE% lowes%*ener& or=i%al is %he !r,"tal. I%s sha9e is o)%en des>ri=ed as li'e %ha% o) adu(==ell. There are %hree 9*or=i%als ea>h orien%ed alon& one o) %he +*di(ensional >oordina%es E< or G.

12
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:S-orbital.png


13/153

These %hree di))eren% 9 or=i%als >an =e re)erred %o as %he 9E< 9< and 9G.

The sand or=i%als are i(9or%an% )or unders%andin& (os% o) or&ani> >he(is%r as %hese are %heor=i%als %ha% are o>>u9ied = %he %9e o) a%o(s %ha% are (os% >o((on in or&ani> >o(9ounds.

D orbital

There are %9es o) #or=i%als. Three o) %he( are rou&hl *sha9ed< as shown here< and (i&h% =e?iewed as =ein& sha9ed li'e a >rossed 9air o) du(==ells . The are re)erred %o as dE< dEG< and dG.i'e %he 9*or=i%als< %hese %hree d or=i%als ha?e a node a% %he ori&in o) %he >oordina%e ss%e( where%he %hree aEes all >o(e %o&e%her. Unli'e %he 9 or=i%als< howe?er< %hese %hree d or=i%als are no%orien%ed alon& %he E< < or G aEes< =u% ins%ead are orien%ed in =e%ween %he(. The dEor=i%al< )or

ins%an>e< lies in %he E 9lane< =u% %he lo=es o) %he or=i%al 9oin% ou% in =e%ween %he E and aEes.

F orbital and beyond

There are 3 'inds o) F or=i%als< =u% we will no% dis>uss %heir sha9es here. F or=i%als are )illed in %heele(en%s o) %he lan%hanide and a>%inide series< al%hou&h ele>%rons in %hese or=i%als rarel >o(e in%o

9la in or&ano(e%alli> rea>%ions in?ol?in& %hese ele(en%s.

Kon)i&urasi ele'%ron dala( (ole'ul

Susunan %in&'a% ener&i dasar dala( sua%u a%o( da9a% di;elas'an den&an %eori or=i%al a%o( dan

%in&'a% ener&ina. Ada %i&a 9rinsi9 an& harus di9enuhi dala( 9en&isian ele>%ron 9ada sua%u

or=i%al a%o( :

1. #le>%ron (en&isi or=i%al %in&'a% ener&i %erendah %erle=ih dahulu.B 9rinsi9

Au)=auC

2. !ana (a'si(u( dua ele>%ron (ene(9a%i sua%u or=i%al den&an s9in an&

=erlawanan arah. B9rinsi9 e'slusi ,auliC.

1+
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:D-orbital.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:P-orbital.png


14/153

+. ,en&isian ele>%ron 9ada or=i%al =er%in&'a% ener&i sa(a harus %erisi sa%u*

sa%u ele>%ron %erle=ih dahulu B A%uran !undC.

"r=i%al (ole'ul

5ila dua a%au le=ih a%o( =er&a=un& (e(=en%u' (ole'ul unsur a%au senawa (a'a or=i%al

ele>%ron (ole'ul adalah (eru9a'an &a=un&an dari or=i%al ele>%ron a%o(*a%o( 9enusun

(ole'ul %erse=u%.

4on%oh 1. or=i%al (ole'ul !2

1s 1s ! ! !2

4on%oh 2. "r=i%al (ole'ul 42 29

29 29 29 s

s s s

s s s 4 4 s 42

!i=rida (ole'ul5ila dua ele>%ron dari dua a%o( =er&a=un& (e(=en%u' i'a%an (a'a a'an %er=en%u'

hi=rida or=i%al. 5en%u' hi=rid or=i%al %er&an%un& 'e9ada asal or=i%al ele>%ron 9e(=en%u'

i'a%an< ;i'a 'edua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s (a'a

a'an %er=ewn%u' hi=rid or=i%al s*s< ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o(

=erasal dari or=i%al s dan 9 (a'a a'an %er=en%u' hi=rid or=i%al s*9< ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida'

=er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid

or=i%al s*d ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al s dan )

(a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al s*)< ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua

a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 9 dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al 9*d< ;i'a dua

ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 9 dan ) (a'a a'an

1/


15/153

%er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al 9*) ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal

dari or=i%al d dan ) (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al d*) ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida'

=er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al d dan d (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid

or=i%al d*d ;i'a dua ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al ) dan )

(a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al )*). ;i'a ele>%ron %ida' =er9asan&an dari dua a%o(

=erasal dari or=i%al +s dan +9 (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid or=i%al s9+< ;i'a ele>%ron %ida'

=er9asan&an dari dua a%o( =erasal dari or=i%al 2s dan 29 (a'a a'an %er=ewn%u' hui=rid

or=i%al s92.

Teori %en%an& i'a%an 'i(ia

I'a%an 'i(ia an%ar a%o(*a%o( =isa %er;adi a9a=ila ele>%ron 'uli% %erluar dari sua%u a%o( ada

an& %ida' =er9asan&an. Sua%u a%o( =isa =eri'a%an den&an =e=era9a a%o( lain ;i'a a%o(

%erse=u% (e(9unai =ana' ele'%on %erluar B?alensiC %a' =er9asan&an. 4on%ohna 4!/.

29

29 29 ! ! ! ! s

s s

s s

4 s 4!/

Se=elu( (e(=en%u' (ole'ul 4!/9ada (ulana ;i'a i'a%an %er;adi an%ara a%o( 'ar=on

dala( 'eadaan dasar den&an a%o( hindro&en hana a'an %er=en%u' (ole'ul 4!2< na(un

'ar=on sendiri =isa (en&ala(i e'si%asi dari 'eadaan dasar.

29

29 29 ! ! 2 s

2 s 2 s

1s

1


16/153

4 1 s 4!2

29

29 29 29 ! ! 1s 2s

1s2 s 2s 1s 2s


Jenis*;enis i'a%an 'i(ia

I'a%an ion

I'a%an ion %er;adi dala( sua%u (ole'ul ;i'a (ole'ul %erse=u% (en&ala(i 9olarisasi (ua%an

ele'%ros%a%i'. !al ini %er;adi 9ada (ole'ul an& %erdiri dari a%o(*a%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) dan

a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) (e(=en%u' (ole'ul 9olar. Mole'ul 9olar a9a=ila dilaru%'an dala(

9elaru% 9olar (a'a ;ara' a%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) dan ele'%rone&a%i) (en;adi le=ih ;auh%ron

%er'uar dari a%o( ele'%ro 9osi%i) =eredar 9ada in%i a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) sehin&&a a%o(

ele'%ro9oasi%i) a'an 'e'uran&an ele>%ron dan 'ele=ihan 9ro%on 'eadaan se9er%i ini

(e(=en%u' (nua%an 9osi%i)< se=ali'na a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) a'an (enari' sa%u ele>%ron

a%o( ele'%ro9osi%i) an& =eredar 9ada in%i a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) sehin&&a %er=en%u'lah

(ua%an ne&a%i?e a'i=a% a%o( ele'%rone&a%i) 'ele=ihan ele>%ron se9er%i rea'si =eri'u% :

11Na8"! !2" 10NaB!2"C2 6"!*

A%o( Na%riu( an& (e(9unai 11 ele'%ron dan 11 9ro%on< 9ada (ole'ul NaB!2"C2

#le'%ron a%o( Na%riu( hana 10 ele'%ron an& (en&i%ari or=i% in%i a%o( Na%riu( sehin&&a

a%o( na%riu( 'e'uran&an 1 ele'%ron sehin&&a (en;adi =er(ua%an BC sedan&'an a%o(

o'si&en an& (e(9unai 8 ele'%ron 9ada (ole'ul "!* a%o( o'si&en (e(9unai 6

ele'%ron sehin&&a =er(ua%an B*C. Senawa or&ani> 'e=anna'an %ida' ada an& =eri'a%an

9olar %e%a9i hana =eri'a%an se(i 9olar.

I'a%an 'o?alen

1


17/153

I'a%an 'o?alen adalah 9e(asan&an ele>%ron %un&&al dua a%o( a%au le=ih (e(=en%u'

(ole'ul %an9a %er;adina 9olarisasi ele>%ron. Kedua ele>%ron an& =er9asan&an dari dua

a%o( =ero%asi (en&i%ari in%i dari (asin&*(asin& a%o( 9enusunna. 4on%ohna (ole'ul

4!/. :

! .

4. !. ! C !

!

Mua%an For(al.

4ara 9enen%uan (ua%an ele'%ros%a%i' se>ara %eori%is da9a% di%en%u'an den&an >ara

9ende'a%an (ua%an )or(al. ,ada >ara ini nilai (ua%an )or(al dihi%un& =erdasar'an ;u(lah

ele>%ron 'uli% %erluar dala( sua%u a%o( di'uran&i den&an ;u(lah ele>%ron 'uli% %erluar

dala( a%o( =eri'a%an a%au ;u(lah ele>%ron 'uli% %erluar

Ju(lah ele>%ron ;u(lah ele>%ron

M) 'uli% %erluar dala( 'uli% %erluar dala(.

A%o( =e=as a%o( =eri'a%an

Ju(lah ele>%ron ;u(lah ele>%ron ;u(lah ele'%ron

M) 'uli% %erluar dala( 'uli% %erluar dala( 'uli% %erluar =e=as

A%o( =e=as a%o( =eri'a%an

Mo(en di9ole

5ila (asin&*(asin& i'a%an dala( sua%u (ole'ul 9olar (e(e=en%u' (o(en< (a'ai'a%an 'eseluruhan dala( (ole'ul serin& 'ali ;adi 9olar. Ke9olarann %o%al ini =ersal dari

9en;u(lahan 'e9olaran se(ua i'a%an dan 'on%ri=usi 9asan&an ele>%ron =e=as dala(

sua%u (ole'ul. U'uran =esaran 'eseluruhan 'e9olaran dari (asin& i'a%an dala( (ole'ul

ini dise=u% (o(en% di9ole. Ki%a =isa (en&&a(=ar'an (o(en% di9ole den&an >ara

=eri'u%< (isal'an ada sua%u 9usa% &ra)i%asi ari seluruh (ua%an 9osi%i) dala( sua%u

(ole'ul< (isal'an ;u&a dala( (ole'ul %erse=u% ada 9usa% &ra)i%asi (ua%an ne&a%i?e. Ji'a

'edua 9usa% &ra)i%asi (ua%an ini %a' =eri(9i%an (a'a (ole'ul %erse=u% (e(9unai

(ua%an lis%ri' an& %a' si(e%ris dan (e(9unai (ua%an %o%al.. Mo(en% di9ole

13


18/153

B ) dide)inisi'an se=a&ai =esaran uni% (ua%an lis%ri' BeC di'ali ;ara' BdC an%ar 9usa%

(ua%an an& dina%a'an dala( sa%uan de=e BDC

= ( e C E B d C E B 1018

C De=e

e (ua%an lis%ri' dala( sa%uan ele'%ros%a%i' B esuC /on%oh ;i'a sa%u 9ro%on dan sa%u ele>%ron B e /.8 E 10 *10esu C di9isah'an sa%u sa(a

lainna se;ara' 1 Ao B10*8 >(C < (a'a dida9a%'an nilai se=a&ai =eri'u% :

B /.8 E 10 *10esu C B10*8 >( C B1018C /ara 9er>o=aan a'an rela%i?e le=ih (udah (en&u'ur (o(en% di9ole se9er%i nilaina

%er>an%u( dala( %a=le =eri'u% :

Ta=el 1. Nilai (o(en% di9ole dari =e=era9a senawa 'i(ia

senawa Mo(en% di9oleB DC

Senawa Mo(en% di9oleB D C

Na4l 6


19/153

,en&er%ian asa( se>ara 'i(ia (enuru% 'onse9 =rons%ed*owr adalah sua%u (ole'ul an&

da9a% (ele9as'an 9ro%on B !C< sedan&'an =asa adalah sua%u (ole'ul (eneri(a 9ro%on

B !C. Keasa(an adalah 'e(a(9uan sua%u senawa (ele9as'an 9ro%on dan 'e=asaan

adalah 'e(a(9uan sua%u senawa un%u' (eneri(a 9ro%on. Menuru% ewis asa( adalah

senawa an& (e(9unai or=i%al ele>%ron %erluar an& 'oson& un%u' di%e(9a%i oleh

9asan&an ele>%ron =e=as dari sua%u (ole'ul senawa lain< sedan&'an =asa adalah sua%u

(ole'ul an& (e(9unai 9asan&an ele>%ron =e=as an& =isa didonor'an or=i%al ele>%ron

%erluar an& 'oson& dari (ole'ul lainna.

M"DU III

III. K"NS#, DASAR S#N-AA "R$ANIK

$u&us )un&si senawa or&ani>

,en&&olon&an senawa or&ani> didasar'an a%as rea'%i)i%as dari &u&us an& %erda9a% dala(

susunan (ole'ul senawa or&ani>. ,usa% rea'si senawa or&ani> =erada 9ada &u&us )un&si

%erse=u%. Ada senawa or&ani> an& (e(9unai (ono &u&us )un&si dan ada 9ula an&

9oli &u&us )un&si. $u&us )un&si adalah (eru9a'an =aha&ian dari (ole'ul =esar senawa

or&ani>. Ia %ersusun dari a%o( a%au &u&us a%o(*a%o( an& (enen%u'an 'ara'%eris%i' dari

'erea'%i)an 'i(ia senawa. Ji'a sua%u senawa hana (e(9unai sa%u &u&us )un&si (a'a

senawa i%u dise=u% (ono &u&us )un&si. Ji'a sua%u senawa (e(9unai =ana' &u&us

)un&si dise=u% 9oli &u&us )un&si. Jenis*;enis &u&us )un&si senawa or&ani> an& %elah

di'e%ahui

Ta=el 2. ,re)iEed su=s%i%uen%s are ordered al9ha=e%i>all BeE>ludin& an (odi)iers su>h as di*< %ri*.C< e.&. >hloro)luoro(e%hane< not)luoro>hloro(e%hane. I) %here are (ul%i9le )un>%ional &rou9s

o) %he sa(e %9e< ei%her 9re)iEed or su))iEed< %he 9osi%ion nu(=ers are ordered nu(eri>all B%huse%hane*1o(es

=e)ore L1L< e.&. 4!+4!B4!+C4!2N!B4!+C isN a>ids 4""! >ar=oE* *oi> a>id

16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid


20/153

Thio>ar=oEli> a>ids Seleno>ar=oEli> a>ids Sul)oni> a>ids Sul)ini> a>ids

Sul)eni> a>ids

4"S!4"Se!S"+!S"2!

S"!

%hio>ar=oE*seleno>ar=oE*sul)o*sul)ino*

sul)eno*

*%hioi> a>id*selenoi> a>id*sul)oni> a>id*sul)ini> a>id

*sul)eni> a>id

+

Carboxylic acid derivatives

#s%ers A>l halides A(ides I(ides A(idines

4""R4"4"N!24"N44BN!CN!2

R*oE>ar=onl*halideal>anol*>ar=a(ol**i(ido*a(idino*

*R*oa%e*ol halide*a(ide*i(ide*a(idine

/Ni%riles Iso>anides

4NN4

>ano*iso>ano*

*ni%rileiso>anide

Aldehdes Thioaldehdes

4!"4!S

)or(l*%hio)or(l*

*al*%hial

Ke%ones Thio'e%ones

O4"O4S

oEo*%hiono*

*one*%hione

3

Al>ohols Thiols Selenols Tellurols

"!S!Se!Te!

hdroE*sul)anl*selanl*%ellanl*

*ol*%hiol*selenol*%ellurol

8 !dro9eroEides ""! hdro9eroE* *hdro9eroEide

6A(ines I(ines !draGines

N!2N!

N!N!2

a(ino*i(ino*hdraGino*

*a(ine*i(ine*hdraGine

10#%hers Thioe%hers Selenoe%hers

"SSe

*oE**%hio**seleno*

11,eroEides Disul)ides

""SS

*9eroE**disul)anl*

20
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiocarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenocarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfinic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_halideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellurol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenoether&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiocarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenocarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfinic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_halideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellurol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenoether&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide


21/153

Note: These su))iEes< in whi>h %he >ar=on a%o( is >oun%ed as 9ar% o) %he 9re>edin& >hain< are %he (os% >o((onlused. See indi?idual )un>%ional &rou9 ar%i>les )or (ore de%ails.

Ta=el +. Jenis*;enis &u&us )un&si senawa or&ani> an& %elah di'enal

No Jenis senawa $u&us )un&si 4on%ohsenawa

A'hiran na(a

1 Al'ana R*4!+ *ana2 Al'ena 44 *ena

+ Al'una 4 4 *una/ !alide al'ana R Al'anol R"! *ol Al'o'si al'ana R"R *o'si *ana3 Al'anal R*4"

!*al

8 Al'anon R*4" R

*on

6 Al'il al'anoa% R*4" "R

*il *oa%

10 Al'anoa% R*4"

"!

*oa%

11 Al'anoil halide R*4"

*oil *ida

12 Al'anoil a(ida R*4" N!2

*oil a(ida

1+ Al'il a(ina R4!2N!2 *il *a(ina1/ Al'il sianida R4!2*4 N *il sianida1 Al'il ni%ri% R4!2N"2 *il ni%ra%1 Al'il sul)ide R4!2S! *il sul)ida13 Al'il Sul)o'si al'ana R*S"*R *il sul)o'sana

18 Dial'il Sul)ona% R*S"2*R *il16 Al'il lo&a( R4!2M *il lo&a(20 Al'anoailsul)a% R*4"

"S"+!*oail sul)a%

21 Al'anoail sianida R*4" "4N

*oail sianida

22 Al'anoail halide R*4" "

*oail halida

2+ Al'anoail a(ida R*4" "N!2

*oail a(ida

2/ Al'anoilsianida R*4"

4N

*oil sianidda

2 Al'il 'ar=a(a% R*4S S!

*il 'ar=a(a%

21


22/153

2 diAl'il disul)ida R*S*S*RP *il disul)ida23 Dial'il sul)ida R*S*R *il sul)ida28 Di%hio'ar=ona% R"*4S

S!*il %hio'ar=ona%

26 Al'ilsul)ona% "

R*"*S*"! "

Il sul)ona%

+0 Al'il sul)ina% R*"*S" "!

*il sul)ina%

+1 Dial'ilsul)a% R*"*S"2*"R *il sul)a%+2 Al'il 9os)a% R*,"+!2 *il 9os)i%++ Al'anoil 9os)i% R*4"

","+!2*il 9os)a%

+/ Al'anoail 9os)a% R*4" ,"/!2

,os)o ala'anoa%

+ Al'il 9os)a% R","2!

Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Grous

The nu(=er o) 'nown or&ani> >o(9ounds is @ui%e lar&e. In )a>%< %here are (an %i(es (oreor&ani> >o(9ounds 'nown %han all %he o%her Binor&ani>C >o(9ounds dis>o?ered so )ar< a=ou% 3(illion or&ani> >o(9ounds in %o%al. For%una%el< or&ani> >he(i>als >onsis% o) a rela%i?el )ewsi(ilar 9ar%s< >o(=ined in di))eren% was< %ha% allow us %o 9redi>% how a >o(9ound we ha?e ne?erseen =e)ore (a rea>%< = >o(9arin& how o%her (ole>ules >on%ainin& %he sa(e %9es o) 9ar%s are'nown %o rea>%.

These 9ar%s o) or&ani> (ole>ules are >alled -/n%t"!nal gr!/s. The iden%i)i>a%ion o) )un>%ional&rou9s and %he a=ili% %o 9redi>% rea>%i?i% =ased on )un>%ional &rou9 9ro9er%ies is one o) %he>orners%ones o) or&ani> >he(is%r.

Fun>%ional &rou9s are se%"-"% at!$s0 "!ns0 !r gr!/s !- at!$sha?in& >onsis%en% 9ro9er%ies. A)un>%ional &rou9 (a'es u9 9ar% o) a lar&er (ole>ule.

For eEa(9le< 1OH< %he hdroE &rou9 %ha% >hara>%eriGes al>ohols< is an oE&en wi%h a hdro&ena%%a>hed. I% >ould =e )ound on an nu(=er o) di))eren% (ole>ules.

Jus% as ele(en%s ha?e dis%in>%i?e 9ro9er%ies< )un>%ional &rou9s ha?e %hara%ter"st"% %he$"str"es.An 1OH&rou9 on one (ole>ule will %end %o rea>% si(ilarl< al%hou&h 9erha9s no% iden%i>all< %o an1OHon ano%her (ole>ule.

Organ"% rea%t"!ns /s/ally ta2e la%e at the -/n%t"!nal gr!/ < so learnin& a=ou% %he rea>%i?i%ieso) )un>%ional &rou9s will 9re9are ou %o unders%and (an o%her %hin&s a=ou% or&ani> >he(is%r.

Memorizing Functional Groups

DonH% de>ei?e oursel) and %hin' %ha% ou >an si(9l s'i( o?er %he )un>%ional &rou9s and (o?e

on. As ou 9ro>eed %hrou&h %he %eE%< %he wri%in& will =e in %er(s o) )un>%ional &rou9s. I% will =eassu(ed %ha% %he s%uden% is )a(iliar wi%h (os% o) %he ones in %he %a=les =elow. I%Hs si(9li(9ossi=le %o dis>uss >he(is%r wi%hou% 'nowin& %he Llin&oL. I%Hs li'e %rin& %o learn Fren>hwi%hou% )irs% learnin& %he (eanin& o) so(e o) %he words.

22


23/153

"ne o) %he easies% was %o learn )un>%ional &rou9s is = (a'in& )lash >ards. $e% a 9a>' o) indeE>ards and wri%e %he na(e o) %he )un>%ional &rou9 on one side< and draw i%s >he(i>al re9resen%a%ionon %he o%her.

For now< a lis% o) %he (os% i(9or%an% ones ou should 'now is 9ro?ided here. -our ini%ial se% o)

>ards should in>lude< a% %he ?er leas%: Al'ene< Al'ne< Al'l halide Bor !aloal'aneC< Al>ohol A>id< A>l 4hloride Bor A>id 4hlorideC< #s%er< #%her< A(ineou9le (ore >ards and learn %hose. Thenadd a )ew (ore and learn %hose. #?er )un>%ional &rou9 =elow is e?en%uall dis>ussed a% one 9oin%or ano%her in %he =oo'. 5u% %he a=o?e lis% will &i?e ou wha% ou need %o >on%inue on.

And donH% ;us% (e(oriGe sa< %he na(es o) %he s%ru>%ures. To %es% oursel)< %r &oin& %hrou&h our>ards and loo'in& a% %he na(es and %hen drawin& %heir s%ru>%ure on a shee% o) 9a9er. Then %r&oin& %hrou&h and loo'in& a% %he s%ru>%ures and na(in& %he(. "n>e ou ha?e %he (ini(al lis%a=o?e (e(oriGed =a>'wards and )orwards< ouHre read %o (o?e on. 5u% donH% s%o9 learnin& %he&rou9s. I) ou >hoose %o (o?e on wi%hou% learnin& %he Llin&oL< %hen ouHre no% &oin& %o

unders%and %he lan&ua&e o) %he >ha9%ers %o >o(e. A&ain< usin& %he Fren>h analo&< i%Hs li'e %rin&%o i&nore learnin& %he ?o>a=ular and %hen 9i>'in& u9 a no?el in Fren>h and eE9e>%in& %o =e a=le%o read i%.

Functional grous containing !!!

In or&ani> >he(is%r-/n%t"!nal gr!/sare su=(ole>ular s%ru>%ural (o%i)s< >hara>%eriGed =s9e>i)i> ele(en%al >o(9osi%ion and >onne>%i?i%< %ha% >on)er rea>%i?i% u9on %he (ole>ule %ha%>on%ains %he(.

4o((on )un>%ional &rou9s in>lude:

Che$"%al

%lassGr!/ F!r$/la

Grah"%al

F!r$/la.re-"' S/--"' E'a$le

A>l halide!alo)or(

lR4" halo)or(l* *ol halide

A>e%l >hloride(Ethanoyl chloride)

Al>ohol !droEl R"! hdroE* *ol

Me%hanol

2+
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_chloridehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methanol-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acetyl-chloride.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acyl-halide-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_chloridehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol


24/153

Aldehde Aldehde R4!" oEo* *al

:A>e%aldehde(Ethanal)

Al'ane Al'l R!n al'l* *ane

Me%hane

Al'ene Al'enl R244R2 al'enl* *ene

#%hlene(Ethene)

Al'ne Al'nl R4Q4RH al'nl* *ne A>e%lene(Ethyne)

A(ide4ar=oEa(i

deR4"NR2

>ar=oEa(ido*

*a(ideA>e%a(ide

(Ethanamide)

A(ines

,ri(ara(ine RN!2 a(ino* *a(ineMe%hla(ine

(Methanamine)

Se>ondara(ine

R2N! a(ino* *a(ine

Di(e%hla(ine

2/
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehydehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Alkyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Alkyne-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaminehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylaminehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Dimethylamine-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Amine-(secondary).pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methylamine-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:1%C3%82%C2%B0-amino-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acetamide_structure.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Amide-(tertiary)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acetylene-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Alkyne-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ethylene-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Alkene-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methane-2D-stereo.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Alkyl-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acetaldehyde-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Aldehyde-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehydehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Alkyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaminehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylamine


25/153

Ter%iara(ine

R+N a(ino* *a(ine

Tri(e%hla(ine

/a((oniu(

ionR/N a((onio* *a((oniu(

4holine

AGo>o(9ound

AGoBDii(ideC

RN2RH aGo* *diaGene

Me%hl oran&e

Toluenederi?a%i?e

5enGlR4!24!

R5n=enGl*

1*BsubstituentC%ol

uene 5enGl =ro(ide(1-Bromotoluene)

4ar=ona%e4ar=ona%e

es%erR"4""R

al'l%ar,!nate

4ar=oEla%e

4ar=oEla%e

R4"" >ar=oE* *oa%eSodiu( a>e%a%e

(Sodium ethanoate)

4ar=oEli>a>id 4ar=oEl R4""! >ar=oE* *oi> a>idA>e%i> a>id

(Ethanoic acid)

4ana%es

4ana%e R"4N >ana%o* al'l %yanate

Thio>ana%e

RS4N%hio>ana%o

*al'l

th"!%yanate

#%her #%her R"RH al'oE*al'l al'l

etherDie%hl e%her

(Ethoxyethane)#s%er #s%er R4""RH *oa%e

#%hl =u%ra%e

2
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminehttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Azo_compound&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Azo_compound&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_orangehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_acetatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ether&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ehttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyratehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ethyl_butyrate.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ester-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Diethyl-ether-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ether-(general).pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Thiocyanate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Cyanate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Carboxylate-canonical-forms.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Carbonate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Benzyl-group.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methyl-orange-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Azo-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Choline-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Amine-(tertiary).pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminehttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ahttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Azo_compound&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Azo_compound&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_orangehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_acetatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Carboxyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Chttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ether&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ehttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ester&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate


26/153

(Ethyl butanoate)

!aloal'ane !alo R halo* al'l hal"#e 4hloroe%hane(Ethyl chloride)

!dro9eroEide Bseeor&ani>

9eroEideC

!dro9eroE

R""!hdro9eroE

*al'l

hy#r!er!'"#e Me%hl e%hl'e%one 9eroEide

I(ine

,ri(ar'e%i(ine

R4BN!CRH i(ino* *i(ine

Se>ondar

'e%i(ine R4BNR)R' i(ino* *i(ine

,ri(araldi(ine

R4BN!C! i(ino* *i(ine

Se>ondaraldi(ine

R4BNRHC! i(ino* *i(ine

Iso>anide Iso>anide RN4 iso>ano*al'l

"s!%yan"#e

Iso>ana%es

Iso>ana%e RN4" iso>ana%o*al'l

"s!%yanate

Iso%hio>ana%e

RN4Siso%hio>an

a%o*al'l

"s!th"!%yanate Allliso%hio>ana%e

Ke%one Ke%one R4"RH 'e%o*< oEo* *one Me%hl e%hl'e%one

(Butanone)

Ni%rile Ni%rile R4N >ano* al'anen"tr"leal'l %yan"#e 5enGoni%rile

(henyl cyanide)

Ni%ro>o(9ound Ni%ro RN"2 ni%ro*

Ni%ro(e%hane

2
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Hhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Halogen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ohttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ohttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Isocyanatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Khttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketonehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrile&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzonitrilehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitro_functional_group&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nitromethane2.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nitro-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Benzonitrile_structure.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nitrile-(general)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Butanone-structure-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ketone-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Isothiocyanate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Isocyanate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Aldimine-(secondary)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Aldimine-(primary)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Imine-(secondary)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Imine-(primary)-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Hydroperoxide-group-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Chloroethane-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Halide-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Hhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Halogen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ohttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ohttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Isocyanatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Khttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketonehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrile&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzonitrilehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitro_functional_group&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane


27/153

Ni%roso>o(9ound

Ni%roso RN" ni%roso*

Ni%roso=enGene

,eroEide ,eroE R""R 9eroE* al'l er!'"#e Di*%er%*=u%l9eroEide

5enGenederi?a%i?e

,henl R4! 9henl* *=enGene

4u(ene(!-"henyl"ro"ane)

,hos9hine ,hos9hino R +, 9hos9hino* *9hos9hane Me%hl9ro9l9hos9hane

,hos9hodies%er

,hos9ha%e!","B"RC

2

9hos9hori>a>id

diBsubstituentC es%er

diBsubstituentChdro&en9hos9

ha%eDNA

,hos9honi>a>id

,hos9hono R,B"CB"!C2

9hos9hono* substituent9hos9honi>a>id 5enGl9hos9honi>

a>id

,hos9ha%e ,hos9ha%eR",B"C

B"!C29hos9ho*

$l>eraldehde +*9hos9ha%e

,ridinederi?a%i?e

,ridl R4!/N

/*9ridlB9ridin*/*

lC

+*9ridlB9ridin*+*

lC

2*9ridlB9ridin*2*

lC

*9ridine

Ni>o%ine

Sul)ide RSRHdiBsubstituentC

sul)ide Di(e%hl sul)ide

23
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroso&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosobenzenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl_peroxidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Phenyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Dimethylsulfide.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Sulfide-group-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nicotine-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:2-pyridyl.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:3-pyridyl.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:4-pyridyl.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:G3P-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Phosphate-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Phosphonic-acid-generic.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Phosphodiester-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Phosphine-general.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Cumene-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Phenyl-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:DTBP.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Peroxy-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nitrosobenzene.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Nitroso-compound-2D.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Nhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroso&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosobenzenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl_peroxidehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Bhttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Phenyl&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumenehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphatehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Phttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide


28/153

Sul)one Sul)onl RS"2RH sul)onl*diBsubstituentC

sul)one Di(e%hl sul)one(Methylsul#onylmet

hane)

Sul)oni>a>id

Sul)o RS"+! sul)o*substituent

s/l-!n"% a%"#5enGenesul)oni>

a>id

Sul)oEide Sul)inl RS"RH sul)inl*diBsubstituentC

s/l-!'"#e

Di9henl sul)oEide

Thiol Sul)hdrl RS!(er>a9%o*%ional &rou9s wi%h %he na(es o) %he 9aren% al'anes&enera%es a

9ower)ul ss%e(a%i> no(en>la%ure)or na(in& w:or&ani> >o(9ounds.

The non*hdro&en a%o(s o) )un>%ional &rou9s are alwas asso>ia%ed wi%h ea>h =>o?alen% =ondsule. hen %he &rou9 o) a%o(s is asso>ia%ed wi%h %he res% o) %he(ole>ule 9ri(aril = ioni> )or>es< %he &rou9 is re)erred %o (ore 9ro9erl as a9ola%o(i> ionor>o(9leE ion. And all o) %hese are >alledradi>als< = a (eanin& o) %he %er( radical%ha% 9reda%es%he )ree radi>al.

The )irs% >ar=on a)%er %he >ar=on %ha% a%%a>hes %o %he )un>%ional &rou9 is >alled %he al9ha >ar=on.

Re%rie?ed )ro(

Lh%%9:en.wi'i=oo's.or&wi'i"r&ani>4he(is%r"?er?iewo)Fun>%ional$rou9sL

M"DU I7

I7. J#NIS*J#NIS R#AKSI DAAM S#N-AA "R$ANIK

Jenis*;enis rea'si 9ada senawa or&ani>

a. Rea'si addisi

28
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfoxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Thiol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanethiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/systematic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/systematic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyatomic_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyatomic_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/complex_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha_carbonhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groupshttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Ethanethiol-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Thiol-group.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Diphenyl-sulfoxide.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Sulfoxide.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Sulfonic-acid.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Dimethylsulfone_Structure.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Sulfone.pnghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethanehttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Shttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfoxide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#Thttp://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Thiol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanethiolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/systematic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyatomic_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/complex_ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free_radicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha_carbonhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups


29/153

=. 4 4 !2 4! 4!

=. Rea'si su=s%i%usi

R "!* R"! *

>. Rea'si eli(inasi

R4!*4!+ R4!4!2 !

d. Rea'si o'sidasi

R4!2"! KMn"/ R4 " !

e. Rea'si redu'si

R4N iAl!/ R4!2N!2

). Rea'si 9ena%aan ulan& Brearran&e(en%C

!+4*!24*4!4!*4!4!2 !+4*!244!*4!4!*4!+

,ada dasarna ;enis*;enis rea'si 9ada senawa or&ani> ada + ienis a'ni rea'si 9olar< rea'si

radi'al< dan rea'si 9erisi'li'.

Ke>e9a%an dan (e'anis(e rea'si senawa or&ani>

#ner&i i'a%an 9ada senawa or&ani>

M"DU 7

7. J#NIS*J#NIS S#N-AA "R$ANIK

Al'ana

26


30/153

Ru(us u(u( senawa al'ana adalah 4n!2n2

,e(=erian na(a senawa or&ani> den&an dua s%andar :

1. IU,A4

2. Tri?ial :

a. Na(a da&an&

=. Na(a su(=er

>. Na(a lo>al

d Na(a 9ene(u

,e(=erian na(a 9ada dere% ho(olo& senawa al'ana den&an dua >ara ai%u :

IU,A4 B In%erna%ional Union ,ure and A99lied 4he(is%r C

Ran%ai (ole'ul lurus

Ta%a na(a senawa ho(olo& hidro'ar=on 9ada senawa or&ani> ran%ai lurus (enuru% IU,A4

adalah =erdasar'an ;u(lah a%o( 'ar=onna se=a&ai =eri'u% :

Senya3a Na$a Senya3a Na$a Senya3a Na$a

4!/ Me%ana 4+/!// %e%ra%ria'on%ana 43!1+ he9%a!e'sa 'on%ana42! #%ana 4+!/ 9en%a%ria'on%ana 48!1+8 o'%a!e'sa 'on%ana4+!8 ,ro9ane 4+!/8 he'sa%ria'on%ana 46!1/0 nona!e'sa 'on%ana4/!10 5u%ane 4+3!0 he9%a%ria'on%ana 430!1/2 !e9%a'on%ana4!12 ,en%ane 4+8!2 o'%a%ria'on%ana 431!1// hen!e9%a'on%ana4!1/ !e'sana 4+6!/ nona%ria'on%ana 432!1/ Do!e9%a'on%ana

43!1 !e9%ana 4/0! Te%ra'on%ana 43+!1/8 %ri!e9%a'on%ana48!18 "'%ana 4/1!8 hen%e%ra'on%ana 43/!10 %e%ra!e9%a'on%ana46!20 Nonana 4/2!0 Do%e%ra'on%ana 43!12 9en%a!e9%a'on%ana410!22 De'ana 4/+!2 Tri%e%ra'on%ana 43!1/ he'sa!e9%a'on%ana411!2/ Unde'ana 4//!/ %e%ra%e%ra'on%ana 433!1 he9%a!e9%a'on%ana412!2 Dode'ana 4/! 9en%a%e%ra'on%ana 438!18 o'%a!e9%a'on%ana41+!28 Tride'ana 4/!8 he'sa%e%ra'on%ana 436!10 nona!e9%a'on%ana41/!+0 Te%rade'ana 4/3!30 he9%a%e%ra'on%ana 480!12 "'%a'on%ana41!+2 ,en%ade'ana 4/8!32 o'%a%e%ra'on%ana 481!1/ hen"'%a'on%ana41!+/ !e'sade'ana 4/6!3/ nona%e%ra'on%ana 482!1 do"'%a'on%ana413!+ !e9%ade'ana 40!102 ,en%a'on%ana 48+!18 %ri"'%a'on%ana418!+8 "'%ade'ana 41!10/ !en9en%a'on%ana 48/!130 %e%ra"'%a'on%ana

416!/0 Nonade'ana 42!10 do9en%a'on%ana 48!132 9en%a"'%a'on%ana420!/2 #i'osana 4+!108 %ri9en%a'on%ana 48!13/ he'sa"'%a'on%ana421!// !enei'osana 4/!110 %e%ra9en%a'on%ana 483!13 he9%a"'%a'on%ana422!/ Do'osana 4!112 9en%a9en%a'on%ana 488!138 o'%a"'%a'on%ana42+!/8 Tri'osana 4!11/ he'sa9en%a'on%ana 486!180 nona"'%a'on%ana42/!0 Te%ra'osana 43!11 he9%a9en%a'on%ana 460!182 Nona'on%ana42!2 ,en%a'osana 48!118 "'%a9en%a'on%ana 461!18/ henNona'on%ana42!/ !e'sa'osana 46!120 nona9en%a'on%ana 462!18 doNona'on%ana423! !e9%a'osana 40!122 !e'sa 'on%ana 46+!188 %riNona'on%ana428!8 "'%a'osana 41!12/ !en!e'sa 'on%ana 46/!160 %e%raNona'on%ana426!0 Nona'osana 42!12 do!e'sa 'on%ana 46!162 9en%aNona'on%ana4+0!2 Tria'on%ana 4+!128 %ri!e'sa 'on%ana 46!16/ he'saNona'on%ana4+1!/ !en%ria'on%ana 4/!1+0 %e%ra!e'sa 'on%ana 463!16 !e9%aNona'on%ana

4+2! Do%ria'on%ana 4!1+2 9en%a!e'sa 'on%ana 468!168 o'%aNona'on%ana4++!8 Tri%ria'on%ana 4!1+/ he'sa!e'sa 'on%ana 466!200 nonaNona'on%ana4100!202 !e'%ana 4/00!802 Te%rahe'%ana 4300!1/02 !e9%ahe'%ana4200!/02 Dohe'%ana 400!1002 ,en%ahe'%ana 4800!102 "'%ahe'%ana

+0


31/153

4+00!002 Trihe'%ana 400!12002 !e'sahe'%ana 4600!1802 Nonahe'%ana41000!2002 'iliana 4/00!8002 Te%raliana 4300!1/002 !e9%aliana42000!/002 Diliana%ana 400!10002 ,enliaana 4800!1002 "'%aliana4+000!002 Triliana 400!1202 !e'saliana 4600!18002 Nonaliana

Ran%ai (ole'ul =er>a=an&

Un%u' ran%ai (ole'ul =er>a=an& harus di9enuhi 'aidah ran%ai lurus dan ran%ai lin&'ar.

Ran%ai (ole'ul lurus =er>a=an& lurus

Un%u' 9e(=erian na(a senawa hidro'ar=on =eran%ai (ole'ul lurus =er>a=an& didasar'an

9ada a%uran =eri'u% :

a. ran%ai dasar di%en%u'an =erdasar'an ran%ai (ole'ul %er9an;an&.

1/ 1 1 13 18 16 20

4!+*4!2 4!+*B4!2C2 4!+ 4!2*4!2*4!2*4!2*4!2*4!2*4!+

3 8 6 10 11 12 1+

!+4*4!2*4!*4!2*4!* 4!*4!2*4!2*4!*4!*4!+ 1

B4!2C*4!+ 4!24!+ 4!+

3 iso=u%il< 6 9ro9il< 10 e%il< 11 (e%il< 1+ iso9ro9il ei'osana

Tulisan =erwarna =iru (enun;u''an ran%ai u%a(a sedan&'an %ulisan =erwarna (erah

(enun;u''an su=s%i%uen.

=. ,eno(oran a%o( 'ar=on 9ada hidro'ar=on di(ulai 9ada &u&us %ersu=s%i%usi an& 9alin&

de'a% 'e u;un& ran%ai.

>. 5ila ada =e=era9a &u&us an& sa(a %ersu=s%i%usi 9ada ran%ai u%a(a (a'a dina(ai den&an

awalan di< %ri dan se%erusna. 4on%oh

11 10 6 8 3 / + 2 1

!+4*4!2*4!*4!2*4!2*4!*4!2*4!2*4!2*4!*4!+

4!+ 4!+ 4!+2


32/153


33/153

"#P$C nomenclature of organic chemistry

From Wi%iedia& the free encycloedia

Ju(9 %o: na?i&a%ionh

The IU.AC n!$en%lat/re !- !rgan"% %he$"stryis a ss%e(a%i>(e%hod o) na(in&or&ani>>he(i>al >o(9oundsas re>o((endedV1W= %he In%erna%ional Union o) ,ure and A99lied4he(is%rBIU,A4C. Ideall< e?er or&ani> >o(9oundshould ha?e a na(e )ro( whi>h anuna(=i&uous s%ru>%ural )or(ula>an =e drawn. There is also an IU,A4 no(en>la%ure o) inor&ani>>he(is%r.See also9hanesno(en>la%ure o) hi&hl >o(9leE >>li> (ole>ules.

The (ain idea o) IU,A4 no(en>la%ure is %ha% e?er >o(9ound has one and onl one na(e< ande?er na(e >orres9onds %o onl one s%ru>%ure o) (ole>ules Bi.e. a one*one rela%ionshi9C< %here=redu>in& a(=i&ui%.

For ordinar >o((uni>a%ion< %o s9are a %edious des>ri9%ion< %he o))i>ial IU,A4 na(in&re>o((enda%ions are no% alwas )ollowed in 9ra>%i>e eE>e9% when i% is ne>essar %o &i?e a>on>ise de)ini%ion %o a >o(9ound< or when %he IU,A4 na(e is si(9ler B?iG. e%hanol a&ains% e%hlal>oholC. "%herwise %he >o((on or %ri?ial na(e(a =e used< o)%en deri?ed )ro( %he sour>e o) %he>o(9ound BSee Se> 1/. =elowC

Basic principles

In >he(is%r< a nu(=er o)9re)iEes< su))iEesand in)iEesare used %o des>ri=e %he %9e and 9osi%iono) )un>%ional &rou9sin %he >o(9ound.

The s%e9s %o na(in& an or&ani> >o(9ound are:

1. Iden%i) %he 9aren% hdro>ar=on >hain BThe lon&es% >on%inuous >hain o) >ar=on a%o(sC2. Iden%i) %he )un>%ional &rou9eden>e as shown hereC1. Iden%i) %he 9osi%ion o) %he )un>%ional &rou9 in %he >hain.2. Nu(=er %he >ar=on a%o(s in %he 9aren% >hain. The )un>%ional &rou9 should end u9

%he leas% nu(=er 9ossi=le Bas %here are %wo was o) nu(=erin&Xri&h% %o le)% andle)% %o ri&h%C. The nu(=er Bin Ara=i> nu(erals< i.e. 1< 2< +....C is wri%%en =e)ore %hena(e o) %he )un>%ional &rou9 su))iE Bsu>h as *ol< *one< *al< e%>.C. I) %he &rou9 is a&rou9 %ha% >an onl eEis% a% %he end o) an &i?en >hain Bsu>h as %he >ar=oEli> a>idand aldehde &rou9sC< i% need no% =e nu(=ered.

N"T#: I) %here are no )un>%ional &rou9s< nu(=er in =o%h dire>%ions< )ind %henu(=ers o) %he side*>hains B%he >ar=on >hains %ha% are no% in %he 9aren% >hainC in

=o%h dire>%ions. The end resul% should =e su>h %ha% %he )irs% nu(=er should =e %heleas% 9ossi=le. In %he e?en% o) %he )irs% nu(=ers =ein& %he sa(e )or %wo (e%hods o)nu(=erin&< %he su( o) %he nu(=ers o) %he side >hains should =e (ade %he leas%

9ossi=le )or eEa(9le< 2hains %ha% are no% in

%he 9aren% >hain< =u% are =ran>hed o)) )ro( i%.I) %here is (ore %han one o) %he sa(e %9e o) side*>hain< add %he 9re)iE Bdi*< %ri*< e%>.C=e)ore i%. The nu(=ers )or %ha% %9e o) side >hain will =e &rou9ed in as>endin& order and

++
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes_(organic_chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes_(organic_chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#Order_of_precedence_of_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes_(organic_chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#Order_of_precedence_of_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals


34/153

wri%%en =e)ore %he na(e o) %he side*>hain. I) %here are %wo side*>hains wi%h %he sa(e al9ha>ar=on< %he nu(=er will =e wri%%en %wi>e. #Ea(9le: 2h as hdroE )or *"!< oE )or " < oEal'ane )or "*R< e%>.C.Di))eren% side*>hains and )un>%ional &rou9s will =e &rou9ed %o&e%her in al9ha=e%i>al order.

BThe 9re)iEes di*< %ri*< e%>. are no% %a'en in%o >onsidera%ion )or &rou9in& al9ha=e%i>all. ForeEa(9le< e%hl >o(es =e)ore dihdroE or di(e%hl< as %he LeL in Le%hlL 9re>edes %he LhLin LhdroEL and %he L(L in Ldi(e%hlL al9ha=e%i>all. The LdiL is no% >onsidered in =o%h>ases.C In %he >ase o) %here =ein& =o%h side >hains and se>ondar )un>%ional &rou9s< %heshould =e wri%%en (iEed %o&e%her in one &rou9 ra%her %han in %wo se9ara%e &rou9s.

. Iden%i) dou=le%ri9le =onds. Nu(=er %he( wi%h %he nu(=er o) %he >ar=on a%o( a% %he heado) %he =ond Bi.e %he >ar=on a%o( wi%h %he lesser nu(=er %ha% i% is a%%a>hed %oC. For eEa(9lea dou=le =ond =e%ween >ar=on a%o(s + and / is nu(=ered as +*ene. Mul%i9le =onds o) one%9e Bdou=le%ri9leC are na(ed wi%h a 9re)iE Bdi*< %ri*< e%>.C. I) =o%h %9es o) =onds eEis%ar=on a%o(s + Z 6. As %here are %wo< we wri%e 7041#"!ne.2. The nu(=erin& o) %he (ole>ule is =ased on %he 'e%one &rou9s. when nu(=erin&

)ro( le)% %o ri&h%< %he 'e%one &rou9s &e% nu(=ered + and 6.when nu(=erin& )ro(ri&h% %o le)%< %he 'e%one &rou9s &e% nu(=ered 1 and 21. The su( o) + Z 6 B12C isless %han %he su( o) 1 Z 21 B+C. There)ore< %he nu(=erin& is done le)% %o ri&h%ar=ons Z 3< and one =e%ween >ar=ons 1+ Z1/. The will =e >alled ;0571#"ene. There is one %ri9le =ond =e%ween >ar=on a%o(s 16 Z20. I% will =e >alled 541yne

4. The arran&e(en%Bwi%h 9un>%ua%ionC is: 591,r!$!15(1,/tyl1551%hl!r!18091#"ethyl1:1

hy#r!'y15:1$eth!'ytr"%!s1;0571#"ene1541yne17041#"!ne

The )inal na(e is 591,r!$!15(1,/tyl1551%hl!r!18091#"ethyl1:1hy#r!'y15:1$eth!'ytr"%!s1;0571#"ene1541yne17041#"!ne.

Alkanes

Main ar%i>le: Al'anes

S%rai&h%*>hain al'anes %a'e %he su))iE L*aneL and are 9re)iEed de9endin& on %he nu(=er o) >ar=ona%o(s in %he >hain< )ollowin& s%andard rules. The )irs% )ew are:

+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IUPAC_naming_example_without_carbons.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanes


36/153

N/$,

er !-

%ar,!

ns

1 2 + / 3 8 6 10 11 12 1+ 1/ 1 20 +0

.re-"'Me%h

#%h

,ro9

5u%

,en%

!eE

!e9%

">%

Non

De>

Unde>

Dode>

Tride>

Te%rade>

,en%ade>

#i>os

Tria>on%

For eEa(9le< %he si(9les% al'ane is 4!/(e%hane< and %he nine*>ar=on al'ane 4!+B4!2C34!+isna(ed nonane. The na(es o) %he )irs% )our al'anes were deri?ed)ro( (e%hanol< e%hera>idand=u%ri> a>id< res9e>%i?el. The res% are na(ed wi%h a$ree'nu(eri> 9re)iE< wi%h %heeE>e9%ions o) nonane whi>h has aa%in9re)iE< and unde>ane and %ride>ane whi>h ha?e (iEed*

lan&ua&e 9re)iEes.4>li> al'anes are si(9l 9re)iEed wi%h L>>lo*L< )or eEa(9le 4/!8is >>lo=u%ane and 4!12is>>loheEane.

5ran>hed al'anes are na(ed as a s%rai&h%*>hain al'ane wi%h a%%a>hedal'l&rou9s. The are9re)iEed wi%h a nu(=er indi>a%in& %he >ar=on %he &rou9 is a%%a>hed %o< >oun%in& )ro( %he end o)%he al'ane >hain. For eEa(9le< B4!+C24!4!+< >o((onl 'nown as iso=u%ane< is %rea%ed as a

9ro9ane >hain wi%h a (e%hl &rou9 =onded %o %he (iddle B2C >ar=on< and &i?en %he ss%e(a%i>na(e 2*(e%hl9ro9ane. !owe?er< al%hou&h %he na(e 2*(e%hl9ro9ane 4"UD =e used< i% iseasier and (ore lo&i>al %o >all i% si(9l (e%hl9ro9ane * %he (e%hl &rou9 >ould no% 9ossi=leo>>ur on an o) %he o%her >a=on a%o(s B%ha% would len&%hen %he >hain and resul% in =u%ane< no%

9ro9aneC and %here)ore %he use o) %he nu(=er L2L is no% ne>essar.

I) %here is a(=i&ui% in %he 9osi%ion o) %he su=s%i%uen%< de9endin& on whi>h end o) %he al'ane >hainis >oun%ed as L1L< %hen nu(=erin& is >hosen so %ha% %he s(alles% nu(=er is used. For eEa(9lehes o) %he sa(e siGe al'l &rou9< %heir 9osi%ions are se9ara%ed =>o((as and %he &rou9 9re)iEed wi%h di*< %ri*< %e%ra*< e%>.< de9endin& on %he nu(=er o) =ran>hesBe.&. 4B4!+C/2alorder< se9ara%ed = >o((as or h9hens: +*e%hl*/*(e%hlheEane. The lon&es% 9ossi=le (ainal'ane >hain is used %here)ore +*e%hl*/*(e%hlheEane ins%ead o) 2ri=e e@ui?alen% s%ru>%ures. The di*< %ri* e%>. 9re)iEes are i&nored )or %he 9ur9ose o)al9ha=e%i>al orderin& o)side >hainsBe.&. +*e%hl*2hain wi%h %he su))iE L*eneL and an in)iEed nu(=erindi>a%in& %he 9osi%ion o) %he dou=le*=onded >ar=on in %he >hain: 4!24!4!24!+is =u%*1*ene.Mul%i9le dou=le =onds %a'e %he )or( *diene< *%riene< e%>.< wi%h %he siGe 9re)iE o) %he >hain %a'in&an eE%ra LaL: 4!24!4!4!2is =u%a*1isand %ransiso(ersare indi>a%ed wi%ha 9re)iEed cis-or trans-: cis*=u%*2*ene< trans*=u%*2*ene. More >o(9leE &eo(e%ri> iso(erisa%ionsare des>ri=ed usin& %he 4ahn In&old ,relo& 9riori% rules.

Al'nes are na(ed usin& %he sa(e ss%e(< wi%h %he su))iE L*neL indi>a%in& a %ri9le =ond: e%hneBa>e%leneC< 9ro9ne B(e%hla>e%leneC.

+3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_isomerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn_Ingold_Prelog_priority_ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylacetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IUPAC-alkyne.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IUPAC-alkene.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IUPAC-alkane-5.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IUPAC-alkane-4.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_isomerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn_Ingold_Prelog_priority_ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylacetylene


38/153

Functional Groups

'able of Functional grous

lis %he 9re)iE o) %he &rou9 BMe%h< #%h< ,ro9< e%>.C

Fa$"ly Str/%t/reIU.AC

n!$en%lat/re

IU.AC n!$en%lat/re -!r %y%l"%

arent %ha"ns Alkyl 1 Alkyl

Hal!gensR>

hal!gen Halo'alkane 1 Alkyl hal"#e

Al%!h!ls R>OH Alkan!l 1 Alkyl al%!h!l

A$"nes R>NH( Alkana$"ne 1 Alkyl a$"ne

Car,!'yl"%

a%"#s

(Alk + 1)an!"%

a%"#Cy%l!alkane%ar,!'yl"% a%"# 1

Al#ehy#es Alkanal Cy%l!alkane%ar,!'al#ehy#e 1

Ket!nes Alkan!ne 1 Alk


39/153

EthersR5>O>

R(alk!'yalkane 1

Alkal =ondin& 9osi%ion: 4!+4!24!2"!is 9ro9an*1*ol. The su))iEes *diol< *%riol< *%e%raol< e%>.< are used )or (ul%i9le *"! &rou9s: #%hlene&l>ol4!2"!4!2"! is e%hane*1


40/153

%ri)luoroe%hane.

+edit, -etones

Main ar%i>le: Ke%ones

In &eneral 'e%ones BR*4"*RC %a'e %he su))iE L*oneL B9ronoun>ed o2n< no% 2onC wi%h an in)iE9osi%ion nu(=er: 4!+4!24!24"4!+is 9en%an*2*one. i) a hi&her 9re>eden>e su))iE is in use< %he9re)iE LoEo*L is used: 4!+4!24!24"4!24!" is +*oEoheEanal.

$ldehydes

Main ar%i>le: Aldehdes

Aldehdes BR*4!"C %a'e %he su))iE L*alL.I) o%her )un>%ional &rou9s are 9resen%< %he >hain isnu(=ered su>h %ha% %he aldehde >ar=on is in %he L1L 9osi%ion.

I) a 9re)iE )or( is re@uired< LoEo*L is used Bas )or 'e%onesC< wi%h %he 9osi%ion nu(=er indi>a%in&

%he end o) a >hain: 4!"4!24""! is +*oEo9ro9anoi> a>id. I) %he >ar=on in %he >ar=onl &rou9>anno% =e in>luded in %he a%%a>hed >hain B)or ins%an>e in %he >ase o)>>li> aldehdesC< %he 9re)iEL)or(l*L or %he su))iE L*>ar=aldehdeL is used: 4!114!" is >>loheEane>ar=aldehde. I) aaldehde is a%%a>hed %o a =enGene and is %he (ain )un>%ional &rou9< %he su))iE =e>o(es

=enGaldehde.

Carbo.ylic acids

Main ar%i>le: 4ar=oEli> a>ids

/0
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wi

modul kimia organik

Documents